The document discusses the telecom and SCADA systems used in pipeline industries like GAIL (India) Limited. It provides details about GAILTEL, the telecom arm of GAIL which provides communication services for pipeline monitoring and control using a SCADA system. It also describes the optical fiber network, technologies like PDH, SDH, DWDM used for data transmission and the network management system. SCADA systems provide benefits like reliability, robustness and technical support for critical industrial processes.

1. Summer Training
Presentation
“STUDY OF TELECOM AND SCADA
SYSTEM USED IN PIPELINE INDUSTRY”
GAIL (India) Limited
By: Palak Abhay Johri
10SETEC067
100103212
EC-D, IVth Year

2. INTRODUCTION
The GAIL (India) Limited, formally known as “Gas Authority of India Limited”
was founded on 16th August, 1984 to create gas sector infrastructure for
sustained development of the natural gas sector in the country. In the year 2009
GAIL has completed its 25 glorious years of service to the nation.
Since 1984, GAIL has made significant contributions to the nation’s economy
by supplying natural gas across country through its pipeline network for
•Generation of over 87,000 MW of power.
•Production of over 145 million tons of Urea.
•Production of LPG for over 7 crore households in the country.
•Over 5.75 lakh vehicles in the country today running on CNG supplied by GAIL
and over 7 lakh households on Piped Natural Gas (PNG) in the country.
•Production of petrochemicals of around 400,000 MTs which is used in plastics
industry

3. Talking About
GAILTEL, the Telecom & Telemetry services arm of GAIL (India) Limited,
is providing communication services for its business critical pipeline
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), Enterprise Resource
Planning (ERP) for automation of organization-wide business
processes/functions and inter/intra office communications apart from
commercially leasing telecom services to telecom operators across India
since 2001.
GAILTEL has a reach of around 13000 Km of OFC network along GAIL’s
reliable across country pipelines (5681 Km) and state/national highway
routes (7346 Km), connecting 150 towns/cities spanning across
Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and NCR.
With SDH & DWDM as the core layer, GAILTEL network is built largely
along the highly secured GAIL’s cross country pipeline corridor and also
configured in "self-healing" rings to ensure highly reliable and error free
service to its internal & external customers. The network is managed
centrally on 24X7 bases from a state-of-art Network Management Centre
at Noida.
GAILTEL, today serves most of the Telecom operators of the country,
which include Vodafone, TCL(VSNL), Bharti Airtel, Idea Cellular, Tulip
Telecom, Tata Teleservices, to name a few.

5. OPTICAL FIBER
•An optical fiber is made up of the core, the cladding and the buffer
coating. Together, all of this creates a fiber optic which can carry up
to 10 million messages at any time using light pulses.
•Principle: total internal reflection
This causes the fiber to act as a waveguide. Fibers which support many propagation
paths or transverse modes are called multi-mode fibers (MMF), while those which can
only support a single mode are called single-mode fibers (SMF). Multi-mode fibers
generally have a larger core diameter, and are used for short-distance communication
links and for applications where high power must be transmitted. Single-mode fibers are
used for most communication links longer than 550 meters (1,800 ft).
Applications:
1. Optical Fiber Communication
2. Fiber Optic Sensor
3. Index of Refraction

6. Multi-Mode Fiber
Fiber with large core diameter (greater than 10 micrometers) may be analyzed by
geometrical optics. Such fiber is called multi-mode fiber, from the electromagnetic
analysis.

7. Single-Mode Fiber
Fiber with a core diameter less than about ten times the wavelength of the propagating
light cannot be modeled using geometric optics. As an optical waveguide, the fiber
supports one or more confined transverse modes by which light can propagate along
the fiber. Fiber supporting only one mode is called single-mode or mono-mode fiber.

8. •Practical Issues
•Optical Fiber Cables (construction)
•Termination
•Splicing
•Fiber Fuse

9. PLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY (PDH)
The Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) is a technology used in
telecommunications networks to transport large quantities of data over digital
transport equipment such as fiber optic and microwave radio systems. PDH
networks run in a state where different parts of the network are nearly, but not quite
perfectly, synchronized.
PDH helps in proper transmission of the data that generally runs at the similar rate
but allows some slight variation in the speed than the nominal rate. The basic
transfer rate of the data is 2048 kilobits per second.
Limitations of PDH
•No world standard on digital format (three incompatible regional standards -
European, North American and Japanese).
•No world standard for optical interfaces. Networking is impossible at the optical
level.
•Rigid asynchronous multiplexing structure.
•Limited Management Capability.

10. SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY (SDH)
SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) is an international standard for high speed
telecommunication over optical/electrical networks which can transport digital signals in
variable capacities. It is a synchronous system which intends to provide a more flexible, yet
simple network infrastructure.
These two standards create a revolution in the communication networks based on optical fibers,
in their cost and performance.
The CCITT (International Consultative Committee on telephony & telegraphy)
recommendations define a no. of basic transmission rates within the SDH.
ADVANTAGES OF SDH
• Network Simplification
•High Transmission Rates
•High availability and Capacity matching
•Software control
•Bandwidth on demand
•Future proof platform for new services

11. Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing(DWDM)
An optical technology used to increase bandwidth over existing fiber optic backbones. DWDM works
by combining and transmitting multiple signals simultaneously at different wavelengths on the same
fiber. In effect, one fiber is transformed into multiple virtual fibers.
So, if you were to multiplex eight OC -48 signals onto one fiber, you would increase the carrying
capacity of that fiber from 2.5 Gb/s to 20 Gb/s. Currently, because of DWDM, single fibers have been
able to transmit data at speeds up to 400 Gb/s.

12. Network Management System (NMS)
•A Network Management System (NMS) is a combination of hardware and software used to
monitor and administer a network.
•Individual network elements (NEs) in a network are managed by an element management
system.
•Effective planning for a network management system requires that a number of network
management tasks be folded in a single software solution.
•The network management system should discover the network inventory, monitor the health
and status of devices and provide alerts to conditions that impact system performance.
•NMS systems make use of various protocols for the purpose they serve.

13. SCADA
What is SCADA?
SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition.
As the name indicates, it is not a full control system, but rather focuses on the
supervisory level. As such, it is a purely software package that is positioned on top of
hardware to which it is interfaced, in general via Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs),
or other commercial hardware modules. SCADA systems are used not only in most
industrial processes: e.g. steel making, power generation (conventional and nuclear) and
distribution, chemistry, but also in some experimental facilities such as nuclear fusion.
ARCHITECTURE
I. Hardware Architecture
II. Software Architecture
III. Communications
IV. Interfacing

14. POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF SCADA
•A rich functionality and extensive development facilities. The amount of effort invested
in SCADA product amounts to 50 to 100 p-years!
• The amount of specific development that needs to be performed by the end-user is
limited, especially with suitable engineering.
•Reliability and robustness. These systems are used for mission critical industrial
processes where reliability and performance are paramount. In addition, specific
development is performed within a well-established framework that enhances reliability
and robustness.
•Technical support and maintenance by the vendor.
For large collaborations, as for the CERN LHC experiments, using a SCADA system for their
controls ensures a common framework not only for the development of the specific applications
but also for operating the detectors. Operators experience the same "look and feel" whatever
part of the experiment they control. However, this aspect also depends to a significant extent
on proper engineering.