Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when stomach contents reflux into the esophagus, causing troublesome symptoms or complications. It is caused by a defective lower esophageal sphincter or failure of mucosal defense mechanisms in the esophagus. Common symptoms include heartburn and regurgitation. Complications include esophagitis, strictures, Barrett's esophagus, and esophageal cancer. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, antacids, H2 receptor antagonists, and proton pump inhibitors to reduce symptoms and prevent complications. Proton pump inhibitors are the most effective pharmacologic treatment.
Acid reflux occurs when the sphincter muscle at the lower end of your esophagus relaxes at the wrong time, allowing stomach acid to back up into your esophagus.
Acid reflux occurs when the sphincter muscle at the lower end of your esophagus relaxes at the wrong time, allowing stomach acid to back up into your esophagus.
Image result for gastritis
Gastritis is a general term for a group of conditions with one thing in common: inflammation of the lining of the stomach. The inflammation of gastritis is most often the result of infection with the same bacterium that causes most stomach ulcers.
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome for nursingSafad R. Isam
HHS is a metabolic disorder of type 2 diabetes resulting from a relative insulin deficiency initiated by an illness that raises the demand for insulin.
This is a serious condition in which:
hyperosmolarity and hyperglycemia predominate,
with alterations of the sensorium.
Image result for gastritis
Gastritis is a general term for a group of conditions with one thing in common: inflammation of the lining of the stomach. The inflammation of gastritis is most often the result of infection with the same bacterium that causes most stomach ulcers.
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome for nursingSafad R. Isam
HHS is a metabolic disorder of type 2 diabetes resulting from a relative insulin deficiency initiated by an illness that raises the demand for insulin.
This is a serious condition in which:
hyperosmolarity and hyperglycemia predominate,
with alterations of the sensorium.
In this slideshare we will se about GERD , i hope it helps u .
Gastroesophageal reflux diseases (GERD) is not a disease but a heterogenous syndrome resulting from esophageal reflux. Most cases are attributed to the inappropriate relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) in response to unknown stimulus.
Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop on the inside lining of esophagus, stomach and/or the upper portion of small intestine. Peptic ulcer occur mainly due to imbalance between aggressive and defensive factors in the stomach.
Pharmacology of Gastrointestinal Disorders dineshmeena53
This power point presentation will be helpful for Pharmacy, Medical and paramedical students. it consists of" what are the common GIT disorders and their pharmacological management "
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...
Gastro esophageal reflux disease
1. GASTRO - ESOPHAGEAL
REFLUX DISEASE
(GERD)
DR.V.NIKHITHA,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
SREE DATTHA INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY
2. DEFINITION :
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when refluxed stomach contents lead to
troublesome symptoms and/or complications.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY :
Defective lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure or function. Patients may have decreased
LES pressure from spontaneous transient LES relaxations, transient increases in intraabdominal pressure, or an
atonic LES.
Failure mucosal defense mechanisms - abnormal esophageal anatomy, improper esophageal
clearance of gastric fluids, reduced mucosal resistance to acid, delayed or ineffective gastric emptying,
inadequate production of epidermal growth factor, and reduced salivary buffering of acid.
Esophagitis occurs when the esophagus is repeatedly exposed to refluxed gastric contents for prolonged
periods. This can progress to erosion of the squamous epithelium of the esophagus (erosive esophagitis).
Refluxuate - gastric acid, pepsin, bile acids, and pancreatic enzymes.
Composition and volume of the refluxate and duration of exposure are the primary determinants of the
consequences of gastroesophageal reflux.
3. • COMPLCATIONS:
Esophagitis,
Esophageal strictures,
Barrett esophagus and
Esophageal adenocarcinoma.
CLINICAL PRESENTATION :
SYMPTOMS:
Symptom-based GERD (with or without esophageal tissue injury)
Heartburn, usually described as a substernal sensation of warmth or burning rising up from the abdomen that
may radiate to the neck.
Activities that worsen reflux (eg, recumbent position, bending-over, eating a high-fat meal).
Other symptoms - water brash (hypersalivation), belching, and regurgitation.
Alarm symptoms - dysphagia, odynophagia, bleeding, and weight loss.
Tissue injury–based GERD (with or without esophageal symptoms)
Esophagitis, esophageal strictures, Barrett esophagus, or esophageal carcinoma.
Extraesophageal symptoms may include chronic cough, laryngitis, asthma, and dental enamel erosion.
4. Decreased LES Pressure
Foods Medications
Fatty meal
Carminatives (peppermint)
Chocolate
Caffeine Coffee, cola, and tea
Garlic Onions Chili peppers
Anticholinergics
Barbiturates
Dihydropyridine
calcium channel blockers
Dopamine, Estrogen
Direct irritants to the esophageal
mucosa
Foods Medications
Spicy foods Aspirin
Orange juice NSAIDs
Tomato juice Iron
Coffee Tobacco
Quinidine
5. DIAGNOSIS :
Clinical history
Endoscopy for assessing mucosal injury and identifying Barrett esophagus.
Ambulatory pH monitoring,
Esophageal manometry,
combined impedance–pH monitoring,
High-resolution esophageal pressure topography (HREPT),
Empiric trial of a proton pump inhibitor.
TREATMENT:
Goals of Treatment:
To reduce or eliminate symptoms,
Decrease frequency and duration of gastroesophageal reflux,
Promote healing of injured mucosa, and
Prevent development of complications.
