The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This paper represents the RFID and GSM technology. The main objective of the system is to uniquely identify and to make security for a person. This requires a unique product,which has the capability of distinguishing different person. This is possible by the new emerging technology RFID (Radio Frequency Identification). The main parts of an RFID system ar e RFID tag (with unique ID number) and RFID reader (for reading the RFID tag). In this system,RFID ta g and RFID reader used are operating at 125 KHz. The microcontroller internal memory is used for storing the details.
This document provides an introduction to ARM microcontrollers. It discusses that ARM designs RISC processor cores that are used in many microcontrollers produced by various manufacturers. The popular ARM7TDMI architecture is a 32-bit RISC processor that can operate in both 32-bit ARM and 16-bit THUMB modes. It has 31 registers and 7 operating modes. The ARM instruction set allows conditional execution and includes instructions for arithmetic, logical operations, and loading/storing data. Using THUMB instructions reduces code size by 30-40% compared to ARM.
Presents features of ARM Processors, ARM architecture variants and Processor families. Further presents, ARM v4T architecture, ARM7-TDMI processor: Register organization, pipelining, modes, exception handling, bus architecture, debug architecture and interface signals.
This document describes an embedded systems project involving an Atmega16 microcontroller to create a stopwatch. It includes sections on the microcontroller, analog to digital conversion, timers, interfacing with an LCD display, and the stopwatch program code. The program uses buttons on ports A and D to start, stop, reset, and increment the stopwatch which displays hours, minutes, seconds, and tenths of seconds on the LCD. The document provides explanations of the microcontroller features and registers used in the project.
The document discusses emerging trends in embedded processors. It provides an overview of commonly used embedded processors such as ARM, AVR, and PIC and describes their characteristics and applications. Emerging trends include more powerful processors, customized designs, improved energy efficiency, and the integration of additional features like DSP and graphics processing. Embedded systems are now widely used in applications like consumer electronics, automotive, healthcare, and industrial control.
This Masterclass is divided in two parts. The first one presents a brief outline of the UHF passive RFID technology (air interface, protocol and new Gen2V2 features). The second one, devoted to Privacy Impact Assessment, presents the European Recommendation and the recently published EN 16571 standard.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper represents the RFID and GSM technology. The main objective of the system is to uniquely identify and to make security for a person. This requires a unique product,which has the capability of distinguishing different person. This is possible by the new emerging technology RFID (Radio Frequency Identification). The main parts of an RFID system ar e RFID tag (with unique ID number) and RFID reader (for reading the RFID tag). In this system,RFID ta g and RFID reader used are operating at 125 KHz. The microcontroller internal memory is used for storing the details.
This document provides an introduction to ARM microcontrollers. It discusses that ARM designs RISC processor cores that are used in many microcontrollers produced by various manufacturers. The popular ARM7TDMI architecture is a 32-bit RISC processor that can operate in both 32-bit ARM and 16-bit THUMB modes. It has 31 registers and 7 operating modes. The ARM instruction set allows conditional execution and includes instructions for arithmetic, logical operations, and loading/storing data. Using THUMB instructions reduces code size by 30-40% compared to ARM.
Presents features of ARM Processors, ARM architecture variants and Processor families. Further presents, ARM v4T architecture, ARM7-TDMI processor: Register organization, pipelining, modes, exception handling, bus architecture, debug architecture and interface signals.
This document describes an embedded systems project involving an Atmega16 microcontroller to create a stopwatch. It includes sections on the microcontroller, analog to digital conversion, timers, interfacing with an LCD display, and the stopwatch program code. The program uses buttons on ports A and D to start, stop, reset, and increment the stopwatch which displays hours, minutes, seconds, and tenths of seconds on the LCD. The document provides explanations of the microcontroller features and registers used in the project.
The document discusses emerging trends in embedded processors. It provides an overview of commonly used embedded processors such as ARM, AVR, and PIC and describes their characteristics and applications. Emerging trends include more powerful processors, customized designs, improved energy efficiency, and the integration of additional features like DSP and graphics processing. Embedded systems are now widely used in applications like consumer electronics, automotive, healthcare, and industrial control.
This Masterclass is divided in two parts. The first one presents a brief outline of the UHF passive RFID technology (air interface, protocol and new Gen2V2 features). The second one, devoted to Privacy Impact Assessment, presents the European Recommendation and the recently published EN 16571 standard.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document provides information about an RFID-based toll tax system, including a hardware description. The hardware includes components like regulators, capacitors, diodes, an RFID reader, RFID tags, an LCD display, motors, and an 8051 microcontroller. It also provides background on RFID technology, describing RFID tags, readers, antennas, and common applications of RFID systems like automatic vehicle identification and inventory management. The document discusses how RFID systems can provide advantages over barcoding like not requiring line of sight and allowing more automated reading.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document presents a project report on a biometric smart card polling system. The system aims to provide a secure and easy voting system by preventing unauthorized voting. It uses a fingerprint sensor for user authentication, an RFID card to identify users, and an LCD display to show information to users. Votes are stored in EEPROM and can be retrieved for processing. The microcontroller handles communication between components and manipulates input data. Each ATM machine would be fitted with a fingerprint sensor and RFID reader to allow secure voting using existing infrastructure.
Software Design of Digital Receiver using FPGAIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of a digital receiver using an FPGA. It involves sampling an analog signal from a radar target using an ADC at a high sampling rate. This sampled signal is then sent to a digital down converter (DDC) which performs frequency translation and decimation. The DDC is implemented using IP cores on an FPGA. It translates the sampled signal to a lower frequency and outputs I and Q signals at a lower sampling rate. This provides a digital signal with higher precision and stability for extracting information from radar targets.
The document discusses an electronic toll collection system that uses radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. It describes the key components of RFID tags and readers that allow the system to automatically identify vehicles and deduct toll fares electronically. The system uses RFID tags attached to vehicles that are read by roadside readers to identify vehicles and classify them for toll processing without needing to stop. Violation enforcement is also discussed to handle cases where vehicles do not have proper tags installed.
