science has an evolving nature. what happened today may not be tomorrow, what is not today may happen tomorrow.
No one is complete so reading and thinking may open the door to the hidden ground.
science has an evolving nature. what happened today may not be tomorrow, what is not today may happen tomorrow.
No one is complete so reading and thinking may open the door to the hidden ground.
LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY- OPERATIVE SURGERY
#surgicaleducator #operativesurgery #laparoscopiccholecystectomy #usmle #babysurgeon #surgicaltutor
Dear viewers,
• Greetings from “Surgical Educator”
• Because of the popular demand by viewers of the YouTube channel “Surgical Educator”, I have decided to create and upload videos on common surgeries.
• I have already uploaded videos on open and Laparoscopic Appendicectomy, Thyroidectomy, Modified Radical Mastectomy and Open Cholecystectomy.
• In this video today, I have discussed Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy- the flagship procedure for laparoscopic surgeries.
• However, these videos are not real surgeries but the theoretical aspect of operative surgery like going through an atlas of operative surgery.
• Along with these videos, I recommend you to watch real operative surgery videos as well and the links are:
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VStEzI1jL8Y
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8j4kwpzd24
• This will give a very good opportunity for the surgical trainees to mentally rehearse various surgical steps in a sequential manner prior to actual surgery. You can watch the video in the following links:
• surgicaleducator.blogspot.com
• youtube.com/c/surgicaleducator
gastric resection, reconstruction and post gastrectomy syndromessanyal1981
discussion regarding history of gastrectomy, types of gastrectomy, billroth I, billroth II and roux en y gastrojejunostomy........discussion of post gastrectomy syndromes
Whipple's procedure - Indications, Steps, ComplicationsVikas V
Whipple's Procedure - Explaining the History of Whipple's Procedure, Indications, Contraindications, Step wise detailed procedure, Complications, Perioperative Management.
The Presentation Includes Detailed Step wise approach to the procedure assisted with Pictorial Representation of The steps
This presentation gives a fine description about stoma and ostomy. This contains the details regarding types, complications and the advices that you should give to a patient with a stoma.
In this presentation, I have shown how to do open anterior resection both high and low varieties in a step-by-step manner with clear pictures as if reading an atlas of operative surgery.
LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY- OPERATIVE SURGERY
#surgicaleducator #operativesurgery #laparoscopiccholecystectomy #usmle #babysurgeon #surgicaltutor
Dear viewers,
• Greetings from “Surgical Educator”
• Because of the popular demand by viewers of the YouTube channel “Surgical Educator”, I have decided to create and upload videos on common surgeries.
• I have already uploaded videos on open and Laparoscopic Appendicectomy, Thyroidectomy, Modified Radical Mastectomy and Open Cholecystectomy.
• In this video today, I have discussed Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy- the flagship procedure for laparoscopic surgeries.
• However, these videos are not real surgeries but the theoretical aspect of operative surgery like going through an atlas of operative surgery.
• Along with these videos, I recommend you to watch real operative surgery videos as well and the links are:
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VStEzI1jL8Y
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8j4kwpzd24
• This will give a very good opportunity for the surgical trainees to mentally rehearse various surgical steps in a sequential manner prior to actual surgery. You can watch the video in the following links:
• surgicaleducator.blogspot.com
• youtube.com/c/surgicaleducator
gastric resection, reconstruction and post gastrectomy syndromessanyal1981
discussion regarding history of gastrectomy, types of gastrectomy, billroth I, billroth II and roux en y gastrojejunostomy........discussion of post gastrectomy syndromes
Whipple's procedure - Indications, Steps, ComplicationsVikas V
Whipple's Procedure - Explaining the History of Whipple's Procedure, Indications, Contraindications, Step wise detailed procedure, Complications, Perioperative Management.
The Presentation Includes Detailed Step wise approach to the procedure assisted with Pictorial Representation of The steps
This presentation gives a fine description about stoma and ostomy. This contains the details regarding types, complications and the advices that you should give to a patient with a stoma.
