This document provides an overview of the basic elements of music including rhythm, dynamics, melody, harmony, tone color, texture, and musical form. It defines these key terms and concepts, and gives examples to illustrate them. The chapter also introduces the six main historical periods of Western art music from the Middle Ages to the modern era, outlining some of the defining characteristics of each style period. It concludes by briefly describing Benjamin Britten's composition "The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra", which is used to demonstrate different instrumental families and tones colors.
Music Appreciation Tutorial #1: Music Notation BasicsSonia Joie
A tutorial on the basics of music notation, spanning the subjects of:
Sound Waves
Music
The Staff
Rhythm
Rests
Meter
Measure
Bar Line
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Clef
Treble Clef
Bass Clef
Grand Staff
Sharps
Flats
and Naturals.
Music Appreciation Tutorial #1: Music Notation BasicsSonia Joie
A tutorial on the basics of music notation, spanning the subjects of:
Sound Waves
Music
The Staff
Rhythm
Rests
Meter
Measure
Bar Line
Time Signature
Clef
Treble Clef
Bass Clef
Grand Staff
Sharps
Flats
and Naturals.
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As a film director, I have always been awestruck by the magic of animation. Animation, a medium once considered solely for the amusement of children, has undergone a significant transformation over the years. Its evolution from a rudimentary form of entertainment to a sophisticated form of storytelling has stirred my creativity and expanded my vision, offering limitless possibilities in the realm of cinematic storytelling.
In the vast landscape of cinema, stories have been told, retold, and reimagined in countless ways. At the heart of this narrative evolution lies the concept of a "remake". A successful remake allows us to revisit cherished tales through a fresh lens, often reflecting a different era's perspective or harnessing the power of advanced technology. Yet, the question remains, what makes a remake successful? Today, we will delve deeper into this subject, identifying the key ingredients that contribute to the success of a remake.
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Create a Seamless Viewing Experience with Your Own Custom OTT Player.pdfGenny Knight
As the popularity of online streaming continues to rise, the significance of providing outstanding viewing experiences cannot be emphasized enough. Tailored OTT players present a robust solution for service providers aiming to enhance their offerings and engage audiences in a competitive market. Through embracing customization, companies can craft immersive, individualized experiences that effectively hold viewers' attention, entertain them, and encourage repeat usage.
Young Tom Selleck: A Journey Through His Early Years and Rise to Stardomgreendigital
Introduction
When one thinks of Hollywood legends, Tom Selleck is a name that comes to mind. Known for his charming smile, rugged good looks. and the iconic mustache that has become synonymous with his persona. Tom Selleck has had a prolific career spanning decades. But, the journey of young Tom Selleck, from his early years to becoming a household name. is a story filled with determination, talent, and a touch of luck. This article delves into young Tom Selleck's life, background, early struggles. and pivotal moments that led to his rise in Hollywood.
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Early Life and Background
Family Roots and Childhood
Thomas William Selleck was born in Detroit, Michigan, on January 29, 1945. He was the second of four children in a close-knit family. His father, Robert Dean Selleck, was a real estate investor and executive. while his mother, Martha Selleck, was a homemaker. The Selleck family relocated to Sherman Oaks, California. when Tom was a child, setting the stage for his future in the entertainment industry.
Education and Early Interests
Growing up, young Tom Selleck was an active and athletic child. He attended Grant High School in Van Nuys, California. where he excelled in sports, particularly basketball. His tall and athletic build made him a standout player, and he earned a basketball scholarship to the University of Southern California (U.S.C.). While at U.S.C., Selleck studied business administration. but his interests shifted toward acting.
Discovery of Acting Passion
Tom Selleck's journey into acting was serendipitous. During his time at U.S.C., a drama coach encouraged him to try acting. This nudge led him to join the Hills Playhouse, where he began honing his craft. Transitioning from an aspiring athlete to an actor took time. but young Tom Selleck became drawn to the performance world.
