PRINCIPLES OF PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT.pptx
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The principles of plant disease management are based on the following tactics¹²³: 1. **Avoidance of the Pathogen**: This includes disease management tactics applied before infection, such as geographical area selection, planting time, and disease-escaping varieties. 2. **Exclusion of the Pathogen**: This means preventing the entrance and establishment of pathogens in uninfected crops in a particular area. It can be achieved using certified seed or plants, sorting bulbs before planting, discarding any that are doubtful, possibly treating seeds, tubers or corms before they are planted and most importantly refusing obviously diseased specimens from dealers. 3. **Reduction or Eradication of Pathogen Inoculum**: This involves reducing or eradicating pathogen inoculum by crop rotation, sanitation, roguing, soil treatment, heat and chemical treatment to diseased plant material, use of antagonists. 4. **Resistance (Immunization) to Pathogen**: This involves using resistant varieties and induced systemic resistance. 5. **Integrated Approach**: This involves combining all the above tactics to manage plant diseases. I hope this helps! Source: Conversation with Bing, 28/7/2023 (1) Plant Disease Management: Principles and Economics | Botany. https://www.botanylibrary.com/plant-diseases-2/plant-disease-management-principles-and-economics-botany/15422. (2) PRINCIPLES OF PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT - e-Krishi Shiksha. http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=11417. (3) General principles of plant diseases management Importance, general .... http://eagri.org/eagri50/PATH171/lec22.pdf. (4) Principles of plant disease management | PPT - SlideShare. https://www.slideshare.net/RanjanKumar44/principles-of-plant-disease-management.
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Unveiling the Fungi: A Journey Through Classification
The world of fungi, with its vast diversity and enigmatic nature, has captivated biologists for centuries. From the humble molds feasting on forgotten bread to the majestic mushrooms sprouting in damp forests, these fascinating organisms play crucial roles in ecosystems, yet their classification remains a complex and evolving field. This essay delves into the intricate tapestry of fungal classification, exploring the major phyla and delving into the underlying principles that categorize these remarkable beings. Traditionally, the kingdom Fungi was comprised of five primary phyla, each distinguished by their unique reproductive mechanisms and cellular structures. The Chytridiomycota, often dubbed "the chytrids," are microscopic marvels found in freshwater and marine environments. These tiny filamentous fungi employ flagellated zoospores for dispersal, resembling swimming sperm cells. In contrast, the Zygomycota, also known as "bread molds," engage in a simpler yet no less fascinating reproductive strategy. During sexual reproduction, their hyphae fuse, forming characteristic zygosporangia, structures within which new spores develop. Moving on to the more conspicuous fungi, we encounter the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, encompassing the majority of known fungal species. Ascomycetes, including the familiar yeasts and truffles, produce their spores inside sac-like structures called asci. Their diversity is staggering, ranging from the vibrant orange of lobster mushrooms to the velvety black of morels. Basidiomycota, on the other hand, are renowned for their fruiting bodies, including the iconic mushrooms we see in supermarkets and forests. These charismatic fungi produce spores on club-shaped structures called basidia, adorning the landscape with their often vibrant hues and intricate shapes. However, the fungal kingdom is not a static entity. Advances in molecular biology have unveiled hidden relationships and challenged traditional classifications. The controversial phylum **Deuteromycota**, once encompassing fungi that lacked a known sexual cycle, has been largely disbanded, with its members reclassified into existing phyla based on genetic analysis. Additionally, a new phylum, Glomeromycota, has been recently recognized, consisting of symbiotic root fungi essential for plant growth. Beyond phylogenetic classification, fungi can be categorized based on their ecological roles and nutritional strategies. Saprophytic fungi, adept at decomposing dead organic matter, are the tireless recyclers of the natural world, playing a vital role in nutrient cycling.Parasitic fungi, on the other hand, obtain their nourishment from living hosts, some causing devastating plant diseases, while others form intricate partnerships with their benefactors. The symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae in lichens is a testament to the remarkable diversity of fungal interactions with other organisms.
