This document discusses a project on gasification, which converts biomass into producer gas through a series of thermal and chemical reactions. It details the composition of producer gas, the gasification process stages, and the types of gasifiers, highlighting the use of cyclone separators and filters for tar removal. The project aims to enhance energy recovery and reduce fossil fuel dependence by utilizing gasification technologies.

1. System of Extracting Heat
Energy From Wood Exhaust
for Fueling an Internal
Combustion Engine
Design Project 1 and 2

2. Group Members
 MM/20/0486 - K.H.S.Sandeepa
 MM/20/0501 - M.V.S.Yasas
 MM/20/0504 - J.Sugitharan
Group No: 21

3. Principles of Gasification
 Gasification is defined as the conversion of biomass into a gaseous-
energy carrier by means of partial oxidation at the elevated
temperature.
 This process involves a sequence of chemical and thermal reactions
like the oxidation and reduction.
 Gasification process convert solid biomass with a limited quantity
of air into Producer gas.

4. Producer Gas
 Producer gas, the gas generated when wood, charcoal or coal is
gasified with air, consists of some 40 % combustible gases, mainly
carbon monoxide, hydrogen and some methane. The rest are non-
combustible and consists mainly of nitrogen, carbon dioxide and
water vapor.
 Producer gas is a mixture of combustible (Hydrogen (13-19%),
Methane(1-5%) and Carbon Monoxide (18-22%)} and non-
combustible {Nitrogen(45-55%), Carbon dioxide (9-12%)} gases.
 The producer gas has a calorific value ranging from 1000 to
1200kcal/Nm³.
 The gas also contains condensable tar, acids and dust as impurities.
These impurities may lead to operational problems and abnormal
engine wear.

5. Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5
Harvesting Processing
Chopping
Briquetting
Dehydratio
n
Drying
Biomass Gasification
Gas
Cleaning
Boiler
Turbine
Motor
Complete Gasification Process
Gasification Process

6. Gasification Process of Biomass
1.Drying 100-150° C
2.Pyrolysis 200-500°C
3.Combustion 800-1200° C
4.Reduction 650-900° C
BIOMASS
H O + C H + CO
₂
CO + C 2CO
₂
H O
₂
Vapour
DRY BIOMASS
TAR
GASES
CHARCOAL
H O + CO
₂ ₂
CRACKED TAR
HOT REACTIVE
CHARCOAL

7. Thermo-Chemical Process in Gasifier
H O Charcoal and Tar H O and CO2 H2 and CO
₂ ₂
biomass (CHO) biomass (CHO) tarry gas or charcoal hot charcoal (C)
Heat heat no air O /air CO and H O
₂ ₂ ₂
Drying Pyrolysis Combustion Reduction

8. Types of Gasifiers
1) Fixed-bed gasifiers
A. Updraft gasifiers (Counter current)
B. Downdraft gasifier (Co-counter
current)
C. Crossdraft gasifier(Cross current)
2) Fluidized bed gasifiers.

9. Downdraft Gasifier
 A solution to the problem of tar
entrainment in the gas stream
has been found by designing co-
current or downdraught
gasifiers.
 Primary gasification air is
introduced at or above the
oxidation zone in the gasifier.
 The producer gas is removed at
the bottom of the apparatus.

10. Updraft Gasifier
Blower Assembly

11.  Air flow is upward and the gas leaves at the top.
 Near the grate at the bottom the combustion
reactions occur , which are followed by reduction
reactions.
 In the upper part of the gasifier, heating and
pyrolysis of the feedstock occur as a result of heat
transfer by forced convection and radiation from
the lower zones.
 The tars and volatiles produced during this process
will be carried in the gas stream.
 Ashes are removed from the bottom of the gasifier.

12.  Cyclone outlet - Air flows up the center of
the cyclone cone and out of the outlet tube to
the shop vac or dust collector.
 Cyclone inlet - connects to the hose used to
vacuum up dust and debris. A 2:1 inlet port
aspect ratio is close to optimum to achieve
the maximum separation efficiency.
 The air is buoyant so it flows back up and
out the outlet pipe at the top.
Purpose of the cyclone separator

13. Creosote (tar) eliminating mechanism
If be deposited creosote can
encourage larger safety concerns
hence they must be eliminated
from the hot gas flow
The cyclone separator
disrupting the momentum of the
hot gas as going down inside the
separator
Meanwhile , more heavy
creosote particles are getting
condensed in to liquid and can be
collected by the bottom of the
separator

14. Mechanism of the Tar Removing Fiber filter
 This filter is completely filled with
cotton because it is made out of small
fibers.
 COTTON is the most widely produced
natural fiber on the planet.
 The gaseous molecules can penetrate
these fibers but relatively larger tar
particles and other solid impurities
cannot penetrate the cotton layers.

15. Condensing / Cooling of the Wood Gas
 Air cooling is a method of dissipating heat
 It works by expanding the surface area or
increasing the flow of air over the object to be
cooled , or both
 On this occasion, hot wood gas flowing through
the radiator and the aluminum fins of the
radiator help to expand the contact area for
rapid heat exchange between internal wood gas
and ambient air
 Hence the wood gas coming out of the radiator
is condensed (more energy dense) and free of
moisture

16. Achievements
 We were able to produce synthesis gas from Carbonaceous
materials.
 Through gasification we recovered more energy and higher heat
capacity in contrast to Pyrolysis and combustion.
 Via this project, the use of the fossil fuels can be reduced and
waste gasification is used to enhance programs for recycling.
 Pure wood charcol which is a by product of this system's
operation can be used for as a alternative for Coal.
 Furthermore purification of creosote can will lead to the
generation of useful low grade fuel which can be an option for
boiler fael.

17. References
 National Institute of Technology, Srinagar(Retrieved March 09, 2024,
from https://www.nitsri.ac.in/)
 Bioeconomy Institute(Retrieved March 15, 2024, from -Bioeconomy
Institute (iastate.edu))
 Alternative Energy Promotion Centre(Retrieved March 15, 2024, from -
AEPC)
 Bio Energy Association of Sri Lanka(Retrieved March 15, 2024, from -
Bio Energy Association of Sri Lanka (bioenergysrilanka.lk])
 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(Retrieved
March 15, 2024, from https://www.fao.org/home/en)

18. Thank You