Early Career Struggles
Breaking Into the Industry
The path to stardom was a challenging one for young Tom Selleck. Like many aspiring actors, he faced many rejections and struggled to find steady work. A series of minor roles and guest appearances on television shows marked his early career. In 1965, he debuted on the syndicated show "The Dating Game." which gave him some exposure but did not lead to immediate success.
The Commercial Breakthrough
During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Selleck began appearing in television commercials. His rugged good looks and charismatic presence made him a popular brand choice. He starred in advertisements for Pepsi-Cola, Revlon, and Close-Up toothpaste. These commercials provided financial stability and helped him gain visibility in the industry.
Struggling Actor in Hollywood
Despite his success in commercials. breaking into large acting roles remained a challenge for young Tom Selleck. He auditioned and took on small parts in T.V. shows and movies. Some of his early television appearances included roles in popular series like Lancer, The F.B.I., and Bracken's World. But, it would take a
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philos...Rodney Thomas Jr
#SSAPhilosophy #DjangoUnchained #DjangoFreeman #ExistentialPhilosophy #Freedom #Identity #Justice #Courage #Rebellion #Transformation
Welcome to SSA Philosophy, your ultimate destination for diving deep into the profound philosophies of iconic characters from video games, movies, and TV shows. In this episode, we explore the powerful journey and existential philosophy of Django Freeman from Quentin Tarantino’s masterful film, "Django Unchained," in our video titled, "From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philosophy of Django Freeman!"
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained – The Philosophy of Django Freeman!
Join me as we delve into the existential philosophy of Django Freeman, uncovering the profound lessons and timeless wisdom his character offers. Through his story, we find inspiration in the power of choice, the quest for justice, and the courage to defy oppression. Django Freeman’s philosophy is a testament to the human spirit’s unyielding drive for freedom and justice.
Don’t forget to like, comment, and subscribe to SSA Philosophy for more in-depth explorations of the philosophies behind your favorite characters. Hit the notification bell to stay updated on our latest videos. Let’s discover the principles that shape these icons and the profound lessons they offer.
Django Freeman’s story is one of the most compelling narratives of transformation and empowerment in cinema. A former slave turned relentless bounty hunter, Django’s journey is not just a physical liberation but an existential quest for identity, justice, and retribution. This video delves into the core philosophical elements that define Django’s character and the profound choices he makes throughout his journey.
Link to video: https://youtu.be/GszqrXk38qk
Scandal! Teasers June 2024 on etv Forum.co.zaIsaac More
Monday, 3 June 2024
Episode 47
A friend is compelled to expose a manipulative scheme to prevent another from making a grave mistake. In a frantic bid to save Jojo, Phakamile agrees to a meeting that unbeknownst to her, will seal her fate.
Tuesday, 4 June 2024
Episode 48
A mother, with her son's best interests at heart, finds him unready to heed her advice. Motshabi finds herself in an unmanageable situation, sinking fast like in quicksand.
Wednesday, 5 June 2024
Episode 49
A woman fabricates a diabolical lie to cover up an indiscretion. Overwhelmed by guilt, she makes a spontaneous confession that could be devastating to another heart.
Thursday, 6 June 2024
Episode 50
Linda unwittingly discloses damning information. Nhlamulo and Vuvu try to guide their friend towards the right decision.
Friday, 7 June 2024
Episode 51
Jojo's life continues to spiral out of control. Dintle weaves a web of lies to conceal that she is not as successful as everyone believes.
Monday, 10 June 2024
Episode 52
A heated confrontation between lovers leads to a devastating admission of guilt. Dintle's desperation takes a new turn, leaving her with dwindling options.
Tuesday, 11 June 2024
Episode 53
Unable to resort to violence, Taps issues a verbal threat, leaving Mdala unsettled. A sister must explain her life choices to regain her brother's trust.