Fungi classification plant pathology.pptx
The classification of fungi is a complex and ever-evolving field, but I can give you a good overview of the main categories and some of the key characteristics that define them.
**Firstly, it's important to differentiate between true fungi and fungus-like organisms:
True fungi: These are the "classic" fungi we typically think of, with cell walls made of chitin and a heterotrophic lifestyle (obtaining nutrients from other organisms). They are further divided into several phyla based on their reproductive structures and cell wall composition.
* **Fungus-like organisms:** These share some similarities with true fungi, but lack certain defining characteristics like chitin cell walls or fungal-specific metabolic pathways. Some common examples include water molds (oomycetes), slime molds (myxomycetes), and chytridiomycetes.
**Here are the main phyla of true fungi:**
1. **Chytridiomycota (Chytrids):** The most primitive lineage, known for their aquatic lifestyle and flagellated zoospores. Examples include Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a chytrid fungus responsible for amphibian declines worldwide.
2. **Zygomycota (Conjugated fungi):** Characterized by the formation of zygospores during sexual reproduction. Common examples include bread mold (Rhizopus stolonifer) and athlete's foot fungus (Mucor circinelloides).
3. **Ascomycota (Sac fungi):** The most diverse and species-rich phylum, including yeasts, molds, and many common mushrooms. Their defining feature is the ascus, a sac-like structure containing ascospores. Examples include brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), penicillin mold (Penicillium chrysogenum), and morels (Morchella spp.).
4. **Basidiomycota (Club fungi):** Another large and diverse phylum, known for their fruiting bodies with basidia that produce basidiospores. Examples include mushrooms like button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus), chanterelles (Cantharellus cibarius), and various bracket fungi.
5. **Glomeromycota:** A recently established phylum characterized by their symbiotic relationship with plant roots. They play a crucial role in plant nutrient uptake and soil health.
**In addition to these phyla, the Deuteromycota (Fungi imperfecti) category exists:**
* **Deuteromycota:** This group used to be classified as a separate phylum, but most of its members have now been reclassified into other phyla based on genetic analysis. They lack a known sexual reproductive stage, but many are still important ecologically and commercially. Examples include bread mold (Neurospora crassa) and the antibiotic-producing Penicillium species.
Remember, this is just a brief overview, and there are many more intricacies to the classification of fungi. If you have any specific questions about a particular type of fungus or want to delve deeper into a specific phylum, I'd be happy to provide more information!
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More from AjayDesouza V
Fungi classification plant pathology.pptx
Unveiling the Fungi: A Journey Through Classification
The world of fungi, with its vast diversity and enigmatic nature, has captivated biologists for centuries. From the humble molds feasting on forgotten bread to the majestic mushrooms sprouting in damp forests, these fascinating organisms play crucial roles in ecosystems, yet their classification remains a complex and evolving field. This essay delves into the intricate tapestry of fungal classification, exploring the major phyla and delving into the underlying principles that categorize these remarkable beings. Traditionally, the kingdom Fungi was comprised of five primary phyla, each distinguished by their unique reproductive mechanisms and cellular structures. The Chytridiomycota, often dubbed "the chytrids," are microscopic marvels found in freshwater and marine environments. These tiny filamentous fungi employ flagellated zoospores for dispersal, resembling swimming sperm cells. In contrast, the Zygomycota, also known as "bread molds," engage in a simpler yet no less fascinating reproductive strategy. During sexual reproduction, their hyphae fuse, forming characteristic zygosporangia, structures within which new spores develop. Moving on to the more conspicuous fungi, we encounter the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, encompassing the majority of known fungal species. Ascomycetes, including the familiar yeasts and truffles, produce their spores inside sac-like structures called asci. Their diversity is staggering, ranging from the vibrant orange of lobster mushrooms to the velvety black of morels. Basidiomycota, on the other hand, are renowned for their fruiting bodies, including the iconic mushrooms we see in supermarkets and forests. These charismatic fungi produce spores on club-shaped structures called basidia, adorning the landscape with their often vibrant hues and intricate shapes. However, the fungal kingdom is not a static entity. Advances in molecular biology have unveiled hidden relationships and challenged traditional classifications. The controversial phylum **Deuteromycota**, once encompassing fungi that lacked a known sexual cycle, has been largely disbanded, with its members reclassified into existing phyla based on genetic analysis. Additionally, a new phylum, Glomeromycota, has been recently recognized, consisting of symbiotic root fungi essential for plant growth. Beyond phylogenetic classification, fungi can be categorized based on their ecological roles and nutritional strategies. Saprophytic fungi, adept at decomposing dead organic matter, are the tireless recyclers of the natural world, playing a vital role in nutrient cycling.Parasitic fungi, on the other hand, obtain their nourishment from living hosts, some causing devastating plant diseases, while others form intricate partnerships with their benefactors. The symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae in lichens is a testament to the remarkable diversity of fungal interactions with other organisms.
