Gait Assessment

Gait Assessment
Gait is the most important function of daily living activities for all human beings. As physical
therapists and researchers we are particularly interested in evaluation of gait. There is a distinct
necessity for objective measurement of gait because without it the excellence of treatment decisions
is condensed, due to subjective and often unreliable nature of the assessment. Objective measures
must be employed to validate efficacy of the treatment protocol, a function that has become
imperative since health care resources are becoming more strained and health care providers are
held more accountable1. Gait assessment is an everyday responsibility of the therapist, and visual
assessment seems unreliable and erratic for the most part. Measurement ... Show more content on
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There is evidence of using the software for populations with Stroke and Parkinson's disease, and
children with Cerebral Palsy. The psychometric properties of the walkway system have been
established in all these populations and normalization data is available for children as well. No data
is available for children diagnosed as idiopathic toe walkers. Persistent toe walking beyond age two
years' merits further investigation because it can be a first sign of an underlying neuromuscular or
developmental abnormality like Cerebral Palsy (CP), Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and autism3–
5. Walking on toes has numerous consequences and primary gait deviations are seen in subjects at
ankle joint6. Evidence also shows that idiopathic toe walkers have significant increase in ankle
plantarflexion during stance and swing phases6. Hence, a bigger project to evaluate the use of
GAITRite in children diagnosed as idiopathic toe walkers is being planned. Therefore, the current
review aims to highlight available literature on the use of GAITRite in different populations and
their findings on the validity and reliability measures. Table 1 elaborates different studies valuated in
reaching our objective to validate the use of GAITRite as a gold standard tool for measuring
temporo–spatial gait
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Assessment Toolss : Assessment Forms And Methods Of CIPN
Assessment tools It has been established that there are at present no adequate forms of preventing
CIPN (Cavaletti, 2014). Additionally, CIPN is often under–rated and under–reported particularly as
patients do not like to miss treatments (Stubblefield et al., 2009). Therefore, comprehensive
evaluations using standardized and sensitive assessment tools to prevent severe neurotoxicity are a
critical step for early intervention. According to Stubblefield et al. (2012), it is essential a baseline
assessment including any preexisting neuropathy and predisposing factors, such as diabetes, be
performed prior to initiation of treatment. This baseline assessment should include not only
subjective symptoms, but assessment of strength, reflexes and ... Show more content on
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This is a patient questionnaire that uses a score of 0–4 to assess subjective neuropathic symptoms
(Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy, 2007).
The Total Neuropathy Score (TNS), initially was used to assess diabetic neuropathy, utilizes
objective criterion, such as pin prick, with a subjective account of all neuropathic areas including
sensory, autonomic and motor (Curcio, 2016). However, it is too time consuming for nurses to use
routinely (Curcio, 2016). The Total Neuropathy Score – clinical version (TNSc) was recommended
for broader use (Curcio, 2016). This abbreviated version which was developed is more sensitive
than other tools including the NCI–CTCAE (Curcio, 2016). In a systematic review by Haryani et al.
(2017) similar conclusions were realized. They analyzed nineteen studies and twenty CIPN
assessment tools and determined that both the FACT/GOG–Ntx and TNSc were recommended
(Haryani et al., 2017). Further, since CIPN is more subjective than objective in nature, utilizing the
FACT/GOG–Ntx first, followed by a provider validation using the TNSc is suggested (Haryani et
al., 2017).
In the clinical setting, it would be advantageous to facilitate the use of a self–administered
neurotoxicity portion of the FACT/GOG questionnaire. The at risk chemotherapy patient could
complete it upon arrival to the infusion center. This could be followed by performing the
abbreviated TNSc, which would consist of a

Barrel Racing Research Paper
Horses have been around for more than 50 million years. Once horses and humans came together
they have been clicked since in many ways (Walter). Humans had made horses broken to do about
anything for about 6,000 years (Walter). Over the time of breeding and cross–breeding we have
made powerful horses from large Percheron to the little miniature ponies (Walter). Some examples
are the things that horses had changed human history from battlefield to farming to packing out in
the West (Walter). People nowadays had really relied on a horse to let them, let things go that is on
their minds and they are most spirited and kind–minded companions anyone can have (Walter).
Horses have changed me for the better; whenever I need to get rid of stress or ... Show more content
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Beginner standards should be 2'7" for kids or adults that are just getting into jumping (Event).
Novice standards should be around 2'11" and that is for kids who had begun but want to advance a
little bit without going on to training (Event). Training standards should be around 3'3" and for
training you should be advancing from novice beginner and getting ready to move on to preliminary
(Event). Preliminary standards should be set at 3'7" and the rider should have received at least four
trials at the training level (Event). Intermediate standards are usually set at or around 3'11" and these
people at least have had three trials at the preliminary level and no more than twenty penalties of
any sort during cross–country (Event). Advanced is the hardest and the standards should be set at
4'1" should have at least tried 3 trials at the NQA for the intermediate level and no more than twenty
jumping penalties for cross–country

Elderly Falls
Medical expenses in United States are increasing at an enormous pace. One of the highest
expenditure of its expenses is used toward the care of elderly US senior citizens. Elderly people are
vulnerable to many diseases, but one of the incidents that the elderly people are prone to is fall. As a
person grows older, chances of fall increases. Elderly person have weaker bones, and a damages
caused by a fall can have a huge impact on an elderly person's health. Falls are the leading cause of
injury related visit to emergency department and primary etiology of accidental deaths among
elderly people. Emergency department visits related to falls are more common in children less than
five years of age and adults 65 years of age and older. Compared

A Brief Note On Children With Down 's Syndrome
Shanleigh Blackburn – 670207 Paediatrics Assignment: Down's Syndrome I believe that children
with Down's Syndrome can benefit greatly from Physiotherapy, due to the physical impairments
often associated with their condition. What is Down's Syndrome?: Down's Syndrome is a genetic
condition affecting one in every 1000 births world wide. It is estimated that 700 babies are born with
Down's Syndrome annually. (Robertson, 2016) Typically, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes in a
normal, healthy human being. One pair from the mother, one from the father. Chromosomes are
found in every cell of the human body, they carry a genetic code that determines specific traits in
every human being. (Park 625 – 627, 2014) Occasionally, one of the chromosomes may be missing
or an extra copy of a chromosome forms. When this happens, it results in a multitude of genetic
abnormalities. These abnormalities are classified as syndromes. (ndds.org/DownsSyndrome, 2016)
Downs Syndrome (Trisomy 21) is a genetic disorder caused by a third copy of chromosome 21.
(Park 625 – 627, 2014) There are three different types of Down's Syndrome; Trisomy 21, the most
common form of Down's Syndrome, where an extra copy of chromosome 21 exists in every cell. In
Mosaicism, there is an extra copy of chromosome in some of the cells, these children often present
with fewer symptoms. And lastly, Translocation, where there is an extra segment attached to
chromosome 21 itself, often only affects one set of chromosomes.