This presentation provides an overview of VLSI design. It discusses ST Microsystems, a VLSI design training center located in Jaipur, India. The presentation covers the history of integrated circuits from discrete components to modern microchips. It defines different scales of integration from SSI to ULSI. The presentation also introduces VHDL, a hardware description language used for digital circuit design and modeling. Sample VHDL code for an AND gate is shown. References for further reading on VLSI design and VHDL are provided.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses the 8085 microprocessor. It provides details on its architecture, components, registers, addressing modes, and applications. The key points are:
1. The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor that serves as the central processing unit of a computer. It contains an ALU, registers, and a control unit.
2. It has general purpose registers like the accumulator, flags, program counter, and stack pointer. Instructions are fetched and executed sequentially.
3. The 8085 supports various addressing modes like immediate, register, direct, and indirect addressing to access memory locations and transfer data.
4. Microprocessors are used in applications like instrumentation, control systems, communication devices,
RFID Project - Engineering Design and Development Josh Birdwell
This slide deck is for our senior design capstone at Francis Tuttle Technology Center's Pre-Engineering Academy. It is through a course call Engineering Design and Development by Project Lead the Way. We spend an entire semester on a project and go through the engineering process. This class was amazing!! I would love to answer any questions on our presentation.
This is mainly intended for young faculty who are involved in ARM processor architecture teaching. This may also be useful to those who are keen in understanding the secrets of ARM architecture.Very good luck
In this presentation we can learn about basic concept of Instruction set, Byte Oriented Instructions, Bit Oriented instructions, Literal Instructions clearly.
Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (HART) is an industrial standard protocol which is widely well established and used by most of the industries.Among the 45-50 Million industrial devices,48% devices are non-smart devices and 52% devices are smart devices.Among the 52% means around 25-26 million smart devices 26% means near about 12-13 million devices are HART based devices.
IRJET- Designing of Basic Types of Filters using Standard ToolIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of basic filter types using MATLAB and the FDA filter design tool. It begins by introducing filters and classifying them as either active or passive. It then provides details on low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop filters. The methodology section describes the process for designing infinite impulse response (IIR) Butterworth filters and finite impulse response (FIR) filters using a Hamming window in MATLAB. Sample code is provided for an IIR low-pass Butterworth filter. The results and discussion section presents the output of designing and analyzing this low-pass filter.
This PPT is about the ARM processors, family of processors,significance,applications and architectural features and Instruction Set Architecture useful for beginners
This document is a project report submitted for the Bachelor of Technology degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering. It presents the development of an electronic toll collection system using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. The proposed RFID-based system uses tags mounted on vehicle windshields that can be read by RFID readers to automatically process toll payments. This eliminates the need for manual ticket payments and collections, allowing more efficient tolling while reducing traffic and potential human errors. The report is submitted by three students and supervised by an associate professor at the Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology in Jalandhar, India.
This document provides an introduction to the 8085 microprocessor. It discusses the basic concepts of microprocessors including the internal components of a microprocessor like the ALU and control unit. It describes the different parts of the 8085 architecture like the accumulator, registers, flags, and arithmetic logic unit. It also explains the addressing modes, instruction set, and interrupts of the 8085 microprocessor. Various instructions of the 8085 like data transfer, arithmetic, and logic instructions are discussed along with examples.
Microprocessor & Microcontoller short questions with answersMathankumar S
A microprocessor is a programmable logic device that processes data according to instructions stored in memory. It contains an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), registers, and a control unit. A microcontroller is a microprocessor with integrated memory and input/output interfaces on a single chip. Microprocessors are used in microcontroller-based systems for applications like measurement, display, control, and machine speed control. Common instructions include MOV to move data, ADD for arithmetic, and JMP to change the program sequence.
HART protocol for network data communicationAmol Dudhate
This document summarizes the key aspects of HART communication. It introduces HART as an open protocol that enables bidirectional digital communication over 4-20mA analog loops using FSK. It describes the main communication modes of HART including master-slave and burst modes. It also provides an overview of the HART protocol layers and details about the physical, data link and application layers.
BLH Nobel has been recognized as a leader in weighing technology, process weighing and force measurement. They design and deliver innovative, accurate industry-leading weighing and force measurement solutions and supply both standardized and custom systems and serve customers from a wide range of industries.
The following document is an exhaustive compilation of technical terms used in process weighing, courtesy of BLH Nobel.
-Study of the functionality of 2MB mother board, providing E1 data interfaces
-CMS LAB,TEST EQUIPMENT, QUALITY CONTROL. - ABOUT BEL,ROTATIONAL PROGRAM.-FPGA,ADSP,DSO,VHDL.
-E1 EUROPEAN DATA FORMAT , LINK, SPECIFICATION
ENCODING TECHNIQUES- HDB3, AMI
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document provides information about an RFID-based toll tax system, including a hardware description. The hardware includes components like regulators, capacitors, diodes, an RFID reader, RFID tags, an LCD display, motors, and an 8051 microcontroller. It also provides background on RFID technology, describing RFID tags, readers, antennas, and common applications of RFID systems like automatic vehicle identification and inventory management. The document discusses how RFID systems can provide advantages over barcoding like not requiring line of sight and allowing more automated reading.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document presents a project report on a biometric smart card polling system. The system aims to provide a secure and easy voting system by preventing unauthorized voting. It uses a fingerprint sensor for user authentication, an RFID card to identify users, and an LCD display to show information to users. Votes are stored in EEPROM and can be retrieved for processing. The microcontroller handles communication between components and manipulates input data. Each ATM machine would be fitted with a fingerprint sensor and RFID reader to allow secure voting using existing infrastructure.
Software Design of Digital Receiver using FPGAIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of a digital receiver using an FPGA. It involves sampling an analog signal from a radar target using an ADC at a high sampling rate. This sampled signal is then sent to a digital down converter (DDC) which performs frequency translation and decimation. The DDC is implemented using IP cores on an FPGA. It translates the sampled signal to a lower frequency and outputs I and Q signals at a lower sampling rate. This provides a digital signal with higher precision and stability for extracting information from radar targets.