In this presentation, I have shown how to do open anterior resection both high and low varieties in a step-by-step manner with clear pictures as if reading an atlas of operative surgery.
Anatomy of the stomach
Brief history of gastric surgery
Indications of Gastrectomy
The different types of gastrectomies.
The various reconstructions following a gastrectomy
Post Gastrectomy syndromes
Surgical management of Carcinoma EsophagusLoveleen Garg
A detailed dicussion on surgical procedures & steps to be followed during surgery for Carcinoma esophagus.
Source- Schwartz's Principles of Surgery, 9th Edition
OPEN CHOLECYSTECTOMY- OPERATIVE SURGERY
#surgicaleducator #operativesurgery #opencholecystectomy #usmle #babysurgeon #surgicaltutor
Dear viewers,
• Greetings from “Surgical Educator”
• Because of the popular demand by viewers of the YouTube channel “Surgical Educator”, I have decided to create and upload videos on common surgeries.
• I have already uploaded videos on open and Laparoscopic Appendicectomy, Thyroidectomy and Modified Radical Mastectomy.
• In this video today, I have discussed Open Cholecystectomy.
• However, these videos are not real surgeries but the theoretical aspect of operative surgery like going through an atlas of operative surgery.
• Along with these videos, I recommend you to watch real operative surgery videos as well and I will give a link for each surgery in the end of the video as end-cards, which I think will be very useful.
• This will give a very good opportunity for the surgical trainees to mentally rehearse various surgical steps in a sequential manner prior to actual surgery. You can watch the video in the following links:
• surgicaleducator.blogspot.com
• youtube.com/c/surgicaleducator
• Thank you for watching the videos.
chronic pancreatitis , from its etiology, types, etiopathology, clinical features to management including surgical and pancreatitic enzymes supplementation. particularly the pain and surgical management are highlighted with pictures.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. Anatomy
• Asymmetrical, pearshaped, most proximal
abdominal organ of the digestive tract
• Fixed at upper cardioesophageal and lower
pyloric sphinter
3.
4. • The organs abutting the stomach - liver, colon, spleen,
pancreas, and occasionally the kidney.
• The left lateral segment of the liver usually covers a
large part of the anterior stomach.
• Inferiorly, the stomach is attached to the transverse
colon by the gastrocolic omentum.
• The lesser curvature is tethered to the liver by the
hepatogastric ligament, also referred to as the lesser
omentum or pars flaccida.
• Posterior to the stomach is the lesser omental bursa
and the pancreas.
8. History
• Earliest recorded operations on the stomach were
performed for penetrating injuries
• In 1881, Rydygier performed the 1st successful
pylorectomy, and in 1884 he performed the 1st
gastroenterostomy(peptic ulcer)
• In 1881, Billroth performed the 1st successful
pylorectomy for malignancy(duodenum and lesser
curvature anastomosis)
• In 1885, Billroth performed a resection of a large
pyloric carcinoma, using an anterior
gastrojejunostomy for the reconstruction
9. • Common indications for gastric resections include peptic ulcer
disease and tumors of the stomach
• Safe performance of surgery involves understanding
1. The physiology of vagal innervation and gastric emptying;
2. The surface and vascular anatomy of the stomach
3. The principles of reconstruction following resection, specifically
the Billroth I (B-I) gastroduodenostomy, the Billroth II (B-II)
gastrojejunostomy, and the Roux-en-Y configuration
4. The principles of surgical stapling techniques as well as hand-sewn
suturing techniques
5. The specific early and late postoperative complications that arise
from different gastric resections and different forms of
reconstruction
10. Degrees of resection
• Wedge resections and closure of gastric wall for
ulcers, polyps, or tumors derived from
neuroendocrine or submucosal tissues
• Distal gastric resection, focusing on antrectomy or