Gait Variability And Fall Risk
Gait Variability and Fall Risk in Older Adults
Abdulrahman M. Aldahmashi University of Pittsburgh Motor Learning and Control of Movement
Dr. Susan Whitney November 2, 2014
Introduction
Falling is described as resting on the ground or the floor accidently without being caused by intrinsic
incident or tremendous hazard (Ayoubi & Launay, 2014; Tuunainen, Rasku, Jäntti, & Pyykkö,
2014). It is also defined as unexpected, unintended, unprovoked alteration in body position causing
an individual to be in an inferior level and not resulted from internal disturbance (Menant, Schoene,
Sarofim, & Lord, 2014).
Background Information
Fall is the major cause of injury in the elderly, which places more load on the health care system
(Krasovsky, Lamontagne, Feldman, & Levin, 2014). Samuel D. Towne Jr. and his colleagues
conducted a study to calculate the cost of hospitalizing older people as a result of falling in Texas
Hospital. 77,086 fallers were hospitalized, costing around 3.1 billion dollars in 2011, which is an
increase of around 2 billion dollars since 2007 (Towne, Ory, & Smith, 2014). Moreover, fall directly
causes 21,649 deaths and indirectly causes 5,402 deaths in the United States in 2010 (Stevens &
Rudd, 2014). Also, 420,000 individuals around the world die yearly because of falling (Mignardot et
al., 2014). Most falls in older adults take place during walking (Lee, Verghese, Holtzer, Mahoney, &
Oh–Park, 2014). Therefore, falls are related to gait variability

Different Gait Abnormalities
Initially survey of many patients with different gait abnormalities was done by which we found that
there were different types of gaits. The patients were affected in different parts of the body and were
a part of gait analysis known by different names. The present and the existing devices were also
studied and was found that these devices provided analog output. Analog signals had distortion
which creates a loss of signals and it is able to recover the attenuated signals. These were the
disadvantages which were taken as the objectives of the project. Hence, we decided to go for a
digital output to provide accurately and quantify the output. The existing way of treating the patients
was very costly and the results need to the processed by using video camera etc. The cost of the
device was high which was not affordable by all people. Hence, there was a need to develop the
portable device which helps in measuring gait parameters by digital sensors and provide assistance
in taking the value of these parameters and helps the doctors to treat the patients. A. Block Diagram
of Gait analysis
Fig.3: Block diagram of shoe integrated gait analysis using IOT.
Fig.3 shows the overall work that is done in this project. The sensors are used to measure gait
parameters. The ultrasonic sensor is used to measure the distance between 2 steps. Flex sensor is a
resistive sensor used to measure foot angle and micro switch measures step count.

The Correlation Of Walking Capacity And Perception Of Fall...
Int J Physiother 2015; 2(1) Page | 311
1Ms. Neelam Nayak
2Pranali Mahajan
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
1Ms. Neelam Nayak
Lecturer,
MGM College of Physiotherapy,
Navi Mumbai, India.
Int J Physiother. Vol 2(1), 311–316, February (2015) ISSN: 2348 – 8336
ABSTRACT
Background: Mobility impairments seen after Stroke impact walking speed, endurance and balance.
Almost all the individuals with Stroke have fear of fall. The physical impairments in balance and
gait along with individual's perception about his/her own abilities to maintain balance might have an
impact on level of activity and participation in the community. The association of these variables
with recovery of Stroke has been well studied. However, it is currently unknown which of these
variables are most associated with activity and participation in the community. This study aimed to
identify the correlation of walking capacity and perception of fall with activity & participation.
Methods: 30 Subjects were assessed for – walking capacity (6 minute walk test) & Self–efficacy for
falls (Modified Falls Efficacy scale). Level of Activity Limitation (AL) & Participation Restriction
(PR) was graded on validated ICF Measure of Participation and Activities. (IMPACT–S)
Results: Data was analyzed using Pearson 's correlation coefficient & regression model. Walking
distance and Falls–efficacy is significantly correlated (r=–0.751 and –0.683, respectively) with
Participation restriction. Walking distance correlated with Activity Limitation

Falls In Older Adults: A Case Study
A. Specific Aim Falls are the leading cause of functional limitations in older adults. Approximately
one in three community dwelling adults over 65 years old experience a fall each year 1, and falls
account for approximately 40% of all death from injuries 2. The Timed Up and Go test (TUG) is a
common test that is used to evaluate the risk of falling. However, it has been shown that the
diagnostic accuracy of the TUG is limited in evaluating the elevated risk of falling in older adults 3.
The long–term objective of this research is to improve the quality of the clinical measures that are
used to detect the functional disabilities in rehabilitation setting. Previous work shows the limited
predictive ability of the TUG after adding a secondary cognitive4 or manual task [?5]. This is could
be due to the fact that these tasks were not challenging enough to account for the multiple factors
that could lead to falls. In gait literature, it has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The manipulation will include adding cognitive and visual demands using cognitive tasks and the
Oculus Rift. The second objective is to explore whether combining TUG test with cognitive and
visual manipulation would be more sensitive than the standard TUG in detecting changes in
performance of healthy subjects after introducing step asymmetry training using the split belt
treadmill. We hypothesize that I) as the TUG complexity increases the healthy older adults will
demonstrate a longer time, slower gait speed, more stride time variability, less interlimb phasing (or
step length asymmetry), and reduced arm swing compared to healthy younger adults, and II) TUG
with visual and cognitive manipulation will be the most sensitive measure in detecting the
deterioration in gait performance after step asymmetry training Fig.

Sacroiliac Joint Essay
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Balance is the ability to move or remain in a position without losing control or falling. Balance is an
action done without active consideration, but it is vital for locomotion and maintenance of an
upright posture. When balance is impaired it may have detrimental effects. The sacroiliac joint (SIJ)
is a key element in an upright posture and locomotion. Subluxations in the SIJ are common in a
large percent of the population, and may be symptomatic or asymptomatic in nature. These
subluxations can cause a number of symptoms including lower back pain, leg length inequality and
dysfunction in standing, walking, lifting objects and changing positions. Chiropractic treatment of
the SIJ has been found to relieve lower back ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most patient's demonstrated improved balance, and some showed reduced dizziness and neck pain
after 8 weeks of chiropractic therapies. (Strunk and Hawk, 2009)
Study 2 was conducted to determine if proprioception would be improved by manual manipulation
of the SIJ or through full body vibration, via the use of a power plate. The results concluded that
there was an improvement in balance in the group, who received the vibration power plate, as well
as the combination group and the group that received only the chiropractic adjustment therapy.
(Landman, 2010)
Study 3 was conducted in order to determine the immediate effect of a unilateral sacroiliac
adjustment on gait. This study found that in asymptomatic patients, the sacroiliac adjustment
improved gait, and it was concluded that this treatment should become a treatment regime for
patients with gait abnormalities. (Schooling, 2012)
3.