The document discusses an electronic toll collection system that uses radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. It describes the key components of RFID tags and readers that allow the system to automatically identify vehicles and deduct toll fares electronically. The system uses RFID tags attached to vehicles that are read by roadside readers to identify vehicles and classify them for toll processing without needing to stop. Violation enforcement is also discussed to handle cases where vehicles do not have proper tags installed.
This presentation provides an overview of VLSI design. It discusses ST Microsystems, a VLSI design training center located in Jaipur, India. The presentation covers the history of integrated circuits from discrete components to modern microchips. It defines different scales of integration from SSI to ULSI. The presentation also introduces VHDL, a hardware description language used for digital circuit design and modeling. Sample VHDL code for an AND gate is shown. References for further reading on VLSI design and VHDL are provided.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses the 8085 microprocessor. It provides details on its architecture, components, registers, addressing modes, and applications. The key points are:
1. The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor that serves as the central processing unit of a computer. It contains an ALU, registers, and a control unit.
2. It has general purpose registers like the accumulator, flags, program counter, and stack pointer. Instructions are fetched and executed sequentially.
3. The 8085 supports various addressing modes like immediate, register, direct, and indirect addressing to access memory locations and transfer data.
4. Microprocessors are used in applications like instrumentation, control systems, communication devices,
RFID Project - Engineering Design and Development Josh Birdwell
This slide deck is for our senior design capstone at Francis Tuttle Technology Center's Pre-Engineering Academy. It is through a course call Engineering Design and Development by Project Lead the Way. We spend an entire semester on a project and go through the engineering process. This class was amazing!! I would love to answer any questions on our presentation.
This is mainly intended for young faculty who are involved in ARM processor architecture teaching. This may also be useful to those who are keen in understanding the secrets of ARM architecture.Very good luck
In this presentation we can learn about basic concept of Instruction set, Byte Oriented Instructions, Bit Oriented instructions, Literal Instructions clearly.
Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (HART) is an industrial standard protocol which is widely well established and used by most of the industries.Among the 45-50 Million industrial devices,48% devices are non-smart devices and 52% devices are smart devices.Among the 52% means around 25-26 million smart devices 26% means near about 12-13 million devices are HART based devices.
IRJET- Designing of Basic Types of Filters using Standard ToolIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of basic filter types using MATLAB and the FDA filter design tool. It begins by introducing filters and classifying them as either active or passive. It then provides details on low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop filters. The methodology section describes the process for designing infinite impulse response (IIR) Butterworth filters and finite impulse response (FIR) filters using a Hamming window in MATLAB. Sample code is provided for an IIR low-pass Butterworth filter. The results and discussion section presents the output of designing and analyzing this low-pass filter.
This PPT is about the ARM processors, family of processors,significance,applications and architectural features and Instruction Set Architecture useful for beginners
This document is a project report submitted for the Bachelor of Technology degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering. It presents the development of an electronic toll collection system using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. The proposed RFID-based system uses tags mounted on vehicle windshields that can be read by RFID readers to automatically process toll payments. This eliminates the need for manual ticket payments and collections, allowing more efficient tolling while reducing traffic and potential human errors. The report is submitted by three students and supervised by an associate professor at the Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology in Jalandhar, India.
This document provides an introduction to the 8085 microprocessor. It discusses the basic concepts of microprocessors including the internal components of a microprocessor like the ALU and control unit. It describes the different parts of the 8085 architecture like the accumulator, registers, flags, and arithmetic logic unit. It also explains the addressing modes, instruction set, and interrupts of the 8085 microprocessor. Various instructions of the 8085 like data transfer, arithmetic, and logic instructions are discussed along with examples.
Microprocessor & Microcontoller short questions with answersMathankumar S
A microprocessor is a programmable logic device that processes data according to instructions stored in memory. It contains an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), registers, and a control unit. A microcontroller is a microprocessor with integrated memory and input/output interfaces on a single chip. Microprocessors are used in microcontroller-based systems for applications like measurement, display, control, and machine speed control. Common instructions include MOV to move data, ADD for arithmetic, and JMP to change the program sequence.
HART protocol for network data communicationAmol Dudhate
This document summarizes the key aspects of HART communication. It introduces HART as an open protocol that enables bidirectional digital communication over 4-20mA analog loops using FSK. It describes the main communication modes of HART including master-slave and burst modes. It also provides an overview of the HART protocol layers and details about the physical, data link and application layers.
BLH Nobel has been recognized as a leader in weighing technology, process weighing and force measurement. They design and deliver innovative, accurate industry-leading weighing and force measurement solutions and supply both standardized and custom systems and serve customers from a wide range of industries.
The following document is an exhaustive compilation of technical terms used in process weighing, courtesy of BLH Nobel.
-Study of the functionality of 2MB mother board, providing E1 data interfaces
-CMS LAB,TEST EQUIPMENT, QUALITY CONTROL. - ABOUT BEL,ROTATIONAL PROGRAM.-FPGA,ADSP,DSO,VHDL.
-E1 EUROPEAN DATA FORMAT , LINK, SPECIFICATION
ENCODING TECHNIQUES- HDB3, AMI
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Preliminary Field Measurement of the Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Migmati...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Differential Evolution Algorithm for Optimal Power Flow and Economic Load Dis...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document summarizes the Replicate and Bundle (RnB) approach for improving the performance and scalability of RAM-based storage systems. RnB involves two key techniques: 1) replicating data objects across multiple servers using a pseudo-random mapping, and 2) bundling requests for replicated objects located on the same server into a single transaction. By choosing replica locations and bundled transactions to minimize the number of servers accessed per request, RnB can significantly reduce the transactions per request compared to alternatives like consistent hashing. RnB allows improved throughput without adding CPUs. It can be implemented in a distributed manner without extra communication overhead compared to consistent hashing approaches. Simulation results show RnB performs well for workloads like those from
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Comparative Analysis on Sodium-Based and Polyethylene-Based Greases as Anti-F...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The document evaluates the preliminary phytochemical and antibacterial activity of Ageratum conyzoides (L) on some clinical bacterial isolates. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, triterpenes glycosides and carbohydrates in the ethanolic extract of A. conyzoides. The extract showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Shigella dysenteriae at concentrations of ≥50mg/ml. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the extract was 120mg/ml for S.