Wednesday, 12 June 2024
Episode 54
Winnie makes a very troubling discovery. Taps follows through on his threat, leaving a woman reeling. Layla, oblivious to the truth, offers an incentive.
Thursday, 13 June 2024
Episode 55
A nosy relative arrives just in time to thwart a man's fatal decision. Dintle manipulates Khanyi to tug at Mo's heartstrings and get what she wants.
Friday, 14 June 2024
Episode 56
Tlhogi is shocked by Mdala's reaction following the revelation of their indiscretion. Jojo is in disbelief when the punishment for his crime is revealed.
Monday, 17 June 2024
Episode 57
A woman reprimands another to stay in her lane, leading to a damning revelation. A man decides to leave his broken life behind.
Tuesday, 18 June 2024
Episode 58
Nhlamulo learns that due to his actions, his worst fears have come true. Caiphus' extravagant promises to suppliers get him into trouble with Ndu.
Wednesday, 19 June 2024
Episode 59
A woman manages to kill two birds with one stone. Business doom looms over Chillax. A sobering incident makes a woman realize how far she's fallen.
Thursday, 20 June 2024
Episode 60
Taps' offer to help Nhlamulo comes with hidden motives. Caiphus' new ideas for Chillax have MaHilda excited. A blast from the past recognizes Dintle, not for her newfound fame.
Friday, 21 June 2024
Episode 61
Taps is hungry for revenge and finds a rope to hang Mdala with. Chillax's new job opportunity elicits mixed reactions from the public. Roommates' initial meeting starts off on the wrong foot.
Monday, 24 June 2024
Episode 62
Taps seizes new information and recruits someone on the inside. Mary's new job
Panchayat Season 3 - Official Trailer.pdfSuleman Rana
The dearest series "Panchayat" is set to make a victorious return with its third season, and the fervor is discernible. The authority trailer, delivered on May 28, guarantees one more enamoring venture through the country heartland of India.
Jitendra Kumar keeps on sparkling as Abhishek Tripathi, the city-reared engineer who ends up functioning as the secretary of the Panchayat office in the curious town of Phulera. His nuanced depiction of a young fellow exploring the difficulties of country life while endeavoring to adjust to his new environmental factors has earned far and wide recognition.
Neena Gupta and Raghubir Yadav return as Manju Devi and Brij Bhushan Dubey, separately. Their dynamic science and immaculate acting rejuvenate the hardships of town administration. Gupta's depiction of the town Pradhan with an ever-evolving outlook, matched with Yadav's carefully prepared exhibition, adds profundity and credibility to the story.
New Difficulties and Experiences
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Expectation and Delivery
As the delivery date draws near, expectation for "Panchayat" Season 3 is at a record-breaking high. The authority trailer has previously created critical buzz, with fans enthusiastically anticipating the continuation of Abhishek Tripathi's excursion and the new undertakings that lie ahead in Phulera.
All in all, the authority trailer for "Panchayat" Season 3 recommends that watchers are in for another drawing in and engaging ride. Yet again with its charming characters, convincing story, and ideal mix of humor and show, the new season is set to enamor crowds. Write in your schedules and prepare to get back to the endearing universe of "Panchayat."
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Monday, June 3, 2024 - Episode 241: Sergeant Rathebe nabs a top scammer in Turfloop. Meikie is furious at her uncle's reaction to the truth about Ntswaki.
Tuesday, June 4, 2024 - Episode 242: Babeile uncovers the truth behind Rathebe’s latest actions. Leeto's announcement shocks his employees, and Ntswaki’s ordeal haunts her family.
Wednesday, June 5, 2024 - Episode 243: Rathebe blocks Babeile from investigating further. Melita warns Eunice to stay clear of Mr. Kgomo.
Thursday, June 6, 2024 - Episode 244: Tbose surrenders to the police while an intruder meddles in his affairs. Rathebe's secret mission faces a setback.