Fungi classification plant pathology.pptx
The classification of fungi is a complex and ever-evolving field, but I can give you a good overview of the main categories and some of the key characteristics that define them.
**Firstly, it's important to differentiate between true fungi and fungus-like organisms:
True fungi: These are the "classic" fungi we typically think of, with cell walls made of chitin and a heterotrophic lifestyle (obtaining nutrients from other organisms). They are further divided into several phyla based on their reproductive structures and cell wall composition.
* **Fungus-like organisms:** These share some similarities with true fungi, but lack certain defining characteristics like chitin cell walls or fungal-specific metabolic pathways. Some common examples include water molds (oomycetes), slime molds (myxomycetes), and chytridiomycetes.
**Here are the main phyla of true fungi:**
1. **Chytridiomycota (Chytrids):** The most primitive lineage, known for their aquatic lifestyle and flagellated zoospores. Examples include Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a chytrid fungus responsible for amphibian declines worldwide.
2. **Zygomycota (Conjugated fungi):** Characterized by the formation of zygospores during sexual reproduction. Common examples include bread mold (Rhizopus stolonifer) and athlete's foot fungus (Mucor circinelloides).
3. **Ascomycota (Sac fungi):** The most diverse and species-rich phylum, including yeasts, molds, and many common mushrooms. Their defining feature is the ascus, a sac-like structure containing ascospores. Examples include brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), penicillin mold (Penicillium chrysogenum), and morels (Morchella spp.).
4. **Basidiomycota (Club fungi):** Another large and diverse phylum, known for their fruiting bodies with basidia that produce basidiospores. Examples include mushrooms like button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus), chanterelles (Cantharellus cibarius), and various bracket fungi.
5. **Glomeromycota:** A recently established phylum characterized by their symbiotic relationship with plant roots. They play a crucial role in plant nutrient uptake and soil health.
**In addition to these phyla, the Deuteromycota (Fungi imperfecti) category exists:**
* **Deuteromycota:** This group used to be classified as a separate phylum, but most of its members have now been reclassified into other phyla based on genetic analysis. They lack a known sexual reproductive stage, but many are still important ecologically and commercially. Examples include bread mold (Neurospora crassa) and the antibiotic-producing Penicillium species.
Remember, this is just a brief overview, and there are many more intricacies to the classification of fungi. If you have any specific questions about a particular type of fungus or want to delve deeper into a specific phylum, I'd be happy to provide more information!
Bright field microscope .pptx
A **bright field microscope** is a type of compound light microscope that illuminates the background against a stained specimen ¹². It is commonly used in practical labs to study organisms' behavior and characteristics such as size, shape, and arrangement ². The microscope uses light rays to produce a dark image against a bright background ¹. It is specially designed with magnifying glasses known as lenses that modify the specimen to produce an image seen through the eyepiece ¹. The bright field microscope is made up of various parts, including the eyepiece, objective lenses, focusing knobs, and stage ¹.
I hope this helps!