Multiband Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN Applicationtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Producing Bi- Layer Sportswear Using Bamboo And Polypropylene Knitted Fabrictheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The document provides an overview of an electronic voting machine project using RFID technology and a microcontroller. Key points:
- Voters will identify themselves with an RFID card read by an RFID reader module. Eligible voters will then be able to cast one vote by pressing a button for their candidate.
- The system includes a microcontroller to check voter eligibility from the RFID code, count votes, and display results. It will trigger an alarm if invalid votes are cast.
- The block diagram outlines the main components: a power supply, voting unit with RFID and microcontroller, confirmation unit like an LED/buzzer, and an LCD display.
- Working details explain how
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design & Simulation of RISC Processor using Hyper Pipelining TechniqueIOSR Journals
This Hyper pipelining technique is different to the pipelining of instruction decoding known from
RISC processors. The point is that we can use hyper pipelining on top of any sequential logic, for example a
RISC processor, independent of its underlying functionality. The RISC processor with pipelined instruction set
decoding can automatically be hyper pipelined to generate CMF individual RISC processors. Hyper pipelining
implements additional register and can use register balancing for fine grain timing optimizations. The method
hyper pipelining is also called “C-slow Retiming”. The main benefit is the multiplication of the core's
functionality by only implementing registers. This is a great advantage for ASICs but obviously very attractive
for FPGAs with their already existing registers
Design Efficient Wireless Monitoring Platform for Recycling Point SpotsIJMTST Journal
There is a growing demand for low cost, very low power and reduced size monitoring systems with
wireless communications, to be used in different kinds of industrial environments. In several countries waste
separation and recycling is a major issue. Consequently, the number of recycling spots has been steadily
increasing. In order to ensure that recycle bins are properly maintained, several monitoring solutions have
been proposed. These still have several limitations, such as requiring wires for power and/or communications
and not being able to fit in all existing types of bins. This paper presents WECO, a wireless embedded solution
for monitoring the level of the bins located in recycling spots. The proposed system automatically alerts a
remote central station when a bin reaches a programmable filling level, thus avoiding the need to spot check
if the bin is full and ensuring that the recycling spot is kept clean. The developed prototype required
hardware-software co-design and aimed to meet the above mentioned requirements, resorting to the IEEE
802.15.4 protocol for wireless communications between all nodes in the network, each based on a
System-On-Chip CC2530 from Texas Instruments. Due to its wireless nature, the architecture requires a
battery for power supplying the nodes, with a life time of at least six years. The filling level readings of each
bin in a recycling spot are made using an ultrasonic sensor. The data collected by the monitoring platform is
then sent to the remote central station that processes it in order to optimize routes and establish a scheduled
collection of the recycling spots.
This study paper portrays a fresh approach for
a course and laboratory design to establish low cost prototypes
and other entrenched devices that accentuate virtual
programmable logic device (VPLD), object oriented java and
real time processing tactics. JAVA is used for software
development. The study encompasses the use of host and node
application. A high performance, low power AVR with high
endurance non-volatile memory segments and with an advance
RISC structure is used to construct prototypes. The paperwork
deals with the VPLD board which is capable to work as
corresponding digital logic analyzer, equation parser, standard
digital IC and design wave studio
RFID Based Smart Trolley for Supermarket AutomationIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed RFID-based smart trolley system for supermarket automation. The system would attach RFID tags to all supermarket items and integrate an RFID reader and display into shopping trolleys. As customers add items to their trolley, the RFID reader would detect the items' tags and display the item details and running total on the trolley's display. Customer purchases and billing totals would be wirelessly transmitted to the supermarket's backend systems using Zigbee technology. The proposed system aims to streamline the shopping experience for customers by automating item detection and display of purchase information in real-time as items are added to the trolley.
IRJET- Development and Implementation of Smart RFID based Library Managem...IRJET Journal
This document describes the development and implementation of a smart RFID-based library management system using Raspberry Pi and μFR Nano RFID technology with an Android operating system. Key aspects of the system include a μFR Nano RFID reader/writer operating at 13.56 MHz to identify books and member cards tagged with RFID chips. Software was created using the Android Studio development environment and utilizes a SQLite database on the Raspberry Pi to store and retrieve book and member information. The system was tested successfully at the authors' university library to automate issuing, returning, and searching of books through contactless identification of RFID tags.
EVALUATION OF ATM FUNCTIONING USING VHDL AND FPGA VLSICS Design
It has been almost four decades that banks and other financial organizations have been gradually computerised, in order to improve service and efficiency and to reduce cost. The birth of Electronic Fund Transfer and Automated Teller Machines has given rise to 24-hour banking and a greater variety of services for the customer. This method uses a computer to transfer debits and credits, with the help of electronic pulses, which are carried through wires either to a magnetic disk or tape. ATM (Automated
Teller Machine) has become an important part in our daily lives. People use ATM for various purposes such as money withdrawal, checking balance, changing password etc. Since it mainly deals with people's
money, it has to be a secure system on which we can rely. We have taken a step towards increasing this
security and integrity by trying to implement the functioning of an ATM using VLSI-based programming, HDL(Hardware Description Language).The conventional coding languages such as C,C++ are replaced by VHDL(Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language) so that the code cannot be easily hacked or changed. This article consists of an insight into the various functions that can be
performed using an ATM, a brief description of the Coding and the obtained simulation results. It alsoconsists of the implementation of the code using FPGA Kit (Spartan3; Model no.-XC 3S50).
IRJET- Information Logging and Investigation of Control Framework Utilizing D...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and implementation of an information logging and investigation system using different communication protocols. The system is designed to automatically and configurable log fault data packets from various sensors to monitor system performance. It uses LabVIEW software to design program codes to read, monitor, and display system parameters in real-time from sensors measuring temperature, humidity, etc. The system has hardware components like a microcontroller and sensors, and can interface with devices using protocols like UART, CAN, Ethernet to extract and log data and transmit it to an end user.