Friday, June 7, 2024 - Episode 245: Rathebe’s antics reach Kganyago. Tbose dodges a bullet, but a nightmare looms. Mr. Kgomo accuses Melita of witchcraft.
Monday, June 10, 2024 - Episode 246: Ntswaki struggles on her first day back at school. Babeile is stunned by Rathebe’s romance with Bullet Mabuza.
Tuesday, June 11, 2024 - Episode 247: An unexpected turn halts Rathebe’s investigation. The press discovers Mr. Kgomo’s affair with a young employee.
Wednesday, June 12, 2024 - Episode 248: Rathebe chases a criminal, resorting to gunfire. Turf High is rife with tension and transfer threats.
Thursday, June 13, 2024 - Episode 249: Rathebe traps Kganyago. John warns Toby to stop harassing Ntswaki.
Friday, June 14, 2024 - Episode 250: Babeile is cleared to investigate Rathebe. Melita gains Mr. Kgomo’s trust, and Jacobeth devises a financial solution.
Monday, June 17, 2024 - Episode 251: Rathebe feels the pressure as Babeile closes in. Mr. Kgomo and Eunice clash. Jacobeth risks her safety in pursuit of Kganyago.
Tuesday, June 18, 2024 - Episode 252: Bullet Mabuza retaliates against Jacobeth. Pitsi inadvertently reveals his parents’ plans. Nkosi is shocked by Khwezi’s decision on LJ’s future.
Wednesday, June 19, 2024 - Episode 253: Jacobeth is ensnared in deceit. Evelyn is stressed over Toby’s case, and Letetswe reveals shocking academic results.
Thursday, June 20, 2024 - Episode 254: Elizabeth learns Jacobeth is in Mpumalanga. Kganyago's past is exposed, and Lehasa discovers his son is in KZN.
Friday, June 21, 2024 - Episode 255: Elizabeth confirms Jacobeth’s dubious activities in Mpumalanga. Rathebe lies about her relationship with Bullet, and Jacobeth faces theft accusations.
Monday, June 24, 2024 - Episode 256: Rathebe spies on Kganyago. Lehasa plans to retrieve his son from KZN, fearing what awaits.
Tuesday, June 25, 2024 - Episode 257: MaNtuli fears for Kwaito’s safety in Mpumalanga. Mr. Kgomo and Melita reconcile.
Wednesday, June 26, 2024 - Episode 258: Kganyago makes a bold escape. Elizabeth receives a shocking message from Kwaito. Mrs. Khoza defends her husband against scam accusations.
Thursday, June 27, 2024 - Episode 259: Babeile's skillful arrest changes the game. Tbose and Kwaito face a hostage crisis.
Friday, June 28, 2024 - Episode 260: Two women face the reality of being scammed. Turf is rocked by breaking
Maximizing Your Streaming Experience with XCIPTV- Tips for 2024.pdfXtreame HDTV
In today’s digital age, streaming services have become an integral part of our entertainment lives. Among the myriad of options available, XCIPTV stands out as a premier choice for those seeking seamless, high-quality streaming. This comprehensive guide will delve into the features, benefits, and user experience of XCIPTV, illustrating why it is a top contender in the IPTV industry.
Tom Selleck Net Worth: A Comprehensive Analysisgreendigital
Over several decades, Tom Selleck, a name synonymous with charisma. From his iconic role as Thomas Magnum in the television series "Magnum, P.I." to his enduring presence in "Blue Bloods," Selleck has captivated audiences with his versatility and charm. As a result, "Tom Selleck net worth" has become a topic of great interest among fans. and financial enthusiasts alike. This article delves deep into Tom Selleck's wealth, exploring his career, assets, endorsements. and business ventures that contribute to his impressive economic standing.
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Early Life and Career Beginnings
The Foundation of Tom Selleck's Wealth
Born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, Tom Selleck grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. His journey towards building a large net worth began with humble origins. , Selleck pursued a business administration degree at the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. But, his interest shifted towards acting. leading him to study at the Hills Playhouse under Milton Katselas.