Source: Conversation with Bing, 7/11/2023
(1) Brightfield Microscope (Compound Light Microscope)- Definition .... https://microbenotes.com/brightfield-microscope/.
(2) Bright Field Microscopy - Biology Reader. https://biologyreader.com/bright-field-microscopy.html.
(3) Bright-field microscopy - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright-field_microscopy.
(4) Bright Field Microscope: Definition, Parts, Working Principle, Application. https://microbiologynote.com/bright-field-microscope-definition-parts-working-principle-application/.
STEM ROT OF RICE.pdf
Cattaneo from Italy published the first description of stem rot or sclerotial disease in
1876. Since then, reports of it have come from a number of rice-growing nations, including
Japan, the United States, Ceylon, Burma, Vietnam, the Philippines, and China. In India it was
first observed in Bengal in 1911. Butler later documented the condition in full a year later, in
1918. Since then, the majority of states that farm rice have reported it. Damage varies
depending on the tract and possibly depending on the season. Stem rot of rice is caused by **Sclerotium oryzae**¹. It is one of a number of organisms that can damage rice leaf sheaths and/or stems. Others are listed in the “Rice field guide to pests, diseases and weeds”¹. The fungus infects the leaf sheath, leading to leaf death and rotting of the stem¹.
Source: Conversation with Bing, 15/9/2023
(1) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnaporthe_salvinii#:~:text=Magnaporthe%20salvinii%20%28%20teleomorph%29%2C%20also%20known%20as%20Sclerotium,small%2C%20black%2C%20irregular%20lesion%20on%20the%20leaf%20sheath.. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnaporthe_salvinii.
(2) AN OVERVIEW OF STEM ROT DISEASE OF RICE (Sclerotium oryzae Catt.) AND .... https://www.fortunejournals.com/ijabpt/pdf/96010-K%20Gopika.pdf.
(3) Induced tolerance against stem-rot disease of low-land ... - Springer. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42161-021-00948-5.
(4) Pathogenic and Molecular Variability in Sclerotium Oryzae Catt.. https://chesci.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/v10i39_8_cs122052031_367-371.pdf.
https://vikaspedia.in/agriculture/crop-production/package-of-practices/cereals-and-millets/paddy/rice
Sclerotium oryzae is a fungus that causes stem rot of rice. It is a major disease of rice in tropical and subtropical regions. The fungus can survive in soil for several years and can be spread by infected seeds, water, and farm implements.
The symptoms of stem rot of rice vary depending on the stage of growth of the plant. In young seedlings, the fungus can cause damping-off, which is the death of the seedlings at the soil level. In older plants, the fungus can cause the stems to rot and the leaves to wilt. The infected plants may also produce fewer grains.
To control stem rot of rice, a combination of cultural and chemical methods can be used. Cultural methods include:
* Planting resistant varieties of rice
* Avoiding waterlogging
* Rotating crops
* Burning crop residues
Chemical methods include:
* Applying fungicides to the soil before planting
* Treating the seeds with fungicides
* Applying fungicides to the plants during the growing season
If you suspect that your rice plants have stem rot, it is important to consult with a plant pathologist for diagnosis and treatment.
* The fungus is a white, cottony mass that can be found on the stems and leaves of infected plants.
* The fungus produces spores that can be spread by wind, water, and insect
QUARANTINE AND POST-ENTRY QUARANTINE.pptx
Post-entry plant quarantine (PEQ) is a measure used to prevent the introduction and spread of plant pests and diseases into a country or region. It involves the inspection, testing, and treatment of imported plants and plant products to ensure that they are free from pests and diseases.
PEQ is typically conducted at designated quarantine stations, which are facilities that are equipped to isolate and inspect imported plants. The length of time that plants are held in quarantine depends on the type of plant and the risk of pests or diseases.
PEQ can be an effective way to prevent the introduction of new pests and diseases into a country or region. However, it can also be a costly and time-consuming process.
Here are some of the benefits of post-entry plant quarantine:
* It can help to prevent the introduction of new pests and diseases into a country or region.
* It can help to protect existing plant industries from pests and diseases.