IRJET- Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) based Smart Trolley for SupermarketIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed RFID-based smart trolley system for supermarkets. The system would allow items placed in the trolley to be automatically scanned and added to a running total displayed on the trolley. RFID tags would be attached to all items for sale. An RFID reader and antenna mounted on the trolley would continuously read the tags of any items placed in the trolley and send the data to a microcontroller. The microcontroller would look up item information and display the running subtotal and total on an LCD screen. When the customer is ready to check out, their purchase information would be wirelessly transmitted to the billing computer to complete the transaction. This system is aimed at reducing queues at checkout by autom
IRJET- Examination Room Guidance System using RFID and ArduinoIRJET Journal
The document proposes an examination room guidance system using RFID technology, where each student is issued an RFID card containing their exam details. The system includes an RFID reader, tags, Arduino, LCD display and LEDs, such that when a student's tag is scanned their exam room and seat number will be displayed to guide them to the correct location. The proposed system aims to help students easily find their exam rooms and seats, reducing stress and saving time compared to traditional jumbling systems.
12.automatic toll gate billing system using rfid.Sai Krishna
This document describes an automatic toll gate billing system using RFID technology. The key components of the system include a microcontroller, power supply, RFID reader, smart card reader, MAX232 IC, LCD display, and EEPROM. The system works by reading information from an RFID tag on a vehicle using the RFID reader. It verifies if the person is authorized and deducts the toll amount from their smart card depending on vehicle type. If unauthorized or insufficient funds, a false indication is displayed. The microcontroller controls the overall system operation.
Малоресурсная криптография - Сергей МартыненкоHackIT Ukraine
Презентация с форума http://hackit-ukraine.com/
Сергей Мартыненко
Ст.преп. кафедры комп. систем и сетей, ХАИ
Малоресурсная криптография
О спикере: Ст. преподаватель кафедры компьютерных сетей и систем. Опыт в области криптографической защиты информации и критических систем более 5 лет. Занимается защитой информации в малоресурсных системах.
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Based Employee Management System (EMS)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IRJET- Smart Monitoring System for Industrial Automation (IoT Based)IRJET Journal
This document proposes a smart monitoring system for industrial automation using IoT. The system allows users to efficiently control industrial machines and appliances over the internet. It uses a microcontroller, WiFi module, relays, LCD display, RFID reader and tags, and IR sensors. The microcontroller processes user commands received over WiFi. RFID tags are used to identify technicians and control machines. IR sensors count products manufactured. The system uploads production data to a web server via WiFi to allow remote monitoring of industrial processes and employee productivity.
This digital logbook was designed to automatically log equipment usage at the National Institute of Nanotechnology (NINT) by only allowing access to electron microscopes and other expensive lab equipment after users authenticate with their RFID security cards. It uses an RFID scanner to identify users and records login/logout times to a micro SD card for billing purposes. The device blocks signals to equipment when not in use to ensure only authorized users can operate instruments. It provides a low-cost solution to replace tedious manual logging while improving accuracy of usage tracking and billing.
This document describes a proposed college bus fare payment system using RFID technology. The system would allow students to pay bus fares automatically by swiping an RFID card linked to their account balance. A microcontroller, RFID reader, and other components would track fares and open/close a gate depending on whether a student's account balance is sufficient. The system aims to make fare collection more efficient compared to traditional systems relying on a conductor collecting cash from passengers. It would also allow fare records and balances to be automatically updated and monitored through a database interface.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An Enhanced FPGA Based Asynchronous Microprocessor Design Using VIVADO and ISIMjournalBEEI
This paper deals with the novel design and implementation of asynchronous microprocessor by using HDL on Vivado tool wherein it has the capability of handling even I-Type, R-Type and Jump instructions with multiplier instruction packet. Moreover, it uses separate memory for instructions and data read-write that can be changed at any time. The complete design has been synthesized and simulated using Vivado. The complete design is targeted on Xilinx Virtex-7 FPGA. This paper more focuses on the use of Vivado Tool for advanced FPGA device. By using Vivado we get enhaced analysis result for better view of properly Route & Placed design.
Similar to Design of a Digital Baseband Processor for UWB Transceiver on RFID Tag (20)
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5
Design of a Digital Baseband Processor for UWB Transceiver on RFID Tag
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 3 || Issue || 8 || Pages || 67-76 || 2014 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 67
Design of a Digital Baseband Processor for UWB Transceiver on RFID Tag 1, G.Sri Naga Chaitanya.B.Tech, 2, R.S.Harishraghav.B.Tech 1, 2, Sree Vidyanikethan Engg. College
-------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT--------------------------------------------------------
This paper shows a novel digital baseband processor designed for UWB Transceiver on RFID tag which reduces the complexity, area and power consumption of the baseband processor. Furthermore, several strategies of reducing the power has explored during the design, so the final power consumption of the baseband processor basically fulfils the ultra low power requirements of the UWB Transceiver.
Key words: - UWB Transceiver, RFID tag, digital baseband processor. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 30 July 2014 Date of Publication: 15 August 2014 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification) technology has drawn a swirl of attention in the past few years as it helps identify objects and people in a fast, accurate and inexpensive way, Today, RFID is used in enterprise supply chain management to improve the efficiency of inventory tracking and management. However, growth and adoption in the enterprise supply chain market is limited because current commercial technology does not link the indoor tracking to the overall end-to-end supply chain visibility. Coupled with fair cost-sharing mechanisms, rational motives and justified returns from RFID technology investments are the key ingredients to achieve long-term and sustainable RFID technology adoption. Figure 1.1: Overview of the most important auto-ID procedures Optical character recognition (OCR) was first used in the 1960s. Special fonts were developed for this application that stylized characters so that they could be read both in the normal way by people and automatically by machines. The most important advantage of OCR systems is the high density of information and the possibility of reading data visually in an emergency. Biometrics is defined as the science of counting and (body) measurement procedures involving living beings. In the context of identification systems, biometry is the general term for all procedures that identify people by comparing unmistakable and individual physical characteristics. In practice, these are fingerprinting and hand printing procedures, voice identification and, less commonly, retina (or iris) identification. A smart card is an electronic data storage system, possibly with additional computing capacity (microprocessor card), which is perfect for convenience..
2. Design of a Digital Baseband Processor for UWB Transceiver on RFID Tag
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 68
Table 1.1: Comparison of different auto-ID systems.