The Effect Of The Abdominal Drawing On Forward Steps
Article Analysis
Madokoro, S., Miaki, H., & Yamazaki, T. (2014). The effect of the abdominal drawing–in
manoeuvre during forward steps. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 26(6), 889–893.
Performance of the ADIM with forward steps had a positive influence on abdominal thickness and
kinematics of hip and pelvis joints. The ADIM, a neuromuscular control exercise, increases function
of the TrA and internal oblique (IO) to create improved trunk stability. The objective "was to
examine the influence of the ADIM on forward steps as a gait exercise."
A convenience sample of 20 healthy male volunteers from a university was obtained. At the time of
testing, these participants did not have any known lower back pain or neuromuscular disease. ...
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During neutral standing, participants were asked to stand quietly and maintain gaze at a marker set
in front of them. For forward step without ADIM, each participant was first asked to walk around
comfortably to sense his or her normal step length. After assessing their normal step length, they
were asked to take a forward step that was comparable. Last, the proper performance of the ADIM
was practiced. "Subjects were instructed to take in a deep breath, draw their belly button up and in
towards the spine as they exhale and to hold this position." Confirmation of the proper performance
of the ADIM was measured using ultrasound. Skin markers were placed on the visualized fascial
planes for reproducibility. Participants performed each of the three postures and data was collected.
The results found "EO thickness increased in forward (right) step (p<0.05).
In conclusion, during forward steps of gait with ADIM, there was increased bilateral IO and TrA
thickness and increased hip extension. Increased hip extension during forward step with ADIM may
have been caused by the increased stability provided by IO and TrA, causing motion restriction at
the spine and pelvis, or there was increased gluteus maximus activation. Also, the ADIM potentially
caused bilateral activation of the IO and TrA and decreased contralateral pelvic rotation during
forward steps with ADIM. Some limitations of this study included the participant's characteristics,
the convenience of

Application Paper
Zach Shook
Professor Donaldson
PSY 210
13 October 2013
Application Paper The movie, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, was centered around a man named
Randle McMurphy who was admitted to the Oregon State Hospital against his will. He quickly
made it obvious that he would not comply with the rules and made an enemy named Nurse Ratched.
His deviance inevitably led to the sealing of his own fate when his actions became more pronounced
and more severe. Throughout his stay, he was denied many of his rights as a mental patient and was
subjected to wrongful treatment from the staff of the institution. According to the text, abnormality
can be defined by comparing the behavior of the person in question to a set of criteria. This set of ...
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These events are commonly known as delusions and could be an indicator of being mentally
disturbed (Nevid et al. 6). In the movie, Randle McMurphy did not exhibit behaviors that indicate a
faulty perception or interpretation of reality. In fact, the only instances in which he did not fully
know what was happening or the gravity of the situation was when he was not completely informed;
not because he was delusional.
Another criterion for determining whether or not a person is behaving abnormally is if they are
experiencing significant personal distress. This is another instance in which certain levels are
acceptable during certain situations, but it becomes an indicator when this distress is persistent over
a long period of time. Also, it is considered an indicator if the person experiences such intense
emotion that it prevents them from functioning normally (Nevid et al. 6). In the movie, Randle
McMurphy did not exhibit significant personal distress, at least not to the level that would begin to
classify him as abnormal. Towards the end of the film, he witnessed Billy Bibbit commit suicide in
one of the bedroom. Randle immediately blamed Nurse Ratched for his death because she was
threatening to expose his actions to his mother. As soon as Randle saw Billy's body on the floor, he
began to choke Nurse Ratched and almost succeeded in killing her. This would not be

Mental Status Interview Essay
MENTAL STATUS EXAMINATION: Ss F 23 The subject is a slender and adequately groomed
female who appears stated age. No observed abnormalities in terms of posture, gait or motor
movement. No visible scars, tattoos or physical irregularities. Rapport was appropriate. Sensorium
was good. Intelligence was appropriate for age. She was alert and oriented x4. Eye contact was
good. Responses were linear and goal directed. No tangentiality, looseness of association or
circumstantiality. Speech was normal in inflection, volume, tone. Thought process and cognitive
performance were of normal limits. There was an absence of grandiosity, delusions, paranoia, and
other abnormalities. Insight and judgement were satisfactory at present as well as her long and
short–term memory. Overall mood is calm and content. Affect is full range and appropriate. Ss was
cooperative throughout the interview. Ss does not appear dangerous to others or to self. When Ss
wrote a couple of the points, her eye brows shifted from their default to a strained position that
could suggest anger, memory recall/thinking ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
No observed abnormalities in terms of posture, gait or motor movement. No visible scars, tattoos or
physical irregularities. Rapport was appropriate. Sensorium was good. Intelligence was appropriate
for age. She was alert and oriented x4. Eye contact was good. Responses were linear and goal
directed. No tangentiality, looseness of association or circumstantiality. Speech was normal in
inflection, volume, tone. Thought process and cognitive performance were of normal limits. There
was an absence of grandiosity, delusions, paranoia, and other abnormalities. Insight and judgement
were satisfactory at present as well as her long and short–term memory. Overall mood is calm and
content. Affect is full range and appropriate. Ss was cooperative throughout the interview. Ss does
not appear dangerous to others or to

Muscular Contributions And Hip And Knee Extension During...
The article "Muscular contributions to hip and knee extension during the single limb stance phase of
normal gait: a Theoretical Framework for Crouch Gait" by Allison Arnold, Frank Anderson, Marcus
Pandy, and Scott Delp investigates the biomechanics of normal gait in hopes to uncover ideas to
help determine treatments for crouch gait. Crouch gait is a bothersome abnormality that affects the
gait pattern of people who suffer from the condition of cerebral palsy. It's characterized by excessive
flexion of the hips and knees during standing and excessive use of metabolic energy to complete a
single gait cycle. Currently, the treatments for this condition are limited and have unpredictable
outcomes due to the unknown biomechanical causes of the excessive flexion in crouch gait. These
treatments include surgical lengthening of hamstrings, ankle–foot orthoses, and intense stretching
regimens, with patients experiencing results ranging from no improvement in their symptoms to
dramatic improvements. The vast array of results from treatments are due to the little understanding
medical professionals have of not only abnormal gait patterns (such as crouch gait) but of normal
gait as well (Arnold, Anderson, Pandy, and Delp, 2005). Despite the article's title relating to crouch
gait, the purpose of the study conducted was to examine and quantify the accelerations of normal
hip and knee movements that were induced by specific muscles during the single limb stance phase
and to rank these

