This document provides guidance on various aspects of writing fundamentals such as choosing a topic, conducting research, organizing information, writing an outline, and using proper punctuation and citations. Some key points include:
- When choosing a topic, it is important to narrow it down to something specific rather than too broad.
- For research, you need at least three credible sources to avoid copying information and to extract only relevant facts to your topic.
- An outline organizes your information and helps develop the thesis statement and topic sentences.
- The introduction provides context and the thesis, while body paragraphs have a topic sentence supporting the thesis.
- The conclusion restates the thesis and summarizes what was discussed
English language learners: This is an eleven-slide presentation with additional information and examples to help you revisit information on punctuation, so you can apply the skill in your personal, academic, and professional life (RZP - March 2020).
English language learners: This is an eleven-slide presentation with additional information and examples to help you revisit information on punctuation, so you can apply the skill in your personal, academic, and professional life (RZP - March 2020).
John Q. StudentProfessor StalbirdEnglish 1201.xxx27 February.docxvrickens
John Q. Student
Professor Stalbird
English 1201.xxx
27 February 2020
Annotated Bibliography
Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Name of Article in Quotation Marks.” Name of Source/Publication in Italics. Publication Date/Info. Name of Database in Italics. Url. Date Accessed.
This article discusses (give the thesis of the article). In the next 2-4 sentences, give the main points of the article. Tell what the article said.
The purpose of this article is ______. The intended audience seems to be _______. Address the credibility of the source and the author. For example, for a database article you could write: The source came from the Sinclair database and the article came from a scholarly peer-reviewed journal. The author seems credible because she has written many other articles on the subject. The article was written in 2020.
I can use this source for ______. I plan to use the following quote: “______.”
Next Citation. Note there are no extra lines of white space anywhere. Double-space throughout.
Writing the Annotated Bibliography
From the Working Bibliography that you created, you will choose 10 sources that best answer the questions you posed in your Research Proposal. Those sources will form the basis for the Annotated Bibliography. You will need a minimum of five sources from Sinclair databases and at least three of those sources should be "scholarly."
Briefly, the annotated bibliography includes notes and analysis on sources that will be quoted and paraphrased in the final essay. You have already had practice with the skills that are required, but the assignments do require that you set aside several hours for reading and analysis.
If you've taken ENG 1101 at Sinclair recently, you may have already had some experience with the annotated bibliography.
Annotated Bibliography
To begin to put the Annotated Bibliography together, review the sources you listed on your Working Bibliography. Choose 10 that look like they come the closest to answering the research questions you posted in your Research Proposal. If, after reading and researching further into your topic, you realize that you do NOT have 10 that address the issue you are writing about, go back to the library databases and find more sources. Keep searching until you have ten.
Choosing the 10 sources for the Annotated Bibliography is important because you are going to spend considerable time reading, summarizing, and critiquing these sources. Make sure you take as much time as necessary to read and choose sources that answer the questions you posed in your research proposal. The work that you do for the annotated bibliography will form the basis for your research paper. The time you put into this assignment will pay off when you go to write the paper because what you create for the annotated bibliography will go directly into your paper to support the ideas that you are sharing with your readers. This assignment is one of the most important steps in writing the paper. ...
How to Analyze an Artwork How to write a formal analysis of a wo.docxwellesleyterresa
How to Analyze an Artwork
How to write a formal analysis of a work of art is a fundamental skill learned in an art appreciation-level class. You may not need to apply everything below, depending on the selected artwork you will be analyzing, Use this sheet as a guide when writing a formal analysis paper.
Part I – General Information
Provide the artist's name, title of the artwork and page number. If the image was on a PowerPoint, provide the chapter number and slide number. Example: Edward Hopper, "Nighthawks", page 180.
Part II – Brief Description
In a few sentences describe the work. What does it look like? Is it a representation of something? Tell what is shown. Is it an abstraction of something? Tell what the subject is and what aspects are emphasized. Is it a non-objective work?. This section is primarily a few sentences to give the reader a sense of what the work looks like.
Part III – Form
This is the key part of your paper. It should be the longest section of the paper. Be sure and think about whether the work of art selected is a two-dimensional or three-dimensional work. Tell what elements are dominant.
Art Elements
1. Line (straight, curved, angular, flowing, horizontal, vertical, diagonal, contour, thick, thin, implied etc.)
2. Shape (what shapes are created and how)
3. Light and Value (source, flat, strong, contrasting, even, values, emphasis, shadows)
4. Color (primary, secondary, mixed, complimentary, warm, cool, decorative, values)
5. Texture and Pattern (real, implied, repeating)
6. Space (depth, overlapping, kinds of perspective)
7. Time and Motion
Principles of Design
1. Unity and Variety
2. Balance (symmetry, asymmetry)
3. Emphasis and Subordination
4. Scale and Proportion (weight, how objects or figures relate to each other and the setting)
5. Mass/Volume (three-dimensional art)
6. Rhythm
7. Function/Setting (architecture)
8. Interior/Exterior Relationship (architecture)
Part IV – Opinions and Conclusions
This is the part of the paper where you go beyond description and offer a conclusion and your own informed opinion about the work. Any statements you make about the work should be based on the analysis in Part III above.
1. In this section, discuss how and why the key elements and principles of art used by the artist create meaning.
2. Support your discussion of content with facts about the work.
Running head: Blended families 1
Blended families 2Blended Family Counseling
Azurdee Brown
Liberty University
Abstract
An abstract is a 1-paragraph summary of the paper that includes 150– 250 words. Do not indent the first sentence of an abstract. Do not include citations in abstracts. Double-space and the word “Abstract” should be centered at the top of the page. The abstract may and likely will change when you write the final paper.