1.1 APPLICATIONS
RFID is a versatile technology, capable of being used by businesses and the government. Mandates for supply chains, while raising the profile of RFID in business, have overshadowed how extensively and successfully RFID is used in other contexts. In the early part of the 21st century, RFID is growing. The list of RFID users is a long one’s
• Supply Chains, Including Wholesale and Retail Inventory and Materials Management
Item-level Tagging of Consumer Goods on Retail Shelves
Toll Payment Systems
Smart Cards.
Contactless Payment Systems at the Retail Point of Sale (POS)
Logistics
Asset Tracking
Automobile Keyless Start Systems
Sports
Pharmaceutical Anti-drug Counterfeiting
II. RFID SYSTEM AND ITS COMPONENTS
RFID systems are composed of three key components.
• The RFID tag, or transponder, carries object identifying data.
• The RFID tag reader, or transceiver, reads and writes tag data.
• The back-end database stores records associated with tag contents.
Figure 2.1: RFID system components A key classification of RFID tags is the source of power. Tags come in three general varieties: active, semi-passive and passive. Active tags contain an on-board power source, such as a battery, as well as the ability to initiate their own communications; possibly with other tags. Semi-passive tags have a battery, but may only respond to incoming transmissions. Passive tags have no internal power source and receive all power from the reader. Table 2.1 given below gives a brief idea of the different types of tags, its power source, transmitter and its maximum operating range. Figure 2.2 is the appearance or the display of the available passive, semi passive and active tags Table 2.1: Active, Semi-Passive and Passive tags
RF circuit & analog circuit
Baseband processor
EEPROM
READER
3. Design of a Digital Baseband Processor for UWB Transceiver on RFID Tag
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 69
Figure 2.2: Passive tag, Semi passive tag, Active tag
2.1 OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF RFID SYSTEM
An Interrogator receives information from a Tag by transmitting an un-modulated RF carrier and
listening for a backscattered reply. Tags communicate information by backscatter-modulating the amplitude
and/or phase of the RF carrier. The encoding format, selected in response to Interrogator commands, is either
FM0 or Miller modulated sub-carrier. The communications link between Interrogators and Tags is half-duplex,
meaning that Tags shall not be required to demodulate Interrogator commands while backscattering. A Tag shall
not respond using full-duplex communications to a mandatory or optional command. RFID tag chip consists of a
power reception system, an RF analog module, an EEPROM and a baseband-processor, shown in figure.2.3.
The figure 2.4 shown above is the block diagram of a UHF RFID tag system. The baseband-processor is one of
the major and most important parts of the tag chip, since it not only implements the “slotted aloha” random anti-collision
algorithm and authorization scheme, but also executes read/write operation of EEPROM.
Figure 2.3: Architecture of the RFID tag
Figure 2.4: Block diagram of an RFID tag system
2.2 HARDWARE MODELLING & IMPLEMENTATIONOFDIGITAL BASEBAND PROCESSOR
Figure 2.5: Proposed block diagram of a baseband processor
Figure 2.5 is the proposed block diagram of the Baseband processor. The baseband processor is the
back-end part of the RFID system. The front-end part of the system comprises of a reader and the data
communication between the processor and the reader takes place in half-duplex mode. The data flow between
the sub modules is in parallel form synchronized with respect to clock. This can improve the efficiency of the
Baseband processor significantly.
4. Design of a Digital Baseband Processor for UWB Transceiver on RFID Tag
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 70
III. INTRODUCTIONS TO VERILOG HDL
3.1 INTRODUCTION TO VERILOG LANGUAGE There is no attempt in this handout to describe the complete Verilog language. It describes only the portions of the language needed to allow students to explore the architectural aspects of computers. In fact, this handout covers only a small fraction of the language. For the complete description of the Verilog HDL, consult the references at the end of the handout.
3.2 A FIRST VERILOG PROGRAM module simple; // Simple Register Transfer Level (RTL) example to demo Verilog. // Register A is incremented by one. Then first four bits of B is // set to "not" of the last four bits of A. C is the "and" // reduction of the last two bits of A. //declare registers and flip-flops reg [0:7] A, B; reg C; // The two "initial"s and "always" will run concurrently initial begin: stop at // Will stop the execution after 20 simulation units. #20; $stop; end // These statements done at simulation time 0 (since no #k) initial begin: Init // Initialize register A. Other registers have values of "x" A = 0; // Display a header $display ("Time A B C"); // Prints the values anytime a value of A, B or C changes $monitor (“%0d %b %b %b", $time, A, B, C); end //main process will loop until simulation is over always begin: main process // #1 means do after one unit of simulation time #1 A = A + 1; #1 B[0:3] = ~A[4:7]; // ~ is bitwise "not" operator #1 C = &A[6:7]; // bitwise "and" reduction of last 2 bits of A end end module In module simple, we declared A and B as 8-bit registers and C a 1-bit register or flip-flop. Inside of the module, the one "always" and two "initial" constructs describe three threads of control, i.e., they run at the same time or concurrently. Within the initial construct, statements are executed sequentially much like in C or other traditional imperative programming languages. The always construct is the same as the initial construct except that it loops forever as long as the simulation runs. Below is the output of the VeriWell Simulator: (See Section 3 on how to use the VeriWell simulator.) Time A B C 0 00000000 xxxxxxxx x 1 00000001 xxxxxxxx x 2 00000001 1110xxxx x 3 00000001 1110xxxx 0 4 00000010 1110xxxx 0 5 00000010 1101xxxx 0 7 00000011 1101xxxx 0 8 00000011 1100xxxx 0 9 00000011 1100xxxx 1
5. Design of a Digital Baseband Processor for UWB Transceiver on RFID Tag
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 71
10 00000100 1100xxxx 1 11 00000100 1011xxxx 1 12 00000100 1011xxxx 0 13 00000101 1011xxxx 0 14 00000101 1010xxxx 0 16 00000110 1010xxxx 0 17 00000110 1001xxxx 0 19 00000111 1001xxxx 0 Stop at simulation time 20
