The document outlines various game terminologies and concepts related to computer graphics, including the RGB color model, pixel art, texture mapping, and rendering techniques. It covers essential terminology such as sprites, polygons, models, and animation methods like skeletal and procedural animation. Additionally, it discusses advanced topics like lightmaps, ray tracing, and the role of game engines in video game development.

1. Game terminologies
By Ahmed Badr

3. Agenda
• RGB
• Color cube
• Pixel
• Color depth
• Resolution
• Pixel art
• BMP
• Grayscale

4. Agenda
• Alpha mask
• PCX
• JPEG/JPG
• Alpha channels
• Sprite
• Polygon
• Vertex
• Edge

5. Agenda
• Model
• Face
• Mesh
• Texture
• Tile maps
• Texel
• Texture Mapping
• UV mapping

6. Agenda
•MinMaps
•procedural texture
•point sampling
•Bilinear interpolation
•Tri-linear filtering
•anisotropic filtering
•Render
•Frame

7. Agenda
•Gouraud shading
•Reflection mapping
•Specular reflection
•Diffuse reflection
•Refraction
•Bump mapping
•Normal mapping
•parallax mapping

8. Agenda
• Lightmap
• Ray tracing
• Terrain
• Height map
• Pixel shader
• Vertex shader
• Cell shader
• Game bots

9. Agenda
• AI
• procedural animation
• Skeletal animation
• Morph target animation
• Collision
• Game engine
• game genre

10. RGB
• The RGB color model is
an additive model in
which red, green, and
blue (often used in
additive light models) are
combined in various
ways to reproduce other
colors.

11. Color cube
• A color in the RGB color
model can be described by
indicating how much of each
of the red, green and blue
color is included. Each can
vary between the minimum (no
color) and maximum (full
intensity). If all the colors are
at minimum the result is black.
If all the colors at maximum,
the result is white.

12. Pixel
• A pixel (short for picture
element, using the
common abbreviation
"pix" for "picture") is a
single point in a graphic
image. Each such
information element is
not really a dot, nor a
square, but an abstract
sample

13. Color depth
• Color depth is a computer graphics term
describing the number of bits used to
represent the color of a single pixel in a
bitmapped image.
• This concept is also known as bits per
pixel (bpp)

14. Resolution
• The number of pixels in an image is
sometimes called the resolution.
• The higher the resolution the higher the
picture quality
• In game industry the same concepts apply
but put in mind that high resolution comes
at the price of high memory consumption
and processing time.

15. Pixel art
• Pixel art is a form of
digital art, created
through the use of
Isometric
raster graphics
software, where
images are edited on
the pixel level. Two
type of pixel art,
Isometric and non
isometric. Non Isometric

16. BMP
• BMP files are usually not compressed, so
they are typically much larger than
compressed image file formats for the
same image. For example, an 800×600
24-bit image will occupy almost 1.4
megabytes
• 800 x 600 x (24/8) = 1.4 MB

17. Grayscale
• Displayed images of
this sort are typically
composed of
shades of gray,
varying from black
at the weakest
intensity to white at
the strongest

18. Alpha mask
• Used to
introduce
transparency to
areas to the
BMP files. A gray
scale image is
used to describe
transparency in a
BMP image

19. PCX
• PCX is an image file format developed by the
ZSoft Corporation of Marietta, Georgia, USA. It
was the native file format for PC Paintbrush and
became one of the first widely accepted DOS
imaging standards, although its use has since
been succeeded by more sophisticated image
formats such as GIF, JPEG, and PNG.
• Advantage: compression without losing quality

20. JPEG/JPG
• In computing, JPEG is a
commonly used method of
compression for
photographic images
• Advantages: Holds
transparency information
without the need to an
external file
• Disadvantages:
destructive compression is
used.

21. Alpha channels
In a 2D image element
which stores a color
for each pixel, an
additional value is
stored in the alpha
channel containing a
value ranging from 0
to 1. A value of 0
means that the pixel
does not have any
coverage information

22. Sprite
Sprite is a two-
dimensional image or
animation that is
integrated into a
.larger scene

23. Polygon
In geometry a polygon
is a plane figure that
is bounded by a
closed path or circuit,
composed of a finite
number of sequential
.line segments

24. Vertex
a vertex is a corner of
an angle

25. Edge
a connection between
two vertices

26. Model
A model is a fully-3D
computer graphic,
polygonal object or
character used in
computer and video
games

27. Face
In geometry, a face of a
polyhedron is any of
the polygons that
make up its
boundaries

28. Mesh
• A polygon mesh or
unstructured grid is
a collection of
vertices and
polygons that
define the shape of
an polyhedral
object in 3D
computer graphics.