1. Submit a rough draft of an abstract for the final paper.
2. Submit a tentative outline for your paper beneath the abstract.
Required components:
• Concise summary of the paper
• Co ...
How To Write A Good Research PaperResearch paper presents meagantobias
How To Write A Good Research Paper
Research paper presents and argues a thesis
,
the writer's proposition or opinion.
It is an analytical or persuasive essay that evaluates a position. As such, a
research paper tries to convince readers that the writer's argument is valid or at least deserves serious consideration
.
As a result,
a research paper requires the writer to be creative in using facts, details, examples, and opinions to support a point
.
The writer has to be original and inventive
in deciding which facts best support the thesis and which ones are superfluous.
When you write a research paper, you have to read what authorities have written about the topic and then write an essay in which you draw your own conclusions about the topic
.
Since your thesis is fresh and original,
you can't merely summarize what someone else has written
. Instead,
you have to synthesize information from many different sources to create something that is your own
.
A term paper
, in contrast, is a collection of facts. It does not argue a point;
it does not try to persuade readers to think or act a certain way. Since a term paper is a summary of information from one or more sources, you are merely reporting what others have said. This is not to say that a term paper doesn't have many valid uses. For example, it is very helpful for people who need a great deal of data in a condensed, easy to read form. Government workers are often asked to prepare term papers with information on weather, transportation, economics, and so forth.
What Are the Qualities of a Good Research Paper?
No matter what its topic or length, an effective research paper meets the following ten criteria
:
1. The paper has a
clear thesis
.
2. The writer shows a
strong understanding of the topic and source material used.
3. There is
evidence
that the writer has read widely on the topic, including the recognized authorities in the field.
4.
The paper acknowledges the opposition but shows why the point being argued is more valid
.
5. The
points are organized in a clear and logical way
.
6.
Each point is supported by solid, persuasive facts and examples
.
7.
Every outside source is carefully documented.
8.
All supporting material can be verified.
9. The paper follows the standard conventions of the genre, including the use of correct documentation and a
Works Cited page
.
10. The paper uses
standard written English
. This is the level of diction and usage expected of educated people in high schools, colleges, universities, and work setting.
APA (American Psychological Assoc.)
Rozakis, L. (1999). Schaum's Quick Guide to Writing Great Research Papers. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional.
MLA (Modern Language Assoc.)
Rozakis, Laurie. Schaum's Quick Guide to Writing Great Research Papers. McGraw-Hill Professional, 1999. Schaum's Quick Guide Series. EBSCOhost.
Content
Organize your paper into sections with headings. For a term paper the ...
Florida National UniversityHAS 3111 Introduction to Health ServiShainaBoling829
Florida National University
HAS 3111 Introduction to Health Service Administration
Assignment 1
Read Carefully the Power Point Presentations and answer the following questions
Chapter 1:
1. Summary the Development of Health Care from 1850-Present
2. Name the Three Perspectives on the American Health Care System
3. Name the five individual sub-systems in the U.S. health care system
4. Explain the Employment-related system
5. Explain the Poor and uninsured system
6. Explain the Veterans Administration system
7. Explain the Worker’s compensation system
8. Explain the Active duty military system
9. Explain the Management Strategy Perspective
10. Explain the Clinical Perspective
Chapter 2: Technology in the United States Health Care System
1. Classify the Healthcare Technology by Industrial Group
2. Name the three Stages in Development of Medical Technologies
3. Explain the role of the Food and Drug Administration
4. Explain the Preclinical Testing
5. Explain Phase I through IV and their purpose
6. Drug Development Process
7. Explain briefly the request for Technology Assessment
8. Name the differential Impacts of Technology on Health Care
9. Explain the Impact on Individual Patients and Insurance Beneficiaries
10. Explain the Societal and Governmental Policy Impact
Lamar University
Department of History
US History II: 1302
Writing Assignment # 2
Due: Friday September 3rd, by 11:59 PM CST
Overview:
This Writing Assignment is broken down into two parts. Writing Assignment #1, which is due Friday August 27th and Writing Assignment #2, which is due Friday, September 3rd by 11:59 PM CST
The assignment now because requires some research into “strong sources.” Those sources that support your response will require footnotes and a bibliography to present you evidence, in CHICAGO MANUAL STYLE
The first part will not require it, but part two should have an attempt at citing your sources using Chicago Manual style. The video “HOW TO: Cite in Chicago Manual Style” will demonstrate is and model the method of citing your references. It would be the first time trying to cite in any style for many of you, so that tutorial will be a good starting point for the beginners and a refresher for others. Also, you may use the web-site Purdue OwlNet
to assist you in figuring out how to cite various sources that I do not cover in the video tutorial.
You may earn full credit for answering the questions and attempting Chicago Manual Style for Writing Assignment #2.
Also, when saving your MS Word document in order to attach and submit the assignment, label/save each document in the following order:
Each response should have a cover page, and the rest be no more than two or perhaps three pages of content. Writing Assignment #2 will require the use of at least three “strong sources.” Include footnotes and a Bibliography as the third and final page.
Finally, do not forget to place [1302.49F Smith, John, Writing Assignment #2] in the subject line of your e- ...
Writing the Rough DraftThe purpose of this assignment is three-f.docxambersalomon88660
Writing the Rough Draft
The purpose of this assignment is three-fold.