* It can help to maintain the health of the environment.
Here are some of the challenges of post-entry plant quarantine:
* It can be costly to implement and maintain.
* It can be time-consuming to inspect and test imported plants.
* It can be difficult to ensure that all imported plants are properly inspected and tested.
Despite the challenges, post-entry plant quarantine is an important tool in the fight against plant pests and diseases. It can help to protect plant industries, the environment, and human health.
Here are some examples of plant pests and diseases that can be prevented by post-entry plant quarantine:
* **Pests:** Insects, mites, nematodes, and other organisms that can damage plants.
* **Diseases:** Fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases that can infect plants.
* **Weeds:** Plants that can compete with crops and spread pests and diseases.
Post-entry plant quarantine is an important part of a comprehensive plant protection program. By combining PEQ with other measures, such as inspection at ports of entry, certification, and eradication, it is possible to reduce the risk of plant pests and diseases and protect plant industries and the environment. Post-entry plant quarantine refers to the measures and procedures implemented after plants, plant products, or plant materials have entered a new country or region. The purpose of post-entry plant quarantine is to prevent the establishment and spread of potentially harmful pests and diseases that might have been inadvertently introduced during international trade or travel
QUARANTINE AND POST-ENTRY QUARANTINE.pdf
Post-entry plant quarantine (PEQ) is a measure used to prevent the introduction and spread of plant pests and diseases into a country or region. It involves the inspection, testing, and treatment of imported plants and plant products to ensure that they are free from pests and diseases.
PEQ is typically conducted at designated quarantine stations, which are facilities that are equipped to isolate and inspect imported plants. The length of time that plants are held in quarantine depends on the type of plant and the risk of pests or diseases.
PEQ can be an effective way to prevent the introduction of new pests and diseases into a country or region. However, it can also be a costly and time-consuming process.
Here are some of the benefits of post-entry plant quarantine:
* It can help to prevent the introduction of new pests and diseases into a country or region.
* It can help to protect existing plant industries from pests and diseases.
* It can help to maintain the health of the environment.
Here are some of the challenges of post-entry plant quarantine:
* It can be costly to implement and maintain.
* It can be time-consuming to inspect and test imported plants.
* It can be difficult to ensure that all imported plants are properly inspected and tested.
Despite the challenges, post-entry plant quarantine is an important tool in the fight against plant pests and diseases. It can help to protect plant industries, the environment, and human health.
Here are some examples of plant pests and diseases that can be prevented by post-entry plant quarantine:
* **Pests:** Insects, mites, nematodes, and other organisms that can damage plants.
* **Diseases:** Fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases that can infect plants.
* **Weeds:** Plants that can compete with crops and spread pests and diseases.
Post-entry plant quarantine is an important part of a comprehensive plant protection program. By combining PEQ with other measures, such as inspection at ports of entry, certification, and eradication, it is possible to reduce the risk of plant pests and diseases and protect plant industries and the environment. Post-entry plant quarantine refers to the measures and procedures implemented after plants, plant products, or plant materials have entered a new country or region. The purpose of post-entry plant quarantine is to prevent the establishment and spread of potentially harmful pests and diseases that might have been inadvertently introduced during international trade or travel.
EXCLUSION OF PLANT DISEASES.pptx
Exclusion is one of the most important principles of plant disease management. It is the practice of preventing the introduction of pathogens into a region, farm, or planting. This can be done by a variety of methods, including:
* **Quarantine:** This is the practice of preventing the movement of plants, plant products, and other materials that may be infected with a pathogen from an area where the pathogen is present to an area where it is not present.
* **Inspection:** This is the process of checking plants and plant products for the presence of pathogens. Inspection can be done at ports of entry, on farms, and at other points along the transportation chain.
* **Certification:** This is the process of verifying that plants and plant products meet certain standards for freedom from pathogens. Certification is typically done by a government agency or a private organization.
* **Eradication:** This is the process of eliminating a pathogen from an area. Eradication is often used in conjunction with quarantine and inspection to prevent the spread of pathogens.