Abnormal Behavior And Aberrant Behavior
While no commonly recognized definition of the term 'abnormality' exists to examine the
observations described below, most descriptions of aberrant behavior share some common aspects,
namely, deviance, dysfunction, danger and distress ("four Ds"). In other words, mental aberration
patterns are usually deviant (atypical, out of the ordinary, radical, possibly even strange), distressing
(distasteful and disturbing to the individual), potentially dangerous, and dysfunctional (hampering
the individual's capacity of carrying out everyday tasks constructively). Such a broad description
provides a valuable basis for examining the abnormal phenomena outlined in this paper (Comer,
2013).
A few days ago, I met twenty–eight–year–old Joanna, a friend ... Show more content on
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While she expressed concerns about this issue, she claimed there was no way she could control it.
Joanna clearly exhibits dysfunctional behavior which hampers her everyday functioning.
Dysfunctional conduct distresses, confuses and sidetracks individuals such that their productivity
and participation in normal social activities gets adversely affected and they are unable to
adequately take care of themselves (Comer, 2013). This is evident in Joanna's sleep disturbances,
chronic anxiety, joblessness, and negative impact on her health. Her conduct distresses her and is
evidently deviant from normal behavior. Hence, it may be considered an abnormal occurrence which
defies principles of normalcy. Our cultural and societal norms highlight the significance of
effectively performing everyday activities. Obsessions such as those exhibited by Joanna aren't an
ordinary component of and individual's behavior. Joanna's habits will probably be perceived as
unwelcome and atypical. Her activities may be considered abnormal as they are consistent with
OCD (obsessive–compulsive disorder) symptoms, which involve repeated compulsions and
obsessions capable of greatly interfering with a person's everyday activities. OCD symptoms
generally have 4 key facets: obsessions linked to checking compulsions, obsessions with cleanliness
linked to a compulsion to wash and clean constantly, hoarding–related habits, and a need for order
and symmetry. Two of the above

Gait Detection Essay
An automated vision–based system for people identification via the way they walk, is designed to
extract gait features without the need to use markers or special sensors to aid the extraction process.
In fact, all that is required is an ordinary video camera linked to a special vision–based software.
Marker–less motion capture systems are suited for applications where mounting sensors or markers
on the subject is not an option as the case of forensic analysis. Typically, gait biometric system
consists of two main components: i) a hardware platform dedicated for data acquisition. This can be
a single CCTV camera or distributed network of cameras. ii) a software platform for data processing
and recognition. The architecture of the software side ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within this program, the University of Southampton released publicly the largest dataset for over
100 people containing over 20,000 video sequences accounting for different conditions as footwear,
clothing and walking speed. Recently, the Chinese Academy of Sciences

Impact Of The Aging Process On The Musculoskeletal System
The aging process has a negative impact on the musculoskeletal system. During the aging process
bone density and mass decreases resulting in high risk for fractures and falls. Muscles lose their
mass, bulk, and tone which causes weakness. Abnormalities of this system along with pain affects
activities of daily living. Some questions that may be asked during this assessment are; Have you
had previous joint, muscle or bone problem? Does joint, muscle or bone problem affect your daily
activity? Do you have pain? (if yes) Where do you have pain? What aggravates the pain? Have you
had any surgery? Pertinent assessment for this patient are postural abnormality, limited range of
motion, gait, and balance. The patient is observed laterally and posteriorly

Dual Tasking And Cognitive Tasks
Dual–tasking is the simultaneous execution of two tasks, (McArdle, 2015) these tasks include two
elementary cognitive tasks (ECT), or secondary tasks. ECTs are basic tasks which require a small
number of mental processes (Caroll, 1993.) Dual–tasking is the combination of two ECTs. Main
cognitive functions, utilised in ECTs, are affected during the process of dual–tasking – specifically
in executive function and attention. Executive function includes complex mental processes such as:
problem solving, planning and dual tasking as shown in a study by Zelazo (2002.) Attention
includes mental processes such as the ability to concentrate on people; actions, objects and restraint
from impulsive actions. This cognitive function, along with executive ... Show more content on
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This refers to focusing on one task until it is completed, rather than sharing attention to another task
and simultaneously trying to complete both (Jayne, 2006.) Patients inflicted with PD, which are
subject to dual–task conditions, are seen with an increase in festinating steps and a worsened state of
bradykinesia. In other words; an increased amount of shuffling steps and a slower pace of gait
(Brauer, et al. 2011.) Furthermore, patients with the disorder whilst dual–tasking demonstrate:
increased variability in step length and width, leading to asymmetry in gait, and frequent motor
blocks compared to walking alone (Yogev, Plotnik, Peretz, Giladi, Hausdorff, 2007; Spildooren, et
al. 2010; Bloem, Valkenburg, Slabbekoorn, Dijk, 2001.) Therefore, it can be argued that gait present
in PD worsens once a patient is subject to dual–tasking

Muscle Strengths
participation level impairments. The progress in AROM, muscle strength, dynamic balance, single
leg power, and coordination all attributed to the patient's ability to climb stairs without handrails
reciprocally, ambulate on uneven terrain, jump, and run pain–free after five weeks of intervention.
Discussion Balance, flexibility, strength, and single leg hopping all significantly limited the patient's
ability to ambulate, reciprocally negotiate stairs without handrails, and participate in recreational
activities pain–free. As flexibility and balanced increased the patient started to make strides towards
pain–free ambulation. The PNF rolling intervention became easier over time, and manual resistance
was increased. PNF rolling is a low–level treatment, but still requires proper timing and stabilization
to coordinate both extremities and the trunk to "reset" the body and prepare it for higher–level
functional