1. First, almost every piece of writing that you complete at the college level will involve arguing for a specific viewpoint. Even essays that simply are informative are trying to convince the reader of the validity of the information. This essay will allow you to demonstrate that you understand how to compose an effective piece of persuasive writing.
2. Second, you will be required to write many research papers as you complete your academic career. This essay allows you to demonstrate that you understand how to effectively cite the information you gather from completing the research assignments that led up to writing this essay.
3. Finally, this essay gives you the chance to discuss something you feel is important, either for your own information or for the general population, and you get a guaranteed audience.
General Guidelines for Writing the Essay & Tips for Putting it Together
· Write a 6-8 page essay that discusses your research topic. Begin with a catchy first sentence and interesting first paragraph that explains why you chose this topic and why someone should read about this topic. If you wrote a good story for your Research Proposal, that story can become the introduction for your research essay.
· The first paragraph or two should discuss the issue, problem, or topic that you researched. It should provide any background information that is necessary for the reader to understand the essay, and it should define any unfamiliar terms. Once you introduce the topic and provide background information, then you should state your thesis and the main reasons for your thesis. You will continually refer back to the thesis statement throughout the paper, AND everything in the paper will be connected to the thesis statement. This will help you keep your focus and go deep rather than broad into the information you gathered.
· After you have introduced your topic and stated the thesis, explain your first sub-claim (a sub-claim is a claim that supports the main idea or thesis). Remember this is an essay so you should have one main point that you are trying to communicate. You may have found out many, many things that you cannot include. What is the most important information? What's the best way to get that across to your readers?
· Each paragraph is also like a mini-essay. Each paragraph will have one main point or idea that you are developing. Then you will explain the main idea and give examples.
· Use transitions between paragraphs and ideas so that the essay flows.
· Be sure to introduce your quotes and paraphrased ideas. You might want to review the lesson from the Summary folder that discusses paraphrasing, summarizing, and quoting. Do NOT just drop a quote into your paper without an introduction and discussion.
· Be sure to use ethos, pathos, and logos to strengthen your argument and appeal to your audience. Follow this link for a discussion of the rhetorical appeals an.
1. 1
Fundamentals of writing
Deyanira Mora
Topic:
When choosing a topic for writing, make sure to narrow it down so that you
have something specific. If you write about the general aspects of the topic,
the information will not be relevant. This means that you cannot use a topic
like education because it is very broad. In this case, begin narrowing it down
as follows.
1. Education in Costa Rica
2. Private education
3. English in private schools
4. Methodology of English teaching in private schools.
5. Most common methodology of English teaching in private schools.
Once you have a topic like this, it will be easier to look for information
because you can read the sources you find and pick out only what is related
to your topic.
Research: Whatever the topic, you need at least three sources. Otherwise
you will be copying your source with other words. This is why it is important
to have a narrow topic, so you will be able to extract only relevant
information from each source. What works for me is to copy all the
information I find to a document and then delete what I don´t need. What I
am left with are facts, so I can start creating my own version. Remember to
copy the source next to each fragment of information, that way you will not
get confused when inserting the in-text citations.
Organization: An informal outline is always a good idea in order to organize
your information, write your thesis statement and choose a topic for each
paragraph.
2. 2
• If you are specific in your writing, your communication will be more
clear and powerful.
• Use details, examples, and precise language.
Introductory paragraph: It will provide general information about the topic,
and it will end with the thesis statement. The thesis is the main point that
youmake in the essay. It is the statement or proposal of the idea you will
develop and it is not necessary to mention each one of the topics within this
thesis statement; however, you need to mention in a general way what
aspects are going to be developed.
Each body paragraph will have a topic sentence, which will be the first or
second.
• What is a topic sentence?
– The key point that you make in the paragraph.
• This is the minimum required for a simple and complete sentence with
no errors:
1. Subject
2. Verb
3. Complete thought
In the conclusion, restate the thesis statement but do not repeat it. Also,
provide a summary of what has been developed, as well as final thoughts
(not new facts).
Avoid:
• Using the second person point of view (p.o.v.) “you”
• These phrases: I believe…, I think…, In my opinion…, I personally…, I
myself personally believe that…
3. 3
• Writing like you speak
• Words such as: thing, a lot, basically, nice, just, something, would, like
• Contractions: Use cannot (not can’t), I am (not I’m), I will (not I’ll), it is
(not it’s)
• Directly addressing the reader
Ex: You are going to learn about how (or I am going to tell you about how)
after our family trip to Oregon, I realized how dysfunctional my family
really is.
Correction:After our family trip to Oregon, I realized how dysfunctional my
family really is.
• Announcing your purpose and plan
Ex: In this essay, I am going to discuss how MTV has had an enormous
impact on the spending habits of young people.
Correction: MTV has had an enormous impact on the spending habits of
young people.
• Abbreviations, and symbols: do not use & or L.A
• Repeating words, especially at the beginning of sentences (use a
thesaurus or change the sentence around)
Using the APA:
When you use others' ideas in your paper, you should credit them with an in-
text citation. APA Style uses a kind of parenthetical referencing called the
author–date system.
As the name author–date system implies, APA Style in-text citations include
the author and date,both inside parentheses or with the author names in
running text and the date in parentheses. Here are two examples:
4. 4
1. -After the intervention, children increased in the number of books read
per week (Smith &Wexwood, 2010).
2. -Smith and Wexwood (2010) reported that after the intervention,
children increased in the number of books read per week.