6. • Treatment is determined by disease severity and includes the following:
✓ Lifestyle changes
Therapy with antacids and/or NON PRESCRIPTION acid suppression therapy H2 RAs and/or PPIs
✓ Pharmacologic treatment with prescription-strength acid suppression therapy
✓ Antireflux surgery
A step-up approach: starting with lifestyle changes and patient-directed therapy and progressing to
pharmacologic management or antireflux surgery.
A step-down approach: starting with a PPI instead of an H2 RA, and then stepping down to the lowest dose
of acid suppression needed to control symptoms.
• Patient-directed therapy (self-treatment with nonprescription medication) is appropriate for mild,
intermittent symptoms.
Patients with continuous symptoms lasting longer than 2 weeks should seek medical attention.
7. NONPHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY :
Potential lifestyle changes depending on the patient situation:
✓ Elevate head of the bed by placing 6- to 8-in blocks under the headposts. Sleep on a
foam wedge.
✓ Weight reduction for overweight or obese patients.
✓ Avoid foods that decrease LES pressure.
✓ Include protein-rich meals to augment LES pressure.
✓ Avoid foods with irritant effects on the esophageal mucosa.
✓ Eat small meals and avoid eating immediately prior to sleeping (within 3 hours if
possible).
✓ Stop smoking.
✓ Avoid alcohol.
✓ Avoid tight-fitting clothes.
✓ For mandatory medications that irritate the esophageal mucosa, take in the upright
position with plenty of liquid or food .
12. PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY:
Antacids and Antacid-Alginic Acid Products:
Antacids provide immediate symptomatic relief for
mild GERD and are often used concurrently with acid
suppression therapies.
An antacid with alginic acid (Gaviscon) form a
viscous solution that floats on the surface of gastric contents.
This serves as a protective barrier for the esophagus against
reflux of gastric contents and reduces frequency of reflux
episodes.
Antacids have a short duration, which necessitates
frequent administration throughout the day to provide
continuous acid neutralization.
Taking antacids after meals can increase duration from
1 to 3 hours . Nighttime acid suppression cannot be
maintained with bedtime doses.
13. Proton Pump Inhibitors
PPIs (dexlansoprazole, esomeprazole, lansoprazole, omeprazole,
pantoprazole, and rabeprazole) block gastric acid secretion by
inhibiting hydrogen potassium adenosine triphosphatase in gastric
parietal cells, resulting in profound and longlasting antisecretory
effects.
DRUG INTERACTIONS :
PPIs can decrease the absorption of drugs such as ketoconazole
and itraconazole that require an acidic environment for absorption.
Inhibition of cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) by PPIs
(especially omeprazole) may decrease effectiveness of clopidogrel.
PPIs degrade in acidic environments and are therefore
formulated in delayed-release capsules or tablets.
Patients should take oral PPIs in the morning 15 to 30 minutes
before breakfast .
14.
15. Histamine 2–Receptor Antagonists :
H2 Ras - cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine.
Low-dose nonprescription H2 RAs or standard doses given
twice daily may be beneficial for symptomatic relief of mild
GERD.
Patients not responding to standard doses may be
hypersecretors of gastric acid and require higher doses
DRUG INERACTIONS:
Cimetidine may inhibit the metabolism of theophylline,
warfarin, phenytoin, nifedipine, and propranolol, among other
drugs. Because all H2 RAs are equally efficacious, selection
of the specific agent should be based on differences in
pharmacokinetics, safety profile, and cost.
16. Promotility Agents
For patients with a known motility defect (eg, LES incompetence, decreased
esophageal clearance, delayed gastric emptying) it is used.
Metoclopramide, a dopamine antagonist, increases LES pressure in a dose-related
manner and accelerates gastric emptying. However, it does not improve esophageal
clearance. Common adverse reactions - somnolence, nervousness, fatigue, dizziness,
weakness, depression, diarrhea, and rash.
Bethanechol has limited value because of side effects (eg, urinary retention,
abdominal discomfort, nausea, flushing).
Mucosal Protectants
Sucralfate is a nonabsorbable aluminum salt of sucrose octasulfate.
It has limited value for treatment of GERD but may be useful for
management of radiation esophagitis and bile or nonacid reflux GERD.
17. Combination Therapy :
Using the omeprazole-sodium bicarbonate immediate-release products in addition
to once daily PPI therapy offers an alternative for nocturnal GERD symptoms.
Maintenance Therapy :
Consider long-term therapy to prevent complications and worsening of esophageal
function in patients who have symptomatic relapse after discontinuation of therapy or
dosage reduction, including patients with Barrett esophagus, strictures, or esophagitis.
Most patients require standard doses to prevent relapses.
H2 RAs may be effective maintenance therapy in patients with mild disease.
PPIs are the drugs of choice for maintenance treatment of moderate to severe
esophagitis.
18. EVALUATION OF THERAPEUTIC OUTCOMES
Monitor frequency and severity of GERD symptoms, and educate patients on
symptoms that suggest presence of complications requiring immediate medical attention,
such as dysphagia or odynophagia.
Evaluate patients with persistent symptoms for presence of strictures or other
complications.
Monitor patients for adverse drug effects and the presence of atypical symptoms such as
laryngitis, asthma, or chest pain.
These symptoms require further diagnostic evaluation.