hemigastrectomy (with or without vagotomy) for
peptic ulcer disease and when the major decision
involves the choice of B-I or B-II reconstruction
• Management of gastric carcinoma, focusing on
proximal, subtotal, or total resection, and the
techniques of regional node dissection
11. Wedge resection
Principles
– Minimum 2cm distance away from GE junction/
pylorus
– 2cm margin of resection
Indications
– Peptic ulcers
– Polyps
– Tumors derived from neuroendocrine or
submucosal tissues
12. • Midline laparotomy
• Location of lesion
• Omental adhesions of
tumour left in contact
• Omentum away are
ligated
• 2cm scoring of serosa
from base of
tumour(cautery)
• Deepened through
muscularis
• Submucosal vessels
pop out(control)
14. Tumour on the lesser curve
• Gastrotomy
• To stop bleeding from ulcer
• Excision from mucosal side
• Might require excising both nerves of laterjet and
hence pyloroplasty
• Alternatively
• Distal gastrectomy with B1/B2 procedure /
pauchet procedure
15. Distal gastrectomy
• Removal of the distal portion of the stomach
• According to disease (ulcer or carcinoma) and the
location (duodenal ulcer, gastriculcer, high-gastric
ulcer), they are classified as
Antral
Two-thirds
Four-fifths
High subtotal gastrectomy
• Distal partial gastrectomy is named according to
the type of anastomosis between the small
intestine and the gastric remnant
16. • Indications
Recurrent gastric ulcer after adequate antisecretory
treatment and eradication of Helicobacter pylori.
Prepyloric ulcer
Complicated ulcers(perforation, bleeding,
obstruction , intractable)
Early carcinoma and Ca antrum
• Not recommended as standard treatment
• Early and well differentiated T1/T2 N0 lesions
18. • Entering lesser sac at middle of gastric curvature
– Incising the gastrocolic ligament
– Dissection made between gastric wall and gastroepiploic
vessels
• Flimsy part of lesser omentum opened with blunt dissection
and penrose drain inserted
• Dissection along greater curvature towards duodenum with
ligation of vessels
19. Mobilsing the duodenum
• By Kochers maneuver
• By stretching the stomach , dissection proceeds along
greater curvature to the medial duodnenal wall, then
posterior wall and lateral wall( 3 -5 cm of posterior
wall is exposed )
• Transition between first and second part – entry of
gastroduodenal artery
20. Dissection along lesser curvature
• Ligation of right gastric artery
• Selective vagotomy of gastric remnant
• Dissection proceeds along lesser curvature depending
on the location of ulcer
• Left gastric artery(ascending branch ) should remain
intact
21. Resection of specimen
• Cutting the duodenum after applying stay sutures
(just distal to pyloric ring)
• Stomach resection
– Stapler (TA90/TL90)
– Angle of 45degrees to lesser curvature
– Clamp fitted at right angle to greater curvature
– The aboral end of greater curvature is cut after stay sutures
• Anastomosis is performed without clamps
22. Anastomosis
• Two layered technique
– Outer seromuscular (3-0 silk )
– Inner full thickness suture (3-0 vicryl)
• Jammerecke (angle of sorrow)
– Junction of suture anastomosis and the staple line
– Site of leakage
– Triple seromuscular sutures at this angle
• Patency checked with fingers
• NG tube crosses the anastomosis
23. Alternative methods
• End to side gastroduosenostomy
• Stapler anastomosis (circular stapler)
• Laparoscopic B1 Gastrectomy
24. B2 gastrectomy
Initial surgical steps
• Dissection of lesser and greater curvature
• Mobilising duodenum and circumferential
dissection
• Ligating right epiploic vessels and right gastric
artery
• Duodenum divided 2cm distal to pyloric ring
with linear stapler
25. Gastric resection
• Transverse apllication of linear stapler
• Removal of specimen
• Selective vagotomy of gastric remnant
Mobising the jejunum
• Tension free and retrocolonic fashion
• Placed oppsite to greater curvature
• Braun Jejunojejunostomy between ascending and
descending loop
26. Anastomosis
• 4-5cm stapler line at greater curvature is incised
• Anastomosis done in 2 layers