Minor roles in television and films marked Selleck's early career. He appeared in commercials and took on small parts in T.V. series such as "The Dating Game" and "Lancer." These initial steps, although modest. laid the groundwork for his future success and the growth of Tom Selleck net worth. Breakthrough with "Magnum, P.I."
The Role that Defined Tom Selleck's Career
Tom Selleck's breakthrough came with the role of Thomas Magnum in the CBS television series "Magnum, P.I." (1980-1988). This role made him a household name and boosted his net worth. The series' popularity resulted in Selleck earning large salaries. leading to financial stability and increased recognition in Hollywood.
"Magnum P.I." garnered high ratings and critical acclaim during its run. Selleck's portrayal of the charming and resourceful private investigator resonated with audiences. making him one of the most beloved television actors of the 1980s. The success of "Magnum P.I." played a pivotal role in shaping Tom Selleck net worth, establishing him as a major star.
Film Career and Diversification
Expanding Tom Selleck's Financial Portfolio
While "Magnum, P.I." was a cornerstone of Selleck's career, he did not limit himself to television. He ventured into films, further enhancing Tom Selleck net worth. His filmography includes notable movies such as "Three Men and a Baby" (1987). which became the highest-grossing film of the year, and its sequel, "Three Men and a Little Lady" (1990). These box office successes contributed to his wealth.
Selleck's versatility allowed him to transition between genres. from comedies like "Mr. Baseball" (1992) to westerns such as "Quigley Down Under" (1990). This diversification showcased his acting range. and provided many income streams, reinforcing Tom Selleck net worth.
Television Resurgence with "Blue Bloods"
Sustaining Wealth through Consistent Success
In 2010, Tom Selleck began starring as Frank Reagan i
1. 1
CHAPTER 1
THE ELEMENTS OF MUSIC
You are embarking on an adventure through musical time, and this journey will
be more pleasurable if you first become familiar with some basic musical concepts.
Keep in mind that most new experiences require some initial adjustment and insight.
The process is similar to visiting a distant country for the first time: You are instantly
immersed in a different culture and surrounded by people who speak an unusual
language or follow unfamiliar customs. This new experience could be either very
exciting—or quite unbearable—depending on your perspective. If you were not
prepared for this journey, your naive responses and actions might bring you
embarrassment or instill the anger of others. Worst of all, you would get very little from
a potentially rewarding experience.
These new ideas will be introduced gradually, systematically and actively, so for
now, focus on learning the fundamental elements of music and their related terms
Listen carefully for these aspects in the music you hear, and—in time—you will attain a
heightened understanding that will open your ears, mind and soul to the deeper levels
of musical thought.
ELEMENT Basic Related Terms
Rhythm: (beat, meter, tempo, syncopation)
Dynamics: (forte, piano, [etc.], crescendo, decrescendo)
Melody: (pitch, theme, conjunct, disjunct)
Harmony: (chord, progression, consonance, dissonance,
key, tonality, atonality)
Tone color: (register, range, instrumentation)
Texture: (monophonic, homophonic, polyphonic,
imitation, counterpoint)
Form: (binary, ternary, strophic, through-composed)
2. CHAPTER 1: The Elements of Music
2
RHYTHM
Rhythm is the element of "TIME" in music. When you tap your foot to the music, you
are "keeping the beat" or following the structural rhythmic pulse of the music. There
are several important aspects of rhythm:
• DURATION: how long a sound (or silence) lasts.
• TEMPO: the speed of the BEAT.
(Note: Tempo indications are often designated by Italian terms):
Largo = "large" or labored (slow)
Adagio = slow
Andante = steady "walking" tempo
Moderato = moderate
Allegro = fast ("happy")
Presto = very fast
<——————————SLOWER FASTER——————————>
Largo Adagio Andante Moderato Allegro Presto
Beats per minute 40-65 66-75 76-107 108-119 120-167 168-208
NOTE: These tempos are not specific—but RELATIVE to each other.