Gaited Horses Essay
"On average, 24 horses die per week on racetracks in the U.S." (Cohen). This is due to the horrible
mistreatment and horrendous training methods used on too young horses. However, the racetrack is
not the only place where horses are abused. Horse shows, show rings, large business stables, smaller
private barns; wherever a horse can be found, there is potential for some sort of animal abuse. There
is not one certain breed or type of horse that is most commonly abused, every horse around the
world can be subject to mistreatment. Unfortunately, there are not many laws that protect these
horses, and some people merely turn their heads away. That is why there should be more laws
against the abusive techniques applied by many equestrians in the equine ... Show more content on
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Gaited horses, like the Tennessee walking horse, for example, are a special type of horse. Tennessee
walking horses naturally have a higher step. That high gait decreases bouncing and makes a smooth
ride for the rider. In walking horse shows, the horse with a highest gate wins the competition. This
gate is known as the "Big Lick." To produce an even higher gait, many trainers have used chains or
special horse shoes that cause more pressure on the hooves of a horse. This practice is known as
soring, when people cause pain to the lower legs and hooves of a horse to speed up the training for a
high (Gang). Thoroughbreds are used for one of the most famous equine sports ever; horse racing.
However, these fast horses have a secret that make them go even faster. Performance–enhancing
drugs are used by veterinarians, trainers, and owners. This increases the horses speed, but the drugs
are used way too often, and therefore damage the horses bones (Cohen). Whips are also a tool of
encouragement in the racing industry. That is also hard to separate into black and white. One horse
may shy away in fear from the whip, while

Gait Analysis Essay
The technological aspects of an emerging healthcare platform designed to cope with the increasing
global prevalence of chronic neurological disorders related to human locomotion. Locomotion is the
process through which animals, humans can move from one place to another. It involves standing,
walking, jogging, running etc. The systematic study of locomotion is called Gait Analysis. In simple
terms Gait can be defined as manner or style of walking and its analysis is the combination of
kinematics and kinetics data. A gait abnormality is the deviation from normal walking. Cerebral
vascular disease is a main cause of gait disability, it may result in long–term disability and handicap.
Walking recovery is a priority aim for most patients, thus it widely determines patient's status with
respect to activities of daily living and quality of life. The gait ... Show more content on
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For instance, gait analysis, as a evaluation tool, has been used in shoe for the benefits after the
person undergoing orthopedic surgeries and relieve muscle spasms in persons with gait disability.
Gait analysis in earlier days was performed in motion analysis laboratory where several high
resolution cameras are used to get the patient's motion on the walkway setup. The patient walks with
certain sensors connected to his body where gait parameters are to be obtained. The clinical gait
analysis is wired system network were output is obtained on the computer monitor and complete
analysis of the body. Alternate to clinical gait analysis were mild gait disability is found; doctors
used the traditional way of diagnosing the patient by observation. In observational method of
treating the person the results are quite appropriate but not possible to recognize small deviation
from naked eye and there can be random errors in treating the

Long Term Stroke Case Study
Increased Risk of Falls in Long–Term Stroke Survivors Mr. A is a 74–year–old male who presented
to the emergency department with a chief complaint of leg pain after he fell at home. He states he
got up around 1 am to use the restroom, he then felt unsteady, lost his balance and fell onto his left
hip. Patient was found in that position by his wife, who then called EMS services. Patient complains
of sharp, continuous pain in left hip that radiates down into his left thigh. Patient admits to
occasional periods of weakness, and onset occurs when changing positions from sitting to standing,
where he occasionally feels like he is going to lose his balance. He describes periods of weakness as
short usually around 1–2 minutes, and characterizes his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A, being both an elderly individual and a long–term stroke survivor is at an increased risk of falling.
According to the American Academy of Family Physicians, early identification of gait and balance
disorders and proper intervention may prevent dysfunction and loss of independence. Gait and
balance disorders comprise of a variety of medical conditions including psychiatric (depression, fear
of falling, sleep disorders), cardiovascular diseases (CAD, CHF, PAD), musculoskeletal disorders
(muscle weakness or atrophy, gout), neurologic disorders (dementia, stroke, vestibular disorders),
sensory abnormalities, metabolic diseases, and many more. Mr. A has multiple medical conditions
and risk factors associated with gait and balance disorders including depression, coronary artery
disease, and history of stroke. Gait and balance disorders are the among the most common causes of
falls in older adults. Patients at risk should be evaluated by performing a complete and thorough
history including usual activity, mobility status, and level of function, a medication review, a
detailed physical exam involving musculoskeletal, neurological and sensory tests, and an assessment
of environmental hazards in the patient's home

Diabetes Neuropathy : A Neurological Disorder Associated...
Diabetes neuropathy (DN) is a neurological disorder associated with Diabetes Mellitus (DM), also
known as Type–2 diabetes (Menz, Lord, St George, & Fitzpatrick, 2004). Diabetes neuropathy has
many integral complications that circulate around the biomechanical impairments of the feet,
especially in the elderly population with diabetes (Richardson, Thies, DeMott, & Ashton–Miller,
2005). DN has worrying health risks as it has harmful effects on stability, gait efficiency and
function (Menz, Morris, & Lord, 2005). Richardson (2004) stated that gait and stability are of
interest because a large number of falls in elderly population with and without DN occur during
locomotion, which inturn affects their daily living. Speed, frontal plane control, and load
distributions of the feet are connected to these changes in balance and gait impairments, which
generate the increased risk of falls in elderly diabetic patients (Brach, Talkowski, Strotmeyer, &
Newman, 2008). This paper will concentrate on two themes within literature focusing on the
association between Diabetes neuropathy and the Elderly population: One, The alterations in gait,
and two, on balance. Critique analyses of this literature will be made, in terms of its strengths and
weakness based on its influences on findings. Also final suggestions on further possible enquiry will
be made on the aspect of this topic.
One main aspect when it comes to DN and old age is gait alteration. A characteristic that is outlined
to have a

Anterior Knee Pain: A Case Study
Anterior knee pain (AKP) is a common stress related phenomenon in physically active young
people. It is characterized by anterior knee pain associated with activities involving repeated knee
bending under load (1). It is more commonly seen in females than in males, and has an estimated
prevalence of 12% to 45% amongst young, physically active people (1,2). This wide 1 variation has
been attributed to the diversity of people who may experience this condition; from sedentary
adolescents to military recruits during basic training (3). The best way to manage the condition
remains controversial and treatment failure rates are reported to be high (4). Researchers have
shown that patients may have higher than expected levels of disability (5) and psychological
morbidity (5, 6). A significant number may still experience symptoms many years after diagnosis
(7). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many abnormal kinematic gait characteristics have been hypothesized to contribute to pain
development. At the knee joint, altered tibiofemoral rotation and an increase in knee abduction
during the stance phase of gait have been proposed to result in lateral patellar tracking (10). These
kinematic differences could result from structural abnormalities (11), or altered kinematics at the hip
or knee (12). Thus, onset of AKP in runners may not necessarily be causally related to strength
deficits. Several factors have been suggested to explain the presence of AKP including decreased
muscle strength and altered mechanical loading, lower limb kinematics, and muscle activation
patterns during running

