This document provides an overview of fundamental music concepts including rhythm, melody, harmony, and form. It defines key terms like beat, meter, scales, intervals, chords, texture, timbre, dynamics, and tempo markings. Examples are given of different musical forms, scales, time signatures, instruments, and vocal ranges. Fundamental elements of music from different cultures are also presented, like a Filipino folk song and its English translation.

1. FUNDAMENTALS OF MUSIC

2. RHYTHM
Movement marked by the
regulated succession of strong
and weak elements, or of
opposite or different conditions.
 from the Greek word “rhythmos”
meaning any regular recurring motion

3. PARTS OF RHYTHM
 is a unit of time that is felt and
sensed
 is a pulse of a time
BEAT

4. EXAMPLE OF BEAT

5. THREE PRINCIPLES OF BEAT
ACTIVITIES
Keep the
beat even
and steady
keeping the
beat takes
considerable
coordination
keeping the
beat that
physical
movement
be a part
of the
activity

6. PARTS OF RHYTHM
 is an emphasis placed on a
particular note
 they can be strong and weak
ACCENT

7. METER
 meter is natural grouping of beats
 It is indicated by bar lines which
divide the measure into successive
units of two(duple), three(triple),
four(quadruple), and so forth.
> taken from the Greek word
“metron” which means measure

8. SIMPLE METER
- is a division of time where fundamental pulses
subdivide into groups of two, four, eight, etc..

9. COMPOUND METER
Is a subdivision in which the fundamental
pulses subdivide into groups of three, six,
twelve, etc.

10. COMPOUND METER

11. POLYMETER
- Is a double meter to indicate
the two meters are combined
or there is constant change
from one meter to the other
back and both

12. POLYMETER

13. TIME SIGNATURE
- two numbers at the beginning of every
composition

14. Indicate the value or duration of each kind of note
in each of the different time signatures
NOTES 2
4
3
4
4
4
2
2
6
8

15. Indicate the value or duration of each kind of note
in each of the different time signatures
NOTES 2
4
3
4
4
4
2
2
6
8
4 2
3 3 1½ 6
2 2 2 1 4
1½ 1½ 1½ ¾ 3
1 1 1 ½ 2
¾ ¾ ¾ 3/8 1½
½ ½ ½ ¼ 1

16. RHYTHMIC PATTERN
-is the division of beats into patterns of
sound.

17. ACTIVITY
A. CREATE A RAP/ SHORT POEM
AND PERFORM WITH A SIMPLE
BEAT.
B. SING A FOLK SONG AND MAKE
SIMPLE DANCE STEPS.
C. PERFORM AN ETHNIC DANCE
USING MATERIALS FROM THE
NATURE AS INSTRUMENT.

18. PITCH
Is the highness or
lowness of tone
which is determined
by the number of
vibration per second
The length of time
the tone last
DURATION
MELODY
> Is a succession of related single tones
expressing an idea.

19. PARTS OF MELODY
A. DIRECTION OR MOVEMENT

20. CHROMATIC SCALE
 Has twelve steps
and is formed
entirely of half
steps.
 Has eight steps
and is composed of
whole steps and half
steps
DIATONIC SCALE
B. SCALES
A succession of consecutive tones in a
certain arrangement of whole and half
steps generally embracing eight degrees

21. THE C MAJOR SCALES

22. .
1. C – D
2. E – F
3. F#- G
4. B – C
5. Eb – D
6. G# -A#
7. C# -D
8. Gb –Ab
9. F – G
10. D - E
Identify the steps of the
following tones

23. ANSWER
1. C – D DIATONIC
2. E – F CHROMATIC
3. F#- G CHROMATIC
4. B – C CHROMATIC
5. Eb – D CHROMATIC
6. G# -A# DIATONIC
7. C# -D CHROMATIC
8. Gb –Ab DIATONIC
9. F – G DIATONIC
10. D - E DIATONIC

24. ENHARMONIC TONES
> notes that have the same pitch but
different names

25. Find the enharmonic tones of the following:
1. D# 6. E#
2. F 7. Ab
3. Gb 8. G
4. C 9. A
5. B 10. C#

26. 1. D#- Eb
2. F - E#
3. Gb – F#
4. C - B#
5. B - Cb
6. E# - F
7. Ab – G#
8. G – F#
9. A – G#
10. C# - Db
ANSWER:

27. KEY SIGNATURES
 is a series of sharp
or flat symbols placed at
the beginning of
the staff

28. THE MAJOR KEY (SHARPS)

29. MAJOR KEY (SHARPS)
KEY NO. OF SHARPS SHARP NOTES
C 0
G 1 F#
D 2 F#, C#
A 3 F#, C#, G#
E 4 F#, C#, G#, D#
B 5 F#, C#, G#, D#, A#
F# 6 F#, C#, G#, D#, A#, E#
C# 7 F#, C#, G#, D#, A#, E#,
B#

30. THE MAJOR KEY (FLATS)

31. THE MAJOR KEY (FLATS)
KEY NO.OF FLATS FLAT NOTES
C 0
F 1 Bb
Bb 2 Bb, Eb
Eb 3 Bb, Eb, Ab
Ab 4 Bb, Eb, Ab, Db
Db 5 Bb, Eb, Ab, Db, Gb
Gb 6 Bb, Eb, Ab, Db, Gb, Cb
Cb 7 Bb, Eb, Ab, Db, Gb, Cb, Fb