In addition to these methods, there are a number of other things that can be done to exclude pathogens from plant populations. These include:
* **Cleaning and disinfecting equipment:** Equipment that is used to handle plants, such as tools, machinery, and vehicles, can be a source of pathogens. Cleaning and disinfecting this equipment can help to prevent the spread of pathogens.
* **Using resistant cultivars:** Some cultivars of plants are resistant to certain pathogens. Planting these cultivars can help to reduce the risk of disease.
* **Good cultural practices:** Good cultural practices, such as crop rotation, sanitation, and weed control, can help to create an environment that is less favorable for the development of plant diseases.
Exclusion is an important part of an integrated approach to plant disease management. By using a combination of methods, it is possible to reduce the risk of plant diseases and protect crop yields.
Here are some additional examples of how exclusion can be used to manage plant diseases:
* **Growing plants in a greenhouse:** This can help to prevent the introduction of pathogens from the outside environment.
* **Using certified seed:** This ensures that the seed is free from pathogens.
* **Inspecting plants for pests and diseases before purchase:** This can help to prevent the introduction of pathogens into a new planting.
* **Quarantining new plants:** This can help to prevent the spread of pathogens from infected plants to healthy plants.
Exclusion is not always possible, but it is an important tool in the fight against plant diseases. By using exclusion methods, it is possible to reduce the risk of disease and protect crop yields.
Plant Nematology.pptx
Plant nematology is the study of nematodes, or roundworms, that are parasites of plants. These plant-parasitic nematodes can cause significant damage to crops, resulting in billions of dollars in losses worldwide ⁵. There is a lot of research being done to understand the interactions between parasitic nematodes and their plant hosts, and to develop new ways to control these pests ⁴. Is there anything specific you would like to know about plant nematology?
Source: Conversation with Bing, 13/7/2023
(1) (PDF) INTRODUCTORY-NEMOTOLOGY | ashish chaudhary - Academia.edu. https://www.academia.edu/34273375/INTRODUCTORY_NEMOTOLOGY.
(2) Plant Nematology Lab - University of Leeds. http://www.fbs.leeds.ac.uk/nem/.
(3) Plant Nematology: , 2nd Edition - Google Books. https://books.google.com/books/about/Plant_Nematology.html?id=LTv7AgAAQBAJ.
(4) Nematology - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematology.
(5) Plant Nematology | NHBS Academic & Professional Books. https://www.nhbs.com/plant-nematology-book.
Classification of Bacteria.pdf
Plant bacteriology is the study of bacteria that affect plants, including their taxonomy, ecology, pathogenesis, and management. Bacteria can cause diseases in plants, such as bacterial blight, canker, wilt, and rot, which can have a significant impact on agricultural productivity. Plant bacteriologists study the biology of plant-associated bacteria, including their life cycles, genetic diversity, and adaptation to different environments
Bacteria are classified based on several characteristics such as their shape, structure, biochemical properties, and genetic makeup. The classification system for bacteria is constantly evolving and changing as new discoveries are made.
Here is a brief overview of the bacterial classification system:
1. Domain: Bacteria belong to the domain Bacteria, which is one of the three domains of life, along with Archaea and Eukarya.
2. Phylum: Bacteria are further classified into different phyla based on their genetic makeup and cellular structure. Some common phyla include Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes.
3. Class: Each phylum is further divided into different classes based on specific characteristics. For example, the Proteobacteria phylum is divided into Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Epsilon classes.
4. Order: Each class is further divided into orders based on specific characteristics. For example, the Order Enterobacteriales is a group of Gram-negative bacteria that includes common pathogens like Escherichia coli and Salmonella.
5. Family: Each order is further divided into families based on similarities in genetic and biochemical properties. For example, Enterobacteriaceae is a family of Gram-negative bacteria that includes many human pathogens.
6. Genus: Each family is further divided into genera, which are groups of bacteria that share common characteristics. For example, the genus Escherichia includes several species of Gram-negative bacteria, including the well-known pathogen Escherichia coli.