-The "and" in Smith and Wexwood is written as an ampersand (&) inside
parentheses and as the word and outside of parentheses, as shown in the
examples above.
For direct quotations, use apostrophes and include the page number:
1. According to Palladino and Wade (2010), “a flexible mind is a healthy
mind” (p. 147).
2. In 2010, Palladino and Wade noted that “a flexible mind is a healthy
mind” (p. 147).
3. In fact, “a flexible mind is a healthy mind” (Palladino& Wade, 2010, p.
147).
4. “A flexible mind is a healthy mind,” according to Palladino and Wade’s
(2010, p. 147) Palladino and Wade’s (2010) results indicate that “a
flexible mind is a healthy mind”(p. 147).
Parenthetical references:
What information do
Solution Position A Position B
you have?
I have both author and
n/a Authorsurname year
date
Substitute the Title of Book or
Authorismissing title for the "Title of year
author name Article"
5. 5
Use "n.d." for
Date ismissing Authorsurname n.d.
"no date"
Combine
Title of Book or
Author and date are solutions for
"Title of n.d.
both missing author and date
Article"
being missing
The Reference List goes at the end of the paper under this title and it
alphabetically organized according to the first position.
The APA Publication Manual (6th ed.) says,
"Each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list,
and each entry in the reference list must be cited in text" (p. 174).
Reference sample for books
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.
Reid, J.M. (2000). The Process of Composition (3rd Ed.). White Plains, NY:
Prentice Hall Regents
Prator C. &Robinett, B. (1985).Manual of American English Pronunciation
(4th ed.). Orlando FL: Harcourt Brace& Company
Reference Sample for newspapers
6. 6
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status.
The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.
Brody, J. E. (2007, December 11). Mental reserves keep brain agile.
The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
For articles found in the Internet
Provide the following four pieces of information:
Author, A. (date). Title of document [Format].
Retrieved from http://xxxxxxxxx
The in-text citation includes the author and date
(Author, date), as with any other
Article in the Internet with no author
The title moves to the first position of the reference entry:
New child vaccine gets funding boost. (2001).
Retrieved March 21, 2001, from http://news.ninemsn.com.au/health/
Cite in- text the first few words of the reference list entry
(usually the title) and the year. Use double quotation marks
around the title or abbreviated title.:
(“New Child Vaccine”, 2001)
8. 8
Use the tab References in Word to create in-text references and Reference
List.Choose the language on the right-hand corner.
9. 9
Cover Page sample
Running Head: SEXUAL EDUCATION PROGRAM 1
Disadvantages of MEP’s Sexual Education Program
María Fernanda González
Universidad Latina de Costa Rica
Running Head / lower case letter
ITLE / Capital letters (use a shorter version if it is too long)
Page # 1
The rest of the pages will have only the TITLE in capital letters
10. 10
Running Head and Page Number
1. Se abre pestaña de Insertar.
2. Se escoge Encabezado.
3. Se escoge la primera opción para poner el encabezado a la izquierda.
4. Se marca Primera página diferente.
5. Se pone el encabezado: Running Head: TITULO EN MAYÚSCULA
6. Vamos a tener abierta una pestaña que se llama: Herramientas de
encabezado y pie de página
7. Debajo de Encabezado desde arriba y Pie de página desde abajo,
vamos a encontrar Tabulación de Alineación y escogemos posición
Derecha. Si no encuentran esta opción, simplemente lleven el Tab
hasta la derecha.
8. Una vez que el cursor esté en posición, escogemos Elementos Rápidos
/ Campo / Page / Formato 1,2,3 y Aceptar.
9. Esa va a ser la portada, luego hay que ir a la segunda página y solo
poner el TITULO EN MAYUSCULA y volver a escoger el campo de Page
etc.
11. 11
Punctuation:
Periods
Rule 1
Use a period at the end of a complete sentence that is a statement.
Example:
I know that you would never break my trust intentionally.
Rule 2
If the last word in the sentence ends in a period, do not follow it with another period.
Examples:
I know that M.D. She is my sister-in-law.
Please shop, cook, etc. I will do the laundry.
Rule 3
Use the period after an indirect question.
Example:
He asked where his suitcase was.
Commas
Rule 1
To avoid confusion, use commas to separate words and word groups with a series of three
or more.
Example:
My $10millionestate is to be split among my husband, daughter, son, and nephew.
12. 12
Omitting the comma after son would indicate that the son and nephew would have to split
one-third of the estate.
Rule 2
Use a comma to separate two adjectives when the word and can be inserted between them.
Examples:
He is a strong, healthy man.
We stayed at an expensive summer resort. You would not say expensive and summer
resort, so no comma.
Rule 3
Use a comma when an -ly adjective is used with other adjectives.
NOTE: To test whether an -ly word is an adjective, see if it can be used alone with the
noun. If it can, use the comma.
Examples:
Felix was a lonely, young boy.
I get headaches in brightly lit rooms.Brightly is not an adjective because it cannot be used
alone with rooms; therefore, no comma is used between brightly and lit.
Rule 4
Use commas before or surrounding the name or title of a person directly addressed.
Examples:
Will you, Aisha, do that assignment for me?
Yes, Doctor, I will.
NOTE: Capitalize a title when directly addressing someone.
Rule 5a
Use a comma to separate the day of the month from the year and after the year.
Example:
Kathleen met her husband on December 5, 2003, in Mill Valley, California.
Rule 5b
If any part of the date is omitted, leave out the comma.
13. 13
Example:
They met in December 2003 in Mill Valley.
