Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the stomach and intestines that causes diarrhea. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, food allergies, antibiotics, lactose intolerance, medications, or toxins. The microorganisms or causes disturb the intestinal flora and cause tissue damage and inflammation, releasing endotoxins that stimulate the intestinal lining and cause the secretion of water, chloride, and bicarbonate ions into the small bowel, resulting in diarrhea. Symptoms include abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, lack of appetite, abdominal swelling, fever, headache, and blood in vomit or stool. Treatment involves fluid replacement, antibiotics if bacterial, and anti-diarrheal medications.

1. Sanita Libin

2.  Inflammation of the GI tract involving
stomach and small intestine resulting
diarrhea. That cause irritation &
inflammation

3.  Viruses
Norovirus
Rotavirus
Adenovirus
Parvovirus
Astrovirus

4.  Staphylococcus aureus
 E- coli
 Salmonella
 Shingella
 Campylobacter
 Vibrio
 Clostridium difficile

5.  Giardia
 Cryptosporidium

6.  Food allergy
 Antibiotic
 Inability to tolerate sugar lactose
 Medications
 Toxins

7. Due to etiological factors
Intestinal flora disturbed by the micro organisms
Tissue damage and inflammation
Releasing endotoxins - stimulate mucosal lining
Secreation of water and electrolytes into the intestinal
lumen

8. Inhibit the sodium re absorption (secretion of chloride
and bicarbonate ions into small bowel)
Large amount of protein rich fluids are secreated to the
bowel ( to balance excess of Na)
Overwhelming the large bowel ability to reabsorb the
fluid & leading to diarrhea
Gastroenteritis

9.  Abdominal cramping
 Nausea or vomiting
 Anorexia
 Swelling in abdomen
 High temperature
 Headache
 Diarrhoea
 Blood in vomit or stool

10.  HC & PE
 Blood Examination (CBC)
 Electrolyte
 Kidney function test
 Stool Examination

11. * Adequate fluid intake
*Administer antibiotic
*Anti diarrheal
Diphenoxylate & atropine (Lomotil)
Loperamide(Imodium)
*Antiemetic
Promethazine
ondansetron
Compazine

12.  Encourage the pt to do not use fruit juice
 Encourage the pt to drink small amount of fluid every
30-60 min
 Try to give oral rehydration in case of delay in medical
treatment. Eg. Boiled water ,
 Encourage to avoid contact with infected peoples
 Do not eat or drink raw food or untreated water
 Maintain cleanliness of food , water and milk
 Sanitary disposal of faces