This document summarizes a seminar presentation on diarrhea. It defines diarrhea as having 3 or more loose or watery bowel movements in a 24 hour period. Diarrhea occurs when there is excess water in the feces due to decreased electrolyte and water absorption or increased secretion by the intestinal mucosa. Common causes of diarrhea include viral, parasitic, and bacterial infections. Treatment involves rehydration through IV or oral rehydration solutions as well as antimicrobial drugs. Preventative measures include hand washing, drinking boiled water, vaccinations, and avoiding contaminated food.

1. SEMINAR ON TOPIC -
DIARRHEA
NAME –Kamalesh mistry
B.Pharm 7th sem
Reg. no.-1403268020

2.  Diarrhea is a condition in which there
is unusual frequency of bowl
movement occurs .
 It defined as ,if 3 or more times
watery stool loose in 24hrs it called
diarrhea .
 Diarrhea term coined by Hippocratus.
In which Dia means Through and
rrhoea means Flow.

3.  It occurs due to passage of excess water in
Feces .This may be due to –
 Decreased electrolyte and water absorption
 Increased secretion by intestinal mucosa .
 Inflammation of mucosa .
 organism involved in
diarrhea -
- Viral infection due to
Rota virus and Astro virus

4.  Parasite infection due to
Entamoeba histolytica
- Other bacteria are also infects
Escherichia coli , Salmonellae
-Poor personal Hygiene
-Water and unhygenic food

5. In general process -
 Water and electrolytes are absorbed as
well as secreted in the intestine .
 Jejunum is freely permeable to salt and
water which are passively absorbed
secondary nutrient ( glucose ,amino acid
etc…)
 In the ileum and colon active
Na+K+ATPase mediated salt absorption
occurs ,

7. -Inhibition of Na+ K+ ATPase and structural
damage to mucosal cell ( by Rota virus) causes
diarrhea by reducing absorption .
-Intracellular cyclic Nucleotides are important
regulators of absorptive and Secretory process.
-Stimuli enhancing cAMP or cGMP causes net
loss of salt and water , by inhibiting Nacl
absorption in villous cells .
-Many bacterial toxin(cholera
toxin,E.coli,salmonella),Bile acids activate
adenylyl cyclase which enhances the secretion .

8. -Also Prostaglandin and intracellular Ca+
stimulate the secretory process.
These infections are produces secretorydiarrhea
.

9.  A mild stomach
 Pain in abdomen
 Vomiting
 Nausea
 High temperature
 Headache

10.  Maintenance of nutrition .
 Drug therapy
REHYDRATION –
- I.V rehydration
Nacl - 5gm in 1li water
kcl - 1gm
sod.bicarbonate
-Oral rehydration
e.g- ORS

11. Anti microbial drug –
e.x-Norfloxacin ,doxycyclin
Anti diarrheal agent-
- Absorbent
e.x-kaoline ,pectin
-Anti secretory drug
e.x-sulfasalazine ,
-Anti motility drug
e.x-codeine,diphenoxylate

12.  Keep your hands clean
 Use boiling water
 Wash fruits and vegetable
 Refrigerate and cover food
 Vaccination
 Avoid food that can trigger diarrhea

13.  Treatment package
- Fluid replacement to prevent
rehydration
-zinc treatment
-Rotavirus and measles vaccination
-Promotion of hand washing with soap
-Improved drinking water supply
quantity .

14. - Medical pharmacology
by K.D tripathi ,page -610
- Wikipedia
-slideshare.net