29. Texture
Texture refers to the
properties held and
sensations caused by
the external surface
of objects received
through the sense of
.touch

30. Tile maps
• A picture with
seamless edges
repeated along side
in X and Y axis

31. Texel
texture element The smallest addressable
unit of a texture map. When objects in the
image are near, one texel is mapped to
one or more screen pixels. When objects
are distant, multiple texels are averaged
into one screen pixel

32. Texture Mapping
Texture mapping is a
method, pioneered by
Edwin Catmull, of
adding detail, surface
texture, or colour to a
computer-generated
graphic or 3D model

33. UV mapping
• UV mapping is a 3D modelling
process of making a 2D image
representing a 3D model. The
map transforms the 3D object
onto an image known as a
texture. In contrast to "X", "Y" and
"Z", which are the coordinates for
the original 3D object in the
modelling space, "U" and "V" are
the coordinates of the
transformed object. This creates
the effect of painting the image
onto the surface of the 3D object

34. MinMaps
A texture mapping
technique that uses
multiple texture maps,
or MIP maps. Each
MIP map is half the
size of the first one,
providing several
texture maps for
various levels of
depth

35. procedural texture
• An algorithmic way of describing a
texture. Unlike a bitmapped texture, in
which the texture is represented as a
bitmap, a procedural texture describes
the texture mathematically. Although
not widely used, this method is
resolution independent and can create
more precise textures, especially if
there is great and varying depth to the
objects being textured. Procedural
textures may be 2D or 3D
• http://www.answers.com/topic/procedural-textures?
cat=technology

36. volumetric texture
• A texture that is described in three
dimensions. It can be created as a "stack"
of 2D bitmapped textures or as a 3D
procedural texture. When an object with
volumetric texture is sliced in half, the
texture would still be rendered accurately
on the inside
• http://www.answers.com/topic/volumetric-texture?cat=technology

37. point sampling
• Also called "nearest neighbor," it is the simplest
form of texture mapping, which is often
associated with low-end games and applications
that do not demand much realism. An algorithm
is used to map a screen pixel to the
corresponding point on the texture map. The
attributes (color, alpha, etc.) of the nearest texel
are then directly applied to the screen pixel. The
process is repeated for each pixel forming the
object being textured

38. Bilinear interpolation
• A texture mapping technique that produces a
reasonably realistic image, also known as
"bilinear filtering" and "bilinear texture mapping."
An algorithm is used to map a screen pixel
location to a corresponding point on the texture
map. A weighted average of the attributes (color,
alpha, etc.) of the four surrounding texels is
computed and applied to the screen pixel. This
process is repeated for each pixel forming the
object being textured
• http://www.answers.com/topic/bilinear-interpolation?cat=technology

39. Tri-linear filtering
• Bilinear filtering has several weaknesses that
make it an unattractive choice in many cases:
using it on a full-detail texture when scaling to a
very small size causes accuracy problems from
missed texels, and compensating for this by
using multiple mipmaps throughout the polygon
leads to abrupt changes in blurriness, which is
most pronounced in polygons that are steeply
angled relative to the camera.
• trilinear filtering interpolates between the results
of bilinear filtering on the two mipmaps nearest
to the detail required for the polygon at the pixel
• http://www.answers.com/Trilinear%20filtering

40. anisotropic filtering
• is a method of
enhancing the
image quality of
textures on surfaces
that are at oblique
viewing angles with
respect to the
camera where the
projection of the
texture appears to
be non orthogonal
http://www.answers.com/Anisotropic%20filtering

41. Render
Rendering is the process of
generating an image from
a model, by means of
computer programs. The
model is a description of
three dimensional objects
in a strictly defined
language or data
structure. It would contain
geometry, viewpoint,
texture and lighting
.information

42. Frame
a frame is one of the
many still images
which compose the
complete moving
picture

43. Gouraud shading
• Gouraud shading, named after
Henri Gouraud, is a method
used in computer graphics to
simulate the differing effects of
light and colour across the
surface of an object. In
practice, Gouraud shading is
used to achieve smooth
lighting on low-polygon
surfaces without the heavy
computational requirements of
calculating lighting for each
pixel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouraud_shading

44. Reflection mapping
• reflection mapping is an efficient
method of simulating a complex
mirroring surface by means of a
precomputed texture image. The
texture is used to store the image of
the environment surrounding the
rendered object.
• Types of cube mapping
– Standard Environment Mapping
– Cube Environment Mapping
– HEALPix Environment Mapping
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_mapping