32. Identify the key signatures.

33. THE MINOR KEYS
KEY
SIGNATURE
ADDED
SHARPS
MAJOR KEYS MINOR KEYS
F# G Major E minor
C# D Major B minor
D# A Major F# minor
G# E Major C# minor
A# B Major G# minor
E# F# Major D# minor
B# C# Major A# minor

34. THE MINOR KEYS
KEY
SIGNATURE
ADDED
FLATS
MAJOR KEY MINOR KEY
Bb F D
Eb B G
Ab E C
Db A F
Gb D Bb
Cb G Eb
Fb C Ab

36. Identify the key signatures of the following

37. ANSWER
C D Gb
Ab A Db

38. TEMPO
Commonly used terms to indicate tempo
1. Largo – very slow
2. Adagio – slow
3. Andante – walking pace
4. Allegro – fast
5. Allegretto – not so fast and lively
6. Presto – very fast
 Is the speed of the composition

39. 7.Accelerando – gradually becoming faster
8.Ritardando – gradually becoming slower
9.Meno Mosso – lessen the speed
10. Moderato – slower than allegretto but
faster than andante.
11. Vivace – lively and vivid

41. DYNAMICS
DYNAMIC MARKS TERMS MEANING
p Piano Soft
pp Pianissimo Very soft
mp Mezzo forte Half soft
f Forte loud
ff Fortissimo Very loud
mf Mezzo piano Half loud
crescendo Gradually
becoming louder
decrescendo Gradually
becoming softer
 Degree of loudness or softness

42. FORM
1. TONE – smallest unit of a
composition
2. FIGURE – the smallest
characteristic group of
tones
3. PHRASE – is a succession of
tones
4. SECTION – combination of
periods
 Structure or framework of a composition

44. KINDS OF FORM
1. UNITARY/STROPHIC
> a short composition containing only
one principal idea
2. BINARY
> has two different melodic ideas.
A and B
3. TERNARY
> has two basic ideas and ends with the
repetition of the first idea

45. SITSIRITSIT
A. Sitsiritsit alibangbang,salaguinto’t salagubang
Ang babae sa lansangan kung gumiri’y parang
tandang
B. Mama mama namamangka, pasakayin yaring bata
Pagdating sa maynila, ipagpalit ng manika
C. Ale ale namamayong, pasukubin yaring sanggol
Pagdating sa Malabong, ipagpalit ng bagoong

46. Leron,Leron,sinta buko ng
papaya
Dala dala’y buslo sisidlan ng
bunga
Pagdating sa dulo’y nabali ang
sanga,
Kapos kapalaran humanap ng
iba.
Halika na Neneng,tayo’y
manampalok
Dalhin mo ang buslo,sisidlan
ng hinog
Pagdating sa dulo’y uunda-
undayog
Kumapit ka Neneng, baka ka
mahulog.
Halika na Neneng at tayo’y
magsimba
At iyong isuot ang baro mo’t
saya
Ang baro mo’t sayang
pagkaganda-ganda
Kay ganda ng kulay — berde,
puti, pula.
Ako’y ibigin mo, lalaking
matapang
Ang baril ko’y pito, ang
sundang ko’y siyam
Ang lalakarin ko’y parte ng
dinulang
Isang pinggang pansit ang
aking kalaban.
LERON-LERON SINTA

47. TIMBRE
A. INSTRUMENTS
1. Symphony Orchestra
 is a large instrumental ensemble that
contains sections of string, brass,
woodwind, and percussion
instruments.
 character of the tone produced

48. THE SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA

49. RONDALLA
>is an ensemble of stringed
instruments played with the plectrum or
pick

50. FEMALE VOICE
1. SOPRANO –
highest female
voice
2. ALTO – the
lowest female
voice
1. TENOR –
highest adult
male voice
2. BASS – the
lowest male
voice
MALE VOICES
B. VOICE
CLASSIFICATION OF VOICES

51. Classify the voice of the following
singers.

52. TEXTURE
A. MONOPHONIC – a single melody
without accompaniment or any
added part
Example: Chant
A. HOMOPHONIC – is a melody which
has a supporting set of chords for
accompaniment.
 Is the relationship of melodies
(horizontal) and harmonic (vertical elements
of music

53. TEXTURE
3. POLYPHONIC - has two or more
melodies without supporting chords.
Example:
Round example:
DONA NOBIS PACEM
> Partner Song

54. LERON – LERON SINTA
Leron, Leron, sinta
Buko ng papaya
Dala dala’y buslo
Sisidlan ng bunga
Pagdating sa dulo’y
Nabali ang sanga,
Kapos kapalaran
Humanap ng iba.

55. VISAYAN
Ako kini si Angi,
Ang opisyo ko'y panahi;
Adlaw ug gabii
Kanunay ako nagtahi.
Bisan nako'g unsaon,
Wala'y kuwartang
matigum,
Kayang akong pagpanahi
Igora's panginabuhi.
Angi is my name
Dressmaking is my trade
All day long till evening
My poor hands are always
sewing
No matter how hard I
work
Not a penny can I save
Alas, I can earn only
Just enough for food and
rent
ENGLISH
ACO KINI SI ANGGI

56. HARMONY
Is the simultaneous sounding of a group of
tones with the tones of a melody
 based upon the fact that certain degrees
of scale sounds good to ear when played
together.

57. HARMONY
CHORDS –tonal combinations
TWO KINDS OF CHORDS
1. CONCHORDS – combinations
which sounds good
2. DISCHORDS OR DISSONANCE
- combinations which do not sound
pleasing to the ears.

58. TRIADS
 Consist of three tones: the root,
third and a fifth