Alzheimer's Loss Prevention Plan
1) What is the purpose of this research?
The purpose of this research is to identify subclinical parameters of Alzheimer's disease and
Frontotemporal dementia conditions to plan preventative strategies to prevent falls.
2) What is the research question (or questions)? This may be implicit or explicit.
Can subclinical parameters of Alzheimer's disease and Frontotemporal dementia conditions be
identified to plan preventative strategies to prevent falls?
3) Give a complete description of the research design of this study.
The control group was researched for balance, limits of stability, and gait of patients with AD,
FTD's. The balance was measured using dynamic posturography, in single and dual tasks and gait
with Biodex Gait Trainer. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5) Was the sample approach adequate for the research design that was selected and explain why.
Yes. The sample approach of male subjects with 50–70 years old was able to show the age related
cognitive skills, balance, and gait stability for conclusion with narrower window. Subjects with
orthopedic, visual deficit, other neurological conditions, and cardiovascular ailments were excluded
in order to obtain clear affects of AD and FTD for ambulation balance.
6) Describe the data collection procedure.
The subject stands on the platform. The platform becomes unstable and the subject sees a square box
in the monitor that is placed before them. Then the subject needs to shift one's weight toward the
direction of the box so the cursor in the box moves and get inside of the box and hold for 2 sec.
Then repeat the process and wait for the next box to appear. The maximum time allowed is 300 sec.
7) How were the data analyzed after collection?
The data collected from each study are analyzed and compared between single task and dual task.
The LOS affects of AD and FTD
8) Discuss the limitations found in the

What Does Gait Analysis Means
Gait means locomotion and evaluating locomotion by professionals is called gait analysis. Pattern of
walking differ from one individual to another. A gait cycle consists of "the activities that occur from
the point of initial contact of one lower extremity to the point at which the same extremity contacts
the ground again"There are 2 phases of walking: stance phase ii. Swing phase. Stance phase covers
from heels strike to toe. In this phase foot is on ground which acts as a shock absorber. Swing phase
is non weight bearing phase in which weight is only on one foot during walking. Gait constitutes
movement of whole body which involves biomechanical abnormalities like running, skipping,
hopping etc. Gait analysis is performed by physiotherapist,

What Is Memoral Anteversion In Children
Femoral Anteversion in Children By Liji Thomas, MD Femoral anteversion is a condition in which
the thigh bone or femur is twisted inwardly, resulting in the in–turning of the knees and feet. The
gait is typically pigeon–toed. The stance of the affected toddler or child shows a bowed–leg
appearance because of the position of the femur. This actually improves the balance of the child,
however. On the other hand, holding a position with the feet together or turned out can cause the
child to become unsteady and to fall more often. The condition first manifests itself between the
ages of 2–4 years, which is when the hip is maximally rotated medially. It is best seen outwardly at
the age of 5–6 years. Femoral anteversion is considered a normal variant,

Annotated Bibliography : Biometric Gait Recognition
Among the most recent interesting topics in biometric research,Biometric gait recognition is one.
GAIT is a relatively biometric modality which has an important advantage comparing with other
modalities, such as iris and voice recognition, in that it can be very effortlessly captured from a
distance. While it has recently become an interesting topic in biometric researches, there was little
investigation into Spoofing attacks of GAIT where if a person tries to imitate the dressing style or
way of walking of someothers. There was an experiment which recently scrutinized for the first time
the effects of spoofing attacks upon silhouette based gait biometric systems and prooved that it was
very indeed possible to spoof gait biometric systems by dressing impersonation and the deliberate
by choosing a target that has a similar build to the attacker.
Introduction: Biometric GAIT recognition means recognizing the people by the way how they walk.
And the primary most important thing towards avoiding unauthorized access is user authentication.
User Authentication:
User authentication is the process of verifying claimed identity. Conventionally, user authentication
is classified into three different classes:
1. Knowledge – based: The knowledge–based authentication is nothing but something one knows
and is featured by secrecy. The examples of knowledge based authentications are the passwords for
Computers and PIN codes for Mobile Devices and etc, which we use in our daily life.

Congenital Condition Of Congenital Heart Defects
INTRODUCTION Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs) include all structural anomalies of the heart
and the intrathoracic great vessels resulting from the errors in morphogenesis, during development.
The incidence of CHDs among live births is estimated to be 3.7 to 7.7 per 1000 (Ferencz et al.
1985). CHDs are etiologically heterogenous and it could be due to genetic (single gene defects,
chromosomal abnormality) and or environmental (multifactorial, teratogens) or unknown factors
(Michels and Ricardi 1990). From literature, it is seen, that 6 percent of CHDs are due to
chromosomal abnormality (Greenwood et al. 1975). Conversely, the reported incidence of CHDs
among individuals with chromosomal abnormality is around 30 percent. Objectives: In this paper, it
is aimed to find out the occurrence of the chromosomal abnormality and its association to CHDs in
consecutively referred patients to Division of Human Genetics, St John's Medical College,
Bangalore. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 65 patients with CHDs were referred for
karyotyping and counseling, during a period of 5 years. There were 33 male and 32 female patients
and their age ranged from neonate to 16 years. Patients' details were recorded in a proforma.
Chromosomal preparations were done from the modified leucocyte microculture method (Arakaki
and Sparkes 1963) followed by Giemsa–Trypsin–Giemsa banding technique (Seabright 1971),
automated photography and karyotyping.