Rule 6
Use a comma to separate the city from the state and after the state in a document. If you use
the two-letter capitalized form of a state in a document, you do not need a comma after the
state.
NOTE: With addresses on envelopes mailed via the post office, do not use any
punctuation.
Examples:
I lived in San Francisco, California, for 20 years.
I lived in San Francisco, CA for 20 years.
Rule 7
Use commas to surround degrees or titles used with names. Commas are no longer required
around Jr. and Sr. Commas never set off II, III, and so forth.
Example:
Al Mooney, M.D., knew Sam Sunny Jr. and Charles Starr III.
Rule 8
Use commas to set off expressions that interrupt sentence flow.
Example:
I am, as you have probably noticed, very nervous about this.
Rule 9
When starting a sentence with a weak clause, use a comma after it. Conversely, do not use a
comma when the sentence starts with a strong clause followed by a weak clause.
Examples:
If you are not sure about this, let me know now.
Let me know now if you are not sure about this.
Rule 10
Use a comma after phrases of more than three words that begin a sentence. If the phrase has
fewer than three words, the comma is optional.
14. 14
Examples:
To apply for this job, you must have previous experience.
On February 14 many couples give each other candy or flowers.
OR
On February 14, many couples give each other candy or flowers.
Rule 11
If something or someone is sufficiently identified, the description following it is considered
nonessential and should be surrounded by commas.
Examples:
Freddy, who has a limp, was in an auto accident.Freddy is named, so the description is not
essential.
The boy who has a limp was in an auto accident. We do not know which boy is being
referred to without further description; therefore, no commas are used.
Rule 12
Use a comma to separate two strong clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction--and, or,
but, for, nor. You can omit the comma if the clauses are both short.
Examples:
I have painted the entire house, but he is still working on sanding the doors.I paint and he
writes.
Rule 13
Use the comma to separate two sentences if it will help avoid confusion.
Examples:
I chose the colors red and green, and blue was his first choice.
Rule 14
A comma splice is an error caused by joining two strong clauses with only a comma
instead of separating the clauses with a conjunction, a semicolon, or a period. A run-on
sentence, which is incorrect, is created by joining two strong clauses without any
punctuation.
Incorrect:
Time flies when we are having fun, we are always having fun. (Comma splice)
Time flies when we are having fun we are always having fun. (Run-on sentence)
Correct:
Time flies when we are having fun; we are always having fun.
15. 15
OR
Time flies when we are having fun, and we are always having fun. (Comma is optional
because both strong clauses are short.)
OR
Time flies when we are having fun. We are always having fun.
Rule 15
If the subject does not appear in front of the second verb, do not use a comma.
Example:
Hethought quickly but still did not answer correctly.
Rule 16
Use commas to introduce or interrupt direct quotations shorter than three lines.
Examples:
He actually said, "I do not care."
"Why," I asked, "do you always forget to do it?"
Rule 17
Use a comma to separate a statement from a question.
Example:
I can go, can't I?
Rule 18
Use a comma to separate contrasting parts of a sentence.
Example:
That is my money, not yours.
Rule 19
Use a comma when beginning sentences with introductory words such as well, now, or yes.
Examples:
Yes, I do need that report.
Well, I never thought I'd live to see the day…
Rule 20
16. 16
Use commas surrounding words such as therefore and however when they are used as
interrupters.
Examples:
I would, therefore, like a response.
I would be happy, however, to volunteer for the Red Cross.
Rule 21
Use either a comma or a semicolon before introductory words such as namely, that is, i.e.,
for example, e.g., or for instance when they are followed by a series of items. Use a comma
after the introductory word.
Examples:
You may be required to bring many items, e.g., sleeping bags, pans, and warm clothing.
OR
You may be required to bring many items; e.g., sleeping bags, pans, and warm clothing.
NOTE:i.e. means that is; e.g. means for example
Question Marks
Rule 1
Use a question mark only after a direct question.
Examples:
Will you go with me?
I asked if he would go with me.
Rule 2
Use a question mark when a sentence is half statement and half question.
Example:
You do care, don't you?
17. 17
Colons
Rule 1
Use the colon after a complete sentence to introduce a list of items when introductory
words such as namely, for example, or that is do not appear.
Examples:
You may be required to bring many items: sleeping bags, pans, and warm clothing.
I want the following items: butter, sugar, and flour.
I want an assistant who can do the following: (1) input data, (2) write reports, and (3)
complete tax forms.
Rule 2
A colon should not precede a list unless it follows a complete sentence; however, the colon
is a style choice that some publications allow.
Examples:
If a waitress wants to make a good impression on her customers and boss, she should (a)
dress appropriately, (b) calculate the bill carefully, and (c) be courteous to customers.
There are three ways a waitress can make a good impression on her boss and her
customers:
(a) Dress appropriately.
(b) Calculate the bill carefully.
(c) Be courteous to customers.
I want an assistant who can (1) input data, (2) write reports, and (3) complete tax forms.
Rule 3
Capitalization and punctuation are optional when using single words or phrases in bulleted
form. If each bullet or numbered point is a complete sentence, capitalize the first word and
end each sentence with proper ending punctuation. The rule of thumb is to be consistent.
Examples:
I want an assistant who can do the following:
(a) input data,
(b) write reports, and
(c) complete tax forms.
The following are requested:
(a) Wool sweaters for possible cold weather.
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(b) Wet suits for snorkeling.
(c) Introductions to the local dignitaries.