3.3 LEXICAL CONVENTIONS The lexical conventions are close to the programming language C++. Comments are designated by // to the end of a line or by /* to */ across several lines. Keywords, e. g., module, are reserved and in all lower case letters. The language is case sensitive, meaning upper and lower case letters are different. Spaces are important in that they delimit tokens in the language. Numbers are specified in the traditional form of a series of digits with or without a sign but also in the following form: <size><base format><number> Where <size> contains decimal digits that specify the size of the constant in the number of bits. The <size> is optional. The <base format> is the single character ' followed by one of the following characters b, d, o and h, which stand for binary, decimal, octal and hex, respectively. The <number> part contains digits which are legal for the <base format>. Some examples: 549 // decimal number 'h 8FF // hex number 'o765 // octal number 4'b11 // 4-bit binary number 0011 3'b10x // 3-bit binary number with least // significant bit unknown 5'd3 // 5-bit decimal number -4'b11 // 4-bit two's complement of 0011 or 1101 The <number> part may not contain a sign. Any sign must go on the front. A string is a sequence of characters enclosed in double quotes. "this is a string" Operators are one, two or three characters and are used in expressions. An identifier is specified by a letter or underscore followed by zero or more letters, digits, dollar signs and underscores. Identifiers can be up to 1024 characters. 3.4 CONTROL CONSTRUCTS
Verilog HDL has a rich collection of control statements which can used in the procedural sections of code, i. e., within an initial or always block. Most of them will be familiar to the programmer of traditional programming languages like C. The main difference is instead of C's { } brackets, Verilog HDL uses begin and end. In Verilog, the { } brackets are used for concatenation of bit strings. Since most users are familiar with C, the following subsections typically show only an example of each construct. 3.4.1 Selection - if and case Statements The if statement is easy to use. if (A == 4) begin B = 2; end else begin B = 4; End Unlike the case statement in C, the first <value> that matches the value of the <expression> is selected and the associated statement is executed then control is transferred to after the endcase, i. e., no break statements are needed as in C.
6. Design of a Digital Baseband Processor for UWB Transceiver on RFID Tag
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 72
case (<expression>) <value1>: <statement> <value2>: <statement> default: <statement> endcase The following example checks a 1-bit signal for its value. case (sig) 1'bz: $display("Signal is floating"); 1'bx: $display("Signal is unknown"); default: $display("Signal is %b", sig); endcase
3.4.2 Repetition - for, while and repeat Statements The for statement is very close to C's for statement except that the ++ and -- operators do not exist in Verilog. Therefore, we need to use i = i + 1. for(i = 0; i< 10; i = i + 1) begin $display("i= %0d", i); end The while statement acts in the normal fashion. i = 0; while(i< 10) begin $display("i= %0d", i); i = i + 1; end The repeat statement repeats the following block a fixed number of times, in this example, five times. repeat (5) begin $display("i= %0d", i); i = i + 1; end
3.5 OTHER STATEMENTS
3.5.1 Parameter Statement The parameter statement allows the designer to give a constant a name. Typical uses are to specify width of registers and delays. For example, the following allows the designer to parameterized the declarations of a model parameterbyte_size = 8; reg [byte_size - 1:0] A, B;
3.5.2 Continuous Assignment Continuous assignments drive wire variables and are evaluated and updated whenever an input operand changes value. The following ands the values on the wires in1 and in2 and drives the wire out. The keyword assign is used to distinguish the continuous assignment from the procedural assignment. See Section 2.1 for more discussion on continuous assignment. Assignout = ~(in1 & in2);
3.5.3 Blocking and Non-blocking Procedural Assignments The Verilog language has two forms of the procedural assignment statement: blocking and non- blocking. The two are distinguished by the = and <= assignment operators. The blocking assignment statement (= operator) acts much like in traditional programming languages. The whole statement is done before control passes on to the next statement. The non-blocking (<= operator) evaluates all the right-hand sides for the current time unit and assigns the left-hand sides at the end of the time unit. For example, the following Verilog program // testing blocking and non-blocking assignment module blocking;
7. Design of a Digital Baseband Processor for UWB Transceiver on RFID Tag
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 73
reg [0:7] A, B; initial begin: init1 A = 3; #1 A = A + 1; // blocking procedural assignment B = A + 1; $display("Blocking:A= %b B= %b", A, B ); A = 3; #1 A <= A + 1; // non-blocking procedural assignment B <= A + 1; #1 $display("Non-blocking: A= %b B= %b", A, B ); end end module produces the following output: Blocking: A= 00000100 B= 00000101 Non-blocking: A= 00000100 B= 00000100 The effect is for all the non-blocking assignments to use the old values of the variables at the beginning of the current time unit and to assign the registers new values at the end of the current time unit. This reflects how register transfers occur in some hardware systems.
3.6 TASKS AND FUNCTION: Tasks are like procedures in other programming languages, e. g., tasks may have zero or more arguments and do not return a value. Functions act like function subprograms in other languages. Except: 1. A Verilog function must execute during one simulation time unit. That is, no time controlling statements, i. e., no delay control (#), no event control (@) or wait statements, allowed. A task may contain time controlled statements. 2. A Verilog function can not invoke (call, enable) a task; whereas a task may call other tasks and functions. The definition of a task is the following: task<task name>; // Notice: no parameter list or ()s <argument ports> <declarations> <statements> End task An invocation of a task is of the following form: <name of task> (<port list>); where<port list> is a list of expressions which correspond by position to the <argument ports> of the definition. Port arguments in the definition may be input, inout or output. Since the <argument ports> in the task definition look like declarations, the programmer must be careful in adding declares at the beginning of a task. // Testing tasks and functions // Dan Hyde, Aug 28, 1995 module tasks; task add; // task definition input a, b; // two input argument ports output c; // one output argument port reg R; // register declaration begin R = 1; if (a == b) c = 1 & R; else c = 0; end end task
8. Design of a Digital Baseband Processor for UWB Transceiver on RFID Tag
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 74
initial begin: init1 reg p; add(1, 0, p); // invocation of task with 3 arguments $display("p= %b", p); end end module input and inout parameters are passed by value to the task and output and inoutparameters are passed back to invocation by value on return. Call by reference is not available.