7. Species: Each genus is further divided into species, which are groups of bacteria that share many similarities and can interbreed. For example, Escherichia coli is a species of bacteria that is commonly found in the human gut and can cause illness when it contaminates food or water.
It's worth noting that some bacteria are difficult to classify because they have unique characteristics or do not fit neatly into the existing classification system. Additionally, the advent of genetic sequencing has led to the discovery of many new bacterial species, which has expanded our understanding of the diversity of life on Earth.
The Anamorphic Fungi.pptx
Deuteromycotina is a polyphyletic group of fungi that reproduce asexually by the generation of conidia (asexual spores). Because these fungi lack a sexual reproductive cycle, they do not have a known sexual stage in their life cycle. The categorization of Deuteromycotina has been debated, as the lack of a documented sexual stage has made determining their evolutionary links with other fungal taxa problematic. With the introduction of molecular biology tools in recent years, several Deuteromycotina species have been reassigned into other fungal phyla based on genetic similarities. Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Trichoderma are examples of Deuteromycotina that are commonly used in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries for the synthesis of antibiotics and other chemicals. However, genetic analysis has led to the reclassification of many of these fungi into different phyla.
History of agriculture.pptx
The history of agriculture is the story of how humans transformed wild plants and animals into domesticated ones for their benefit. Agriculture began independently in different parts of the world, and involved a diverse range of species. The development of agriculture about 12,000 years ago changed the way humans lived, as they switched from nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyles to permanent settlements and farming
Some of the earliest crops that were domesticated include wheat, barley, peas, lentils, chickpeas, and flax in the Levant; rice, soybeans, and azuki beans in China; potatoes, tomatoes, peanuts, and coca in South America; sorghum, millet, yams, and cowpeas in Africa; and teff and coffee in Ethiopia1. Some of the earliest animals that were domesticated include pigs, sheep, cattle, and camels in Mesopotamia and Turkey; llamas, alpacas, and guinea pigs in South America; and sanga cattle in North-East Africa
Agriculture has evolved over time with the development of new technologies, techniques, and practices. Some of the major milestones in agricultural history include the British agricultural revolution in the 18th century, which introduced crop rotation, selective breeding, and mechanization; the Green Revolution in the 20th century, which increased crop yields through the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, and high-yielding varieties; and the biotechnology revolution in the 21st century, which introduced genetically modified crops, precision agriculture, and vertical farming
The history of agriculture in India dates back to the Neolithic age, some 9000 years ago, when early cultivation of plants and domestication of crops and animals began in the north-western part of the subcontinent. Wheat, barley, and jujube were some of the first crops that were grown by the ancient farmers
Over time, Indian agriculture diversified and expanded to include rice, millets, pulses, cotton, sugarcane, spices, fruits, vegetables, and livestock. Indian agriculture also developed various techniques and practices such as irrigation, crop rotation, fertilization, pest control, seed selection, and storage. Indian agriculture was influenced by various factors such as geography, climate, culture, religion, trade, and politics13.
Indian agriculture underwent significant changes after independence in 1947. The government introduced various reforms and policies to improve agricultural productivity, such as land reforms, cooperative movements, agricultural research and extension, subsidies, credit facilities, minimum support prices, public distribution system, green revolution, white revolution, blue revolution, and biotechnology revolution. These initiatives helped India achieve food security, self-sufficiency, and export surplus in many agricultural commoditie
PLANT VIRUS REPLICATION.pptx
plant virus replication, attachment, penetration, uncoating, transcription, translation, genome replication, assembly, release of virion, mRNA, tRNA, ribosome, RNA polymerase, three base code words, protein synthesis DNA dependent RNA polymerase, host cell machinery mRNA to protein
PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and Extraction of DNA from fungal plant patho...
PCR, Polymerase chain reaction, types of PCR, Template DNA, DNA polymerase, Primers, Nucleotides (DNTPs or deoxynucleotide triphosphates ), Denaturation, Annealing, Extension, Types of PCR, Multiplex PCR.