OR
The following are requested:
(a) wool sweaters for possible cold weather
(b) wet suits for snorkeling
(c) introductions to the local dignitaries
NOTE: With lists, you may use periods after numbers and letters instead of parentheses.
These are some of the pool rules:
1. Do not run.
2. If you see unsafe behavior, report it to the lifeguard.
3. Have fun!
Rule 4
Use a colon instead of a semicolon between two sentences when the second sentence
explains or illustrates the first sentence and no coordinating conjunction is being used to
connect the sentences. If only one sentence follows the colon, do not capitalize the first
word of the new sentence. If two or more sentences follow the colon, capitalize the first
word of each sentence following.
Examples:
I enjoy reading: novels by Kurt Vonnegut are among my favorites.
Garlic is used in Italian cooking: It greatly enhances the flavor of pasta dishes. It also
enhances the flavor of eggplant.
Rule 5
Use the colon to introduce a direct quotation that is more than three lines in length. In this
situation, leave a blank line above and below the quoted material. Single space the long
quotation. Some style manuals say to indent one-half inch on both the left and right
margins; others say to indent only on the left margin. Quotation marks are not used.
Example:
The author of Touched, Jane Straus, wrote in the first chapter:
Georgia went back to her bed and stared at the intricate patterns of burned moth
wings in the translucent glass of the overhead light. Her father was in ―hyper mode‖ again
where nothing could calm him down.
He’d been talking nonstop for a week about remodeling projects, following her
around the house as she tried to escape his chatter. He was just about to crash, she knew.
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Rule 6
Use the colon to follow the salutation of a business letter even when addressing someone
by his/her first name. Never use a semicolon after a salutation. A comma is used after the
salutation for personal correspondence.
Example:
Dear Ms. Rodriguez:
Semicolons
Rule 1
Use a semicolon in place of a period to separate two sentences where the conjunction has
been left out.
Examples:
Call me tomorrow; I will give you my answer then.
I have paid my dues; therefore, I expect all the privileges listed in the contract.
Rule 2
It is preferable to use a semicolon before introductory words such as namely, however,
therefore, that is, i.e., for example, e.g., or for instance when they introduce a complete
sentence. It is also preferable to use a comma after the introductory word.
Examples:
You will want to bring many backpacking items; for example, sleeping bags, pans, and
warm clothing will make the trip better.
As we discussed, you will bring two items; i.e., a sleeping bag and a tent are not optional.
Rule 3
Use either a semicolon or a comma before introductory words such as namely, however,
therefore, that is, i.e., for example, e.g., or for instance when they introduce a list following
a complete sentence. Use a comma after the introductory word.
20. 20
Examples:
You will want to bring many backpacking items; for example, sleeping bags, pans, and
warm clothing.
You will want to bring many backpacking items, for example, sleeping bags, pans, and
warm clothing.
Rule 4
Use the semicolon to separate units of a series when one or more of the units contain
commas.
Example:
This conference has people who have come from Boise, Idaho; Los Angeles, California;
and Nashville, Tennessee.
Rule 5
Use the semicolon between two sentences joined by a coordinating conjunction when one
or more commas appear in the first sentence.
Examples:
When I finish here, I will be glad to help you; and that is a promise I will keep.
If she can, she will attempt that feat; and if her husband is able, he will be there to see her.
Apostrophes
Rule 1
Use the apostrophe with contractions. The apostrophe is always placed at the spot where
the letter(s) has been removed.
Examples:
don't, isn't
You're right.
She's a great teacher.
Rule 2
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Use the apostrophe to show possession. Place the apostrophe before the s to show singular
possession.
Examples:
one boy's hat
one woman's hat
one actress's hat
one child's hat
Ms. Chang's house
NOTE: Although names ending in s or an s sound are not required to have the second s
added in possessive form, it is preferred.
Examples:
Mr. Jones's golf clubs
Texas's weather
Ms. Straus's daughter
Jose Sanchez's artwork
Dr. Hastings's appointment (name is Hastings)
Mrs. Lees's books (name is Lees)
Rule 3
Use the apostrophe where the noun that should follow is implied.
Example:
This was his father's, not his, jacket.
Rule 4
To show plural possession, make the noun plural first. Then immediately use the
apostrophe.
Examples:
two boys' hats two women's hats
two actresses' hats
two children's hats
the Changs' house
the Joneses' golf clubs
the Strauses' daughter
the Sanchezes' artwork
the Hastingses' appointment
the Leeses' books
Rule 5
22. 22
Do not use an apostrophe for the plural of a name.
Examples:
We visited the Sanchezes in Los Angeles.
The Changs have two cats and a dog.
Rule 6
With a singular compound noun, show possession with 'sat the end of the word.
Example:
my mother-in-law's hat
Rule 7
If the compound noun is plural, form the plural first and then use the apostrophe.
Example:
my two brothers-in-law's hats
Rule 8
Use the apostrophe and s after the second name only if two people possess the same item.
Examples:
Cesar and Maribel's home is constructed of redwood.
Cesar's and Maribel's job contracts will be renewed next year.
Indicates separate ownership.
Cesar and Maribel's job contracts will be renewed next year.
Indicates joint ownership of more than one contract.
Rule 9
Never use an apostrophe with possessive pronouns: his, hers, its, theirs, ours, yours, whose.
They already show possession so they do not require an apostrophe.
Correct:
This book is hers, not yours.
Incorrect:
Sincerely your's.
Rule 10
The only time an apostrophe is used for it's is when it is a contraction for it is or it has.
23. 23
Examples:
It's a nice day.