3.7 TIMING CONTROL The Verilog language provides two types of explicit timing control over when simulation time procedural statements are to occur. The first type is a delay control in which an expression specifies the time duration between initially encountering the statement and when the statement actually executes. The second type of timing control is the event expression, which allows statement execution. The third subsection describes the wait statement which waits for a specific variable to change. Verilog is a discrete event time simulator, i. e., events are scheduled for discrete times and placed on an ordered-by-time wait queue. If there is no timing control, simulation time does not advance. Simulated time can only progress by one of the following: 1. gate or wire delay, if specified. 2. a delay control, introduced by the # symbol. 3. an event control, introduced by the @ symbol. 4. thewait statement.
The order of execution of events in the same clock time may not be predictable.
3.7.1 DELAY CONTROL A delay control expression specifies the time duration between initially encountering the statement and when the statement actually executes. For example: #10 A = A + 1; specifies to delay 10 time units before executing the procedural assignment statement. The # may be followed by an expression with variables. 3.7.2 EVENTS The execution of a procedural statement can be triggered with a value change on a wire or register, or the occurrence of a named event. Some examples: @r begin // controlled by any value change in A = B&C; // the register r end @(posedge clock2) A = B&C; // controlled by positive edge of clock2 @(negedge clock3) A = B&C; // controlled by negative edge of clock3 forever @(negedge clock) // controlled by negative edge begin A = B&C; end In the forms using posedge and negedge, they must be followed by a 1-bit expression, typically clock. A negedge is detected on the transition from 1 to 0 (or unknown). A posedge is detected on the transition from 0 to 1 (or unknown). Verilog also provides features to name an event and then to trigger the occurrence of that event. We must first declare the event: event event6; To trigger the event, we use the ->symbol : -> event6; To control a block of code, we use the @ symbol as shown: @(event6) begin <some procedural code> end
We assume that the event occurs in one thread of control, i. e., concurrently, and the controlled code is in another thread. Several events may to or-ed inside the parentheses.
9. Design of a Digital Baseband Processor for UWB Transceiver on RFID Tag
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 75
3.7.3 WAIT STATEMENT The wait statement allows a procedural statement or a block to be delayed until a condition wait (A == 3) begin A = B&C; end The difference between the behavior of a wait statement and an event is that the wait statement is level sensitive whereas @(posedge clock); is triggered by a signal transition or is edge sensitive.
3.7.4 FORK AND JOIN STATEMENTS By using the fork and join construct, Verilog allows more than one thread of control inside an initial or always construct. For example, to have three threads of control, you fork the thread into three and merge the three into one with a join as shown: fork: three //split thread into three; one for each begin-end begin // code for thread 1 end begin // code for thread 2 end begin // code for thread 3 end join // merge the three threads to one Each statement between the fork and join, in this case, the three begin-end blocks, is executed concurrently. After all the threads complete, the next statement after the join is executed. You must be careful that there is no interference between the different threads. For example, you can't change a register in two different threads during the same clock period.
IV. 4. RESULT ANALYSIS
The Verilog HDL code is written for both reference design
• According to [1] given in figure 4.3, the controller in the architecture of the Baseband processor controls the data flow to the other sub modules. It sends control signals to control the status of all the sub modules.
• But the modified design given in fig 4.7 incorporates a controller which controls not only the data flow to the sub modules but also controls the clock of each sub module. This reduces the power significantly.
Figure4.1: Simulation result of the reference design obtained in xilinx tool
Figure4.2: Simulation result of the modified design obtained in xilinx tool
10. Design of a Digital Baseband Processor for UWB Transceiver on RFID Tag
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 76
Figure 4.1 and figure 4.2 shown above are the simulation result of the reference design and the simulation result of the modified design obtained in Xilinx tool respectively. The design was simulated and synthesized using Xilinx tool. The selected device was Spartan 3E. The Clock of100 MHz was provided. Reset signal is active high. The input bits are 88 bits serial and the output obtained is 88 bits serial which is amplitude modulated. The internal operation is carried on parallel. One of the given test cases is 11001111000000010000000100000001000000010000000100000001000000010000000 1111111111111111 Expected output is: 011001111000000010000000100000001000000010000000100000001000000010000000101111100010110 The power analysis for both the reference design and modified design were carried out. The dynamic power obtained for both the designs are given in the Table 4.3 below.
Table 5.1: Dynamic power obtained from xilinx tool
CONCLUSION
In this paper, a novel digital baseband processor designed for UWB Transceiver on RFID tag is presented. Due to the security feature and other advantages of UWB, no complicated coding and cryptography is needed. This also reduces the complexity, area and power consumption of the baseband processor. Furthermore, several strategies of reducing the power has explored during the design, so the final power consumption of the baseband processor basically fulfills the ultra low power requirements of the UWB Transceiver. Future works include integrating the baseband processor into the UWB Transceiver to test the whole system and researching for more strategies to reduce the power consumption of the baseband processor if possible. REFERENCES
[1]. YuechaoNiu, Majid BaghaeiNejad, HannuTenhunen and Li-Rong Zheng, “Design of a Digital Baseband Processor for UWB Tranceiver on RFID Tag”, IEEE Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshop proceedings, vol. 2, pp. 358-361, May 2007
[2]. Adam S.W. Man, Edward S. Zhang, H.T. Chan, Vincent K.N. Lau, C.Y. Tsui and Howard C. Luong,“Design and Implementation of a Low-power Baseband-system for RFID Tag”IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, pp. 1585- 1588, May 2007
[3]. Usami M, Tanabe H, Sato A, Sakama I, Maki Y, Iwamatsu T, Ipposhi T and Inoue Y, “A 0.05×0.05mm2 RFID Chip with Easily Scaled-Down ID-Memory”, IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, pp. 482-483, February 2007
[4]. He Yan, Hu Jianyun,LiQiang and Min Hao, “Design of Low-power Baseband processor for RFID Tag”, Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Applications and the Internet Workshops, vol. 1, pp. 1-4, January 2006
[5]. He Yan, Hu Jianyun,LiQiang and Min Hao, “Design of Low-power Baseband processor for UHF RFID Tag”, 6th International Conference On ASIC, ASICON 2005, vol. 1, pp. 143-146, October 2005