Long-range PCR.
Single-cell PCR.
Fast-cycling PCR.
Methylation-specific PCR (MSP)
Hot start PCR
High-fidelity PCR.
RAPD: Rapid amplified polymorphic DNA analysis.
Detection of fungal plant pathogen using PCR, Extraction of DNA from plant tissues,PCR amplification and detection of diagnostic amplicon
Plant Virus replication.pptx
Virus replication requires several components including polymerases, transcription, mRNA, tRNA, translation, and ribosomes. Viruses enter plant cells through wounds or vectors and shed their capsids. For single-stranded RNA viruses, the naked RNA induces the cell to form a viral RNA polymerase that copies the viral RNA into complementary RNA. This cRNA then serves as a template to produce more viral RNA and mRNA for protein subunit production using the host's amino acids, tRNA, and ribosomes. The assembled nucleic acids and proteins then form new virus particles (virions) that exit the cell.
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PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and Extraction of DNA from fungal plant patho...
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Recently uploaded
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptx
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
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The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Bordettela is a gram negative cocobacilli spread by air born drop let
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) algorithm,
Plasma expansion in the dipole magnetic field.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
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What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
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bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
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3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
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PRINCIPLES OF PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT.pptx
- 2. Disease management requires a details understanding of all aspects of crop production, economics, environmental, cultural, genetics and epidemiological information upon which the management decisions are made.
- 3. There are six basic concepts lying under plant disease management Avoidance Exclusion Eradication Protection Resistance Therapy
- 4. The occurrence of disease can be avoided by planting / sowing the crops where the inoculum remains ineffective / inactive due to geographical location and environmental condition a) Choice of geographical area b) Selection of field c) Adjustment of time of sowing d) Use of disease escaping varieties e) Use of pathogen free seed and plant material f) Modification of cultural practices
- 5. Example: Successful cultivation of crop depends to a great extent on the selection of proper field especially in soil borne disease root knot nematode wilt of pigeon pea etc.
- 6. ● It can be achieved by preventing the spread of inoculum from entering or establishing the area where it does not exist. Legislative measures like quarantine regulation area needed to be strictly applied to prevent spread of diseases ( Quarantine inspection & certification seed treatment ) a) Treatment of seed and plant material b) Inspection and certification c) Quarantine regulation d) Eradication of insect vector
- 7. Example: outbreak of citrus canker in USA in 1910 through planting material imported from southeast Asian countries Strict quarantine was imposed against entry of citrus planting material In India interstate quarantine is in place for the movement of potato from Darjeeling area of west Bengal to prevent the spread of potato wart which is restricted to the area only
- 8. ● It include inactivating eliminating or destroying inoculum at the source either from a region or from an individual pant ( roughing ) in which it is already established a) Biological control b) Eradication of alternate and collateral hosts c) Cultural methods Crop rotation Sanitation of field by destroying/ burning crop debris Removal and destruction of diseased plants or plant parts Roughing Heat and chemical treatment of diseased plants Soil treatment by use of chemical heat energy flooding and following Example: Spraying or dusting with sulphur to kill the mildew
- 9. ● Host plant can be protected by creating a toxic barrier on the host surface application of chemical Example: Sulphur is used as a protectant fungicide to control powdery of sugar beet
- 10. ● Preventing infection or reducing the severity of the pathogen by using host resistance which is developed by genetic manipulation or by chemotherapy Use of resistance varieties development of resistance in host is done by 1) Selection and hybridization for disease resistance 2) Chemotherapy 3) Host nutrition 4) Genetic engineering tissue culture Examples : use of micro organism and chemical to induce systemic acquired resistance and activation of plant defense system could also be used for the management of plant disease
- 11. ● Reduce severity of a defense in an infected individual it is used individual plants and can not be used on large scale Example: Loose smut of wheat is controlled by treating the seeds with hot water but growing resistant varieties is a simple method of control Hot water treatment has been used to kill nematode