• Before anterior layer closure , NG tube is passed into
the descending jejunal segment
27. Roux en Y GJ
• Resection of specimen
• Mobilising the jejunum
• Identifying jejunum at ligament of Treitz
• Proximal jejunum , that reaches the stomach without
tension is selected (15- 20 cm from treitz ligament)
• Jejunum transected with linear stapler
28. • Mobilsing the distal jejunal segment
• End to side gastrojejunal anastomosis in two layers
and isoperistaltic
• Proximal jejunal segment anastomosed to the jejunum
around 45cm away from GJ as end to side
anastomosis
29. Total gastrectomy
• Complete operative resection remains the
only potentially curative modality for gastric
adenocarcinoma
• Indicated when 4 to 6 cm of negative margins
cannot be obtained from the primary tumor
30. • Supine, with consideration given to the
possibility of left or right thoracic approach
• Sandbag placed beneath left costal margin
• A split-lumen endotracheal tube is placed in
all patients in whom thoracotomy is likely
• Incisions
• Midline / bilateral subcostal / left
thoracoabdominal incision
31. • Fixed retractors are placed.
• Dissection of the greater omentum from the colon and entering
into the anterior leaf of the mesocolon
• The dissection is continued back to the inferior border of the
pancreas, and the pancreatic capsule is dissected upward
• Branches to the right gastroepiploic vessels are divided just at the
inferior border of the pancreas, and venous tributaries ligated.
• The dissection continued laterally, along the superior aspect of the
pancreas, skeletonizing the splenic artery
• Division of short gastric vessels close to the spleen
• Dissecting the lesser omentum from the undersurface of the liver,
extending back to the right crus and mobilizing the right aspect of
the gastroesophageal junction.
32. • Division of the duodenum
– two straight Kocher clamps /GIA stapler
– Invaginating the closure.
• Divided duodenum
– Elevated upward and forward
– Gaining easy access to the dissection of the node-
bearing areas
33. • Dissection in the porta
– Begin from above
– Isolating the bifurcation of the hepatic artery
– Bringing the node-bearing tissue inferiorly
• Dissecting the portal vein, to the left of the left hepatic
artery and in the area between the common hepatic and
the superior border of the pancreas
• This dissection moves towards celiac axis
– Picking up the dissection of the superior border of the pancreas
at the junction of the splenic artery with the celiac.
• The left gastric artery is then divided at its origin
34. • Dissection from above along the right crus
allows the aortic junction of the celiac axis to
be identified and cleared.
• The extent of the dissection of the splenic
hilum depends on the extent of disease
present.
• The short gastric vessels are identified and
ligated close to the spleen
35. • The left crus dissection downwards and all tissue
reflected from it.
• The left adrenal gland should be clearly identified and
preserved from harm.
• At this point, the entire stomach mobilized
• The left gastric artery can be divided at its origin
• Entire stomach lifted forward
• Paracardial lymph nodes are reflected inferiorly
• The gastroesophageal junction is mobilized and
satinsky atraumatic vascular clamp applied
38. • Steps
1. Mobilization of the
greater curvature with
omentectomy and
division of the left
gastroepiploic artery
2. Infrapyloric
mobilization with
ligation of the right
gastroepiploic artery
and vein as it enters
the gastrocolic trunk
3. Suprapyloric
mobilization with
ligation of the right
gastric artery
39. 5. Lymphadenectomy with
dissection of the porta
hepatis, common hepatic
artery, left gastric artery,
celiac axis, and splenic
artery and ligation of
left gastric artery
6. Gastric transection
7. Reconstruction by loop
or Roux-en-Y
gastrojejunostomy
40. Gastric transection
• Point approximately 2 cm distal to the
gastroesophageal junction on the lesser
curvature
• Point at least 5 cm proximal to the upper
border of the tumor on the greater curvature
of the stomach .