Process Analysis: How To Train A Horse
Paige Burton
April 4, 2018
Comp. Two 4th hour
Process Analysis
How to Train a Horse People often ask the question, "How is a horse trained?" There is many steps
to this process. When training a horse caution is a key element that is needed. One must also know
what they are doing before they begin this process. When using caution this can be a very safe and
effective way to train a horse (Bell). One of the most important things to know is that it is easier and
better to train a horse sooner rather than later. This means that the longer the horse sits around
waiting to be trained the harder it will be to train it. Trained horses are better off than untrained,
because they are more relaxed and confident and they want to be ridden and do work. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
To get a saddle on them a trainer must first get a saddle blanket on the horses back. Once the horse
is used to this then it is time to move on to putting a saddle on their back. First the saddle should just
be set on their back and once they get used to this then it is time for the girth to be tightened. This
should be very loose at first and should be gradually tightened every day that this is practiced until
the girth is tight enough for someone to be able to ride in it. The horse must also get used to having
a bridle on and having a bit in their mouth. To do this just practice getting the horse to take the bit
and let them wear it for an hour at a time until they are fully used to this and okay with it (Lloyd).
Now that the horse is comfortable with the saddle and bridle, it is time to start riding. When getting
a horse used to the weight of a person the trainer should first try putting one foot in the stirrup to let
the horse feel the weight. If the horse is okay with this then it is time to get on and try to sit on their
back and see if they will begin walking. Once they are comfortable with this the trainer should start
teaching them commands with their feet and mouth to help navigate the horse around. Once the
horse can do this the trainer can begin to canter and trot and trach the horse to do other things

The Congenital Defects Affecting Livestock
Introduction
Physiological anomalies, regardless of animal species, have captured the imagination of people
throughout history, whether it be showcased in a traveling freakshow or inspiring mythical creatures
in the likes of Cerberus. Congenital duplication refers to birth defects in which a fetus is born with
extra appendages, organs, or other bodily characteristics due to a multitude of causes [1]. These
include maternal deficiencies and diet, environmental factors, genetics, as well as bacterial or viral
infection in utero [1]. The congenital defects affecting livestock covered in this factsheet refer to
facial or cranial duplication, known as dicephaly, as well as polymelia, which refers to the presence
of replicated limbs [1][2]. The latter condition, appears in many domestic species, albeit most
frequently in cattle [3].
Types of Dicephaly and Polymelia
Dicephaly and polymelia can both be categorized into subgroups according to their respective
corporal duplicate properties.Dicephaly can be divided into two categories, the first being
diprosopus dicephalus, the replication of the face and cranium resulting in two separate heads, and
the second, diprosopus monauchenos, pertaining to the replication of facial structures with a sole
neck [4].The four categories of polymelia include: cephalomelia, which refers to appendages
sprouting in the cranial region, notomelia, in which limbs grow on the back, thoracomelia, involving
the thorax, and pygomelia, relating to growth

Burn Injury
Burn injury is one of the most severe forms of critical illness and is associated with long–term
complications. One concern is the long–term effects of burn–associated metabolic abnormalities in
glucose and lipid metabolism, which lead to the high incidence of morbidity and mortality in this
patient population [1].
Children are more vulnerable than adults to the metabolic abnormalities associated with burns due to
anatomical and physiologic factors and their limited energy reserves compared with adults [2].
Severe burns are physically and psychologically catastrophic. Burned children have an elevated
resting energy expenditure, muscle weakness, and whole body catabolism, all of which are
worsened by prolonged bed rest and physical inactivity [3, 4]. Burned patients suffer from a
concomitant muscle wasting and negative nitrogen balance. The use of anabolic agents such as
recombinant human growth hormone and oxandrolone results in improved bone mineral content and
muscle strength [5].
The role of the skin in maintaining adequate serum vitamin D (VD) levels has been well established
[6]. VD, or calciferol, is a liposoluble prohormone available in two forms: VD2 and VD3. Many
studies have suggested that VD is essential for bone health because of its role in the regulation of
calcium and phosphate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hypovitaminosis D is defined as 25OH–D levels < 30 ng/ml according to the Endocrine Society
[10]. These patients avoid sun exposure due to heat intolerance and the risk of burn scar
hyperpigmentation [11]. Furthermore, biosynthetic function is known to be impaired after burn
injury. Various therapeutic approaches to burn care have been investigated in an attempt to
ameliorate these adverse effects of hypovitaminosis D [12]. One of these therapies is exercise,
which has been reported to improve the functional outcome of burn patients

Gait Analysis Essay
Gait analysis describes the systematic and mechanical aspects of walking or running (Whittle 1991).
It is useful in the medical management field which relates to the disease that affect the locomotors
system. Any voluntary movement which includes walking will result in from the process of
involving the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, muscles, bones and joints (Whittle 1991).
Walking is an everyday life activity so it is hard to define the accurate way of walking right. Normal
human walking can be defined as 'a method of locomotion involving the use of two legs, alternately,
to provide support and propulsion' (Whittle 1991). The most common, observational gait analysis is
appropriate to characterize most of the gait pathologies. This approach is sufficient to know the
gross abnormalities of how people walk; however, as walking becomes more complex. The
measurement systems that follow can be used collectively or individually. Typically, motion and
force data are compiled simultaneously (Palm WM, Saczynski JS, van der Grond J, 2009).
The arcs of motion at ankles are relatively small; yet, they are essential for absorbing shock and
progression of the body's center of mass. The ankle plantar flexes throughout loading the response.
Dorsiflexion begins as tibia ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The knee travels with a slight flexion at 5° to nearly 20° of flexion by the end of loading response.
The knee then extends through a single support, with a peak stance of phase extension at a 40% Gait
Cycle. In conclusion of the terminal stance and preswing, knee flexion is rapid, continuing through
initial swing until peak knee flexion at 60°. Preswing is defined as one of the five stages in the
stance phase of walking or gait. This trend then is reversed, with knee extension continuing through
terminal swing. Peak knee extension will occur before the end of the swinging phase, with a minor
flexion in preparation for the stance phase (Ross Bogey, DO,

SCA3: Symptomatic Treatment
Currently, there is no cure or medication that has been proven to modify or slow the course of the
disease [5,6]. SCA3 is multifactorial and treatment is individualized; Treatment is determined by the
symptoms that are presented from case–to–case. The primary goal of the symptomatic treatment is
to improve the quality of lives of these individuals, as there are no curative options [6]. Medications
are accepted and widely used to reduce symptoms of certain underlying conditions such as
depression, fatigue, and pain. Pain itself plays a large role in the treatment of this disease. Nearly all
patients with SCA3 report pain and fatigue associated their other symptoms [4]. SCA3 is treated
using a team approach with physical therapy, occupational ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Patients will report to physical therapists with a multitude of impairments throughout the
progression of the disease. The most prominent impairments will present during cerebellar testing.
Patients will show signs of dysmetria, dysphasia, dysdiadochokinesia, and ataxia primarily as a
result of the atrophy and damage to the cerebellum. Instability and lack of postural control will be
demonstrated during the Romberg's test. Additionally, cranial nerve testing will have positive results
for many cranial nerve palsies such as CN III, V, VII, IX, and XII. Patients show weakness in their
trunk and extremities during the manual muscle testing. Vestibular testing will result in abnormal
VOR, saccades, smooth pursuits and nystagmus. As a result of these impairments, patients
experience functional limitations. Primarily, these patients are considered to be "high fall risks,"
which ultimately decreases their independence due to weakness, instability and decreased postural
control. These patients will feel uncomfortable in many situations and be unable to function
independently in the community. This creates an increased risk for further injury. Due to the
dysmetria and weakness, patients will also experience difficulty with their daily living skills, such as
maintaining proper hygiene; They will have trouble bathing themselves and brushing their teeth
without assistive equipment. PT interventions can help minimize and control these limitations. The
implementation of balance training and assistive devices will be imperative interventions for an
individual to modify and adapt to their gait