45. Specular reflection
• Specular reflection
is the perfect,
mirror-like
reflection of light
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specular_re
flection

46. Diffuse reflection
• Diffuse reflection is the
reflection of light from an
uneven or granular
surface such that an
incident ray is seemingly
reflected at a number of
angles
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_reflection

47. Refraction
• Refraction is the change in
direction of a wave due to
a change in its speed. This
is most commonly seen
when a wave passes from
one medium to another.
Refraction of light is the
most commonly seen
example, but any type of
wave can refract when it
interacts with a medium
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraction

48. Bump mapping
Bump mapping is a
computer graphics
technique where at each
pixel, a perturbation to
the surface normal of the
object being rendered is
looked up in a heightmap
and applied before the
illumination calculation is
done

49. Normal mapping
• normal mapping is an application of the
technique known as bump mapping
• Normal mapping used to re-detail simplified
meshes
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Normal_map_example.png

50. parallax mapping
• Parallax mapping is an
enhancement of the
bump mapping or
normal mapping . To
the end user, this
means that textures
such as stone walls, will
have more apparent
depth with less of an
influence on the
performance.
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax_mappin
g

51. Lightmap
A light map is a 3D engine light data
structure which contains the brightness of
surfaces in a video game. Light maps are
pre-computed and used for static objects

52. Ray tracing
Ray tracing is a general
technique from
geometrical optics of
modeling the path
taken by light by
following rays of light
as they interact with
optical surfaces

53. Terrain
• Terrain, or
relief, is the
third or vertical
dimension of
land surface.

54. Height map
A height map or height
field is a raster image
used to store values,
such as surface
elevation data, for
display in 3D
computer graphics

55. Pixel shader
A pixel shader serves to manipulate a pixel,
usually to apply an effect on an image, for
example; realism, bump mapping,
.shadows, and explosion effects

56. Vertex shader
A Vertex-Shader serves to manipulate the
geometry of an object of a scene.
Therefore the form of the object changes
and this changes the appearance of the
object. With the help of vertex Shader
effects as vertex lighting, terrain-/Object-
deformation, waves or fish eye
perspective are possible

57. Cell shader
Cell Shading is the "art"
of rendering your
objects to look like
cartoons. Various
cartoon effects can be
achieved with very
little modifications to
the original source
.code

58. Game bots
is a robotic computer controlled entity that
simulates an online or LAN multiplayer
human death match opponent, team death
match opponent or a cooperative human
player. Computer game bots work via
artificial intelligence routines pre-
programmed to suit the game map, game
rules, game type and other parameters
unique to each game

59. AI
Game artificial intelligence refers to
techniques used in computer and video
games to produce the illusion of
intelligence in the behavior of non-player
characters (NPCs). The techniques used
typically draw upon existing methods from
the academic field of artificial intelligence
AI

60. procedural animation
• A procedural animation is a type of
computer animation, used to
automatically generate animation in
real-time to allow for a more diverse
series of actions than could otherwise
be created using predefined
animations.
• Procedural animation is used to
simulate particle systems cloth and
clothing, rigid body dynamics, and
hair and fur dynamics, as well as
character animation
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_animation

61. Skeltal animation
• Skeletal animation, sometimes
referred to as rigging, is a
technique in computer animation,
particularly in the animation of
vertebrates, in which a character
is represented in two parts: a
surface representation used to
draw the character (called the
skin) and a hierarchical set of
bones used for animation only
(called the skeleton).
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_animation

62. Morph target animation ((or per-vertex animation
• Morph target animation (or per-vertex
animation) is a method of 3D computer
animation that is sometimes used as an
alternative to skeletal animation. Morph
target animation is stored as a series of
vertex positions. In each keyframe of the
animation, the vertices are moved to a
different position.
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morph_target_animation

63. Collision
collision means the action of bodies •
striking or coming together

64. Game engine
• A game engine is the core software component of a
computer video game or other interactive application
with real-time graphics. It provides the underlying
technologies, simplifies development, and often enables
the game to run on multiple platforms
• The core functionality typically provided by a game
engine includes a rendering engine (“renderer”) for 2D or
3D graphics, a physics engine or collision detection (and
collision response), sound, scripting, animation, artificial
intelligence, networking, streaming, memory
management, threading, and a scene graph

65. game genre
• Video games are categorized into genres
based on their gameplay
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_genre

66. References
• http://www.wikipedia.com
• http://www.answers.com/