It's your right to refuse the invitation.
It's been great getting to know you.
Rule 11
The plurals for capital letters and numbers used as nouns are not formed with apostrophes.
Examples:
She consulted with three M.D.s.
BUT
She went to three M.D.s' offices.
The apostrophe is needed here to show plural possessive.
She learned her ABCs.
the 1990s not the 1990's
the '90s or the mid-'70s not the '90's or the mid-'70's
She learned her times tables for 6s and 7s.
Exception:
Use apostrophes with capital letters and numbers when the meaning would be unclear
otherwise.
Examples:
Please dot your i's.
You don't mean is.
Ted couldn't distinguish between his 6's and 0's.
You need to use the apostrophe to indicate the plural of zero or it will look like the word
Os. To be consistent within a sentence, you would also use the apostrophe to indicate the
plural of 6's.
Rule 12
Use the possessive case in front of a gerund (-ing word).
Examples:
Alex's skating was a joy to behold.
This does not stop Joan's inspecting of our facilities next Thursday.
Rule 13
If the gerund has a pronoun in front of it, use the possessive form of that pronoun.
Examples:
I appreciate your inviting me to dinner.I appreciated his working with me to resolve the
conflict.
24. 24
"As chairman of the Apostrophe Protection Society (www.apostrophe.org.uk), I had to
write and express my pleasure at seeing your view on the apostrophe and names ending in
an s." —John Richards
Dashes
There are many uses of the en and em dash and also many ways to form these dashes using
your computer. The following explanations offer the most common uses and methods for
forming these dashes.
En Dash
An en dash, roughly the width of an n, is a little longer than a hyphen. It is used for periods
of time when you might otherwise use to.
Examples:
The years 2001–2003
January–June
An en dash is also used in place of a hyphen when combining open compounds.
Examples:
North Carolina–Virginia border
a high school–college conference
Most authorities recommend using no spaces before or after en or em dashes. To form an
en dash with most PCs, type the first number or word, then hold down the ALT key while
typing 0150 on the numerical pad on the right side of your keyboard. Then type the second
number or word.
Dashes
There are many uses of the en and em dash and also many ways to form these dashes using
your computer. The following explanations offer the most common uses and methods for
forming these dashes.
En Dash
25. 25
An en dash, roughly the width of an n, is a little longer than a hyphen. It is used for periods
of time when you might otherwise use to.
Examples:
The years 2001–2003
January–June
An en dash is also used in place of a hyphen when combining open compounds.
Examples:
North Carolina–Virginia border
a high school–college conference
Most authorities recommend using no spaces before or after en or em dashes. To form an
en dash with most PCs, type the first number or word, then hold down the ALT key while
typing 0150 on the numerical pad on the right side of your keyboard. Then type the second
number or word.
Em Dash
An em dash is the width of an m. Use an em dash sparingly in formal writing. In informal
writing, em dashes may replace commas, semicolons, colons, and parentheses to indicate
added emphasis, an interruption, or an abrupt change of thought.
Examples:
You are the friend—the only friend—who offered to help me.
Never have I met such a lovely person—before you.
I pay the bills—she has all the fun.
A semicolon would be used here in formal writing.
I need three items at the store—dog food, vegetarian chili, and cheddar cheese.
Remember, a colon would be used here in formal writing.
My agreement with Fiona is clear—she teaches me French and I teach her German.
Again, a colon would work here in formal writing.
Please call my agent—Jessica Cohen—about hiring me.
Parentheses or commas would work just fine here instead of the dashes.
I wish you would—oh, never mind.
This shows an abrupt change in thought and warrants an em dash.
To form an em dash on most PCs, type the first word, then hold down the ALT key while
typing 0151 on the numerical pad on the right side of your keyboard. Then type the second
26. 26
word. You may also form an em dash by typing the first word, hitting the hyphen key
twice, and then typing the second word. Your program will turn the two hyphens into an
em dash for you.
While there are many more possible uses of the em dash, by not providing additional rules,
I am hoping to curb your temptation to employ this convenient but overused punctuation
mark.
Ellipsis Marks
Use ellipsis marks when omitting a word, phrase, line, paragraph, or more from a quoted
passage.
NOTE: To create ellipsis marks with a PC, type the period three times and the spacing will
be automatically set, or press Ctrl-Alt and the period once.
The Three-dot Method
There are many methods for using ellipses. The three-dot method is the simplest and is
appropriate for most general works and many scholarly ones. The three- or four-dot method
and an even more rigorous method used in legal works require fuller explanations that can
be found in other reference books.
Rule 1
Use no more than three marks whether the omission occurs in the middle of a sentence or
between sentences.
Example:
Original sentence:
The regulation states, "All agencies must document overtime or risk losing federal funds."
Rewritten using ellipses:
The regulation states, "All agencies must document overtime..."
NOTE: With the three-dot method, you may leave out punctuation such as commas that
were in the original.
Example:
Original sentence from Lincoln's Gettysburg Address:
"Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, upon this continent, a new
nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created
equal."
Rewritten using ellipses:
27. 27
"Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth...a new nation, conceived in
liberty..."
Rule 2
When you omit one or more paragraphs within a long quotation, use ellipsis marks after the
last punctuation mark that ends the preceding paragraph.
Hyphens
Hyphens Between Words
Rule 1
To check whether a compound noun is two words, one word, or hyphenated, you may need
to look it up in the dictionary. If you can't find the word in the dictionary, treat the noun as
separate words.