The Risk Factors Of An Patient Centered Care
Subjective Assessment : A variety of factors can cause falls in older individuals, therefore it is
important to determine what the risk factors are in order to provide patient–centered care. History of
presenting compliant; Fall (s7) 'Were you attempting to turn a corner?' –Yes 'Did you freeze and
how often?' –Yes,it happens when i try to turn a corner or get out of bed. 'How often did you fell in
the past six months?' –5 times 'How did you manage to get up?' – With one assist John reported that
he froze when attempting to turn a corner. He also clarified that it was his fifth fall after he froze in
the past six months. Only mild injuries such as skin lacerations and bruises were found, however,
John showed concerns of sustaining more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He also added that the most beneficial intervention besides drugs was Taichi class. However, his
knee pain has become a barrier from continuation. Patient reported 4/10 pain in both knees on the
visual analogue scale (VAS). The past medical history of PD in John's case includes intrinsic factors
such as age–related decline in visual, vestibular, muscle and cognition function, neural disorder and
adverse drug effects.3 Given the progressive nature of the disease, it is important to understand what
type of Parkinson's and what stage John was at as fall risks may increase in later stages. Therefore
by asking questions as such help determine if the intrinsic factors led to the recent fall.
Environmental factors (e2) 'Was the ground slippery?' –No 'Did the accident happen in a daytime or
dark at night?' – Late afternoon 'Was the ground uneven?'– No It was believed that the accident
happened during late afternoon when John was walking on an even bitumen pavement.
Overwhelming environmental hazards including inadequate lighting and slippery uneven surfaces
can increase fall risk as it requires greater postural

Clinical Trials And Observational Studies
The efficacy of ACE–I has been widely evaluated in clinical trials and observational studies. In
1983, Captopril multicenter research group investigated the efficacy of Captopril in a 92 cohort with
heart failure refractory to digitalis and diuretic therapy. In this randomized, double blind trial, 50
patients were assigned to Captopril and 42 were assigned to placebo group. Over 2–week dosage
titration and 10–week evaluation period, the Captopril group revealed improvement in exercise
tolerance and specific symptoms of heart failure, including dyspnea, fatigue and orthopnea, and the
reduction of edema. Captopril therapy were concluded as an effect adjunctive treatment to digitalis
and diuretic drugs for patients with refractory heart failure. (14) Later on, other ACE–I, such as
Enalapril, were shown to be effective in treating patients with congestive heart failure, by reducing
left ventricular dimension, in randomized clinical studies.(15–17) The Heart Outcomes Prevention
Evaluation Study Investigators conducted a factorial study to evaluate the ACE–I, Ramipril, for
improving outcomes among patients with high risk for cardiovascular events, but without left
ventricular dysfunction or heart failure. Ramipril significantly reduced the rates of death, myocardial
infarction, and stroke in a broad range of high–risk patients who are not known to have heart failure.
(18) Cattran et al. performed a registry study in Toronto Glomerulonephritis in patients with severe
immunoglobulin

Thoroughbreds and Saddlebreds
Thoroughbreds and Saddlebreds are both commonly known horses. They Both have been selectively
bred to get their high quality. Although, these horses have been bred so carefully, they have been
bred together to get a faster horse, but also great for show. Thoroughbreds are bred for their speed.
They're known as the "English Horse," because they evolved in Britain in the 17th and 18th
centuries. Thoroughbreds were named because of the way they were bred. They were called
"thoroughbreds" because they were purebred. "The name , "Thoroughbred," is a direct translation of
the Arabic word Kehilan ("IHWT Irish Horse Welfare Trust")." The origin of the breeding of
thoroughbred back in the ancient times was found that the three main descendants weren't very fast
horses. The gene that made these horses so quick came from an anonymous mare that was raced
more than 300 years ago. They think that this mare may have been part or mostly Shetland.
Thoroughbreds are often described as the highest class of light horse imaginable. "The Irish
Thoroughbred has won many major races throughout the world ("IHWT Irish Horse Welfare
Trust")." Thoroughbreds are usually about 16 hands tall, (1 hand is equal to 3 feet). They are long
and sleek, with long legs which allows them to move quickly. Their most common colors would be
brown, bay, chestnut, and black. They have a straight profile and all though they have Arabian
ancestors, they do not show any of their distinct profiles. "Thoroughbreds are bred

PREPARING YOUR HORSE FOR SHOW DAY Essay
In the world, there are approximately 75,000,000 horses and 350 breeds of horses that can be found
around the world (circlerranch.com). Horses are amazing and beautiful creatures that may be used as
show horses or a family pet. Show horses require many hours of daily preparation in order to be
competitive in the show ring. I have grown up with horses my whole life. I watched my mother
show horses and followed in her footsteps. The most important aspects of show day are the
appearance and the way the horse presents itself to the horse judge. The judge will look at the
structure, muscle, and balance of the horse. To be competitive on show day, the horse must be
healthy and have a good attitude. A horse requires a balanced diet. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In order to be muscular the horse needs proper exercise. Backing and trotting are the main exercises
that the trainer should concentrate on. Backing builds up a horse's hind end, while trotting creates
even muscles on each side of the horse. Exercising helps the horse in many ways. It doesn't only
give it firm and sculpt muscles; it affects its overall health too.
Shampooing and conditioning the horse is extremely important. The horse should be beautiful and
spotless. Never put conditioner in the horse's mane if the horse is going to have its mane braided or
banded for a show because the bands will slip out. There are many different braiding styles for the
horse's mane, there is a hunter braid, a running braid, and a continental braid (Raspberryridge.com).
The horse's mane can even be banded. Horse's manes will differ from horse to horse, based on the
size of the horse, how bulky the neck is, and what it looks like with the overall structure and build of
the horse. Quarter horses and thoroughbreds look better with short manes. Arabians and gaited
horses prefer longer manes (Baker).
A stripping blade is a good tool to use to cut the mane. The stripping blade has sharp teeth and a
wooden handle. It is used similarly to how a hair stylist uses a razor. Just hold a small chunk of hair
tight in one hand, and slice downwards with the stripping blade in the other (Baker). A week before
the horse show, the horses

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