Examples:
eyewitness, eye shadow, eye-opener
NOTE:
All these words had to be looked up in the dictionary to know what to do with them!
Rule 2
Phrases that have verb, noun, and adjective forms should appear as separate words when
used as verbs and as one word when used as nouns or adjectives.
Examples:
The engine will eventually break down. (verb)
We suffered a breakdown in communications. (noun)
Please clean up your room. (verb)
That Superfund site will require specialized cleanup procedures. (adjective)
Rule 3
Compound verbs are either hyphenated or appear as one word. If you do not find the verb
in the dictionary, hyphenate it.
28. 28
Examples:
To air-condition the house will be costly.
We were notified that management will downsize the organization next year.
Rule 4
Generally, hyphenate between two or more adjectives when they come before a noun and
act as a single idea.
Examples:
friendly-looking man
(compound adjective in front of a noun)
friendly little girl
(not a compound adjective)
brightly lit room
(Brightly is an adverb describing lit, not an adjective.)
Rule 5
When adverbs not ending in -ly are used as compound words in front of a noun, hyphenate.
When the combination of words is used after the noun, do not hyphenate.
Examples:
The well-known actress accepted her award.
Well is an adverb followed by another descriptive word. They combine to form one idea in
front of the noun.
The actress who accepted her award was well known.
Well known follows the noun it describes, so no hyphen is used.
A long-anticipated decision was finally made.
He got a much-needed haircut yesterday.
His haircut was much needed.
Rule 6
Remember to use a comma, not a hyphen, between two adjectives when you could have
used and between them.
Examples:
I have important, classified documents.
Jennifer received a lovely, fragrant bouquet on Valentine's Day.
Rule 7
Hyphenate all compound numbers from twenty-one through ninety-nine.
29. 29
Examples:
The teacher had thirty-two children in her classroom.
Only twenty-one of the children were bilingual.
Rule 8
Hyphenate all spelled-out fractions.
Examples:
You need one-third of a cup of sugar for that recipe.
More than one-half of the student body voted for removing soda machines from campus.
Parentheses
Rule 1
Use parentheses to enclose words or figures that clarify or are used as an aside.
Examples:
I expect five hundred dollars ($500).
He finally answered (after taking five minutes to think) that he did not understand the
question.
Commas could have been used in the above example. Parentheses show less emphasis or
importance.
Em dashes, which could also have been used instead of parentheses, show emphasis.
Rule 2
Use full parentheses to enclose numbers or letters used for listed items.
Example:
We need an emergency room physician who can (1) think quickly, (2) treat patients
respectfully, and (3) handle complaints from the public.
Rule 3
Periods go inside parentheses only if an entire sentence is inside the parentheses.
Examples:
Please read the analysis (I enclosed it as Attachment A.).
OR
30. 30
Please read the analysis. (I enclosed it as Attachment A.)
OR
Please read the analysis (Attachment A).
Punctuation section was copied from the following source:
Strauss, J. (n.d.) GrammarBook.com. Retrieved from
http://www.grammarbook.com/punctuation/parens.asp
Capitalization:
If you have a question about whether a specific word should be capitalized that doesn't fit
under one of these rules, try checking a dictionary to see if the word is capitalized there.
Use capital letters in the following ways:
The first words of a sentence
When he tells a joke, he sometimes forgets the punch line.
The pronoun "I"
The last time I visited Atlanta was several years ago.
Proper nouns (the names of specific people, places, organizations, and sometimes
things)
Worrill Fabrication Company
Golden Gate Bridge
Supreme Court
Livingston, Missouri
Atlantic Ocean
Mothers Against Drunk Driving
Family relationships (when used as proper names)
I sent a thank-you note to Aunt Abigail, but not to my other aunts.
31. 31
Here is a present I bought for Mother.
Did you buy a present for your mother?
The names of God, specific deities, religious figures, and holy books
God the Father
the Virgin Mary
the Bible
the Greek gods
Moses
Shiva
Buddha
Zeus
Exception: Do not capitalize the nonspecific use of the word "god."
The word "polytheistic" means the worship of more than one god.
Titles preceding names, but not titles that follow names
She worked as the assistant to Mayor Hanolovi.
I was able to interview Miriam Moss, mayor of Littonville.
Directions that are names (North, South, East, and West when used as sections of the
country, but not as compass directions)
The Patels have moved to the Southwest.
Jim's house is two miles north of Otterbein.
The days of the week, the months of the year, and holidays (but not the seasons used
generally)
Halloween
32. 32
October
Friday
winter
spring
fall
Exception: Seasons are capitalized when used in a title.
The Fall 1999 semester
The names of countries, nationalities, and specific languages
Costa Rica
Spanish
French
English
The first word in a sentence that is a direct quote
Emerson once said, "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds."
The major words in the titles of books, articles, and songs (but not short prepositions
or the articles "the," "a," or "an," if they are not the first word of the title)
One of Jerry's favorite books is The Catcher in the Rye.
Members of national, political, racial, social, civic, and athletic groups
Green Bay Packers
African-Americans
Anti-Semitic
Democrats
33. 33
Friends of the Wilderness
Chinese
Periods and events (but not century numbers)
Victorian Era
Great Depression
Constitutional Convention
sixteenth century
Trademarks
Pepsi
Honda
IBM
Microsoft Word
Words and abbreviations of specific names (but not names of things that came from
specific things but are now general types)
Freudian
NBC
pasteurize
UN
french fries
italics
Berry, C., Brizee A. (2011). A litte help with capitals. Retrieved from
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/592/1/