• METER: Beats organized into recognizable/recurring accent patterns. Meter can
be seen/felt through the standard patterns used by conductors.
Other basic terms relating to Rhythm are:
Syncopation: an "off-the-beat" accent (between the counted numbers)
Ritardando: gradually SLOWING DOWN the tempo
Accelerando: gradually SPEEDING UP the tempo
Rubato: freely and expressively making subtle changes in the tempo.
(a technique commonly encountered in music of the Romantic era)
__________________________________________________________
2
4
1 2
STRONG weak
DUPLE meter
a 2-pulse grouping 1 2
Conductor's PatternDiagram of a Musical Measure
TRIPLE meter
a 3-pulse grouping
3
4
1 2 3
STRONG weak weak
2
1 3
QUADRUPLE meter
a 4-pulse grouping
4
4
1 2 3 4
STRONG weak Medium weak
41
2
3
3. CHAPTER 1: The Elements of Music
3
DYNAMICS
All musical aspects relating to the relative loudness (or quietness) of music fall under
the general element of DYNAMICS.
The terms used to describe dynamic levels are often in Italian:
pianissimo [pp] = (very quiet)
piano [p] = (quiet)
mezzo-piano [mp] = (moderately quiet)
mezzo-forte [mf ] = (moderately loud)
forte [f ] = (loud)
fortissimo [ff ] = (very loud)
<———————————— Quiet LOUD————————————>
(ppp) pp p mp mf f ff (fff)
Other basic terms relating to Dynamics are:
Crescendo: gradually getting LOUDER
Diminuendo (or decrescendo) : gradually getting QUIETER
Accent: "punching" or "leaning into" a note harder to temporarily emphasize it.
__________________________________________________________
MELODY
Melody is the LINEAR/HORIZONTAL presentation of pitch (the word used to
describe the highness or lowness of a musical sound). Many famous musical
compositions have a memorable melody or theme.
THEME: a melody that is the basis for an extended musical work
Melodies can be derived from various scales (families of pitches) such as the
traditional major and minor scales of tonal music, to more unusual ones such as
the old church modes (of the Medieval and Renaissance periods: c. 500–1600), the
chromatic scale and the whole tone scale (both used in popular and art-music
styles of the late 19th and 20th-century periods), or unique scale systems devised in
other cultures around the world.
Melodies can be described as:
• CONJUNCT (smooth; easy to sing or play)
• DISJUNCT (disjointedly ragged or jumpy; difficult to sing or play).
__________________________________________________________
accent crescendo decrescendo (diminuendo)
4. CHAPTER 1: The Elements of Music
4
HARMONY
Harmony is the VERTICALIZATION of pitch. Often, harmony is thought of as the
art of combining pitches into chords (several notes played simultaneously as a
"block"). These chords are usually arranged into sentence-like patterns called
chord progressions.
Harmony is often described in terms of its relative HARSHNESS:
• DISSONANCE: a harsh-sounding harmonic combination
• CONSONANCE: a smooth-sounding harmonic combination
Dissonant chords produce musical "tension" which is often "released" by
resolving to consonant chords. Since we all have different opinions about
consonance and dissonance, these terms are somewhat subjective.
Other basic terms relating to Harmony are:
Modality: harmony created out of the ancient Medieval/Renaissance modes.
Tonality: harmony that focuses on a "home" key center.
Atonality: modern harmony that AVOIDS any sense of a "home" key center.
__________________________________________________________
TONE COLOR (or TIMBRE -pronounced "TAM-BER")
If you play a "C" on the piano and then sing that "C", you and the piano have
obviously produced the same pitch; however, your voice has a different sound
quality than the piano. Although the scientific principles of musical acoustics are
beyond the scope of this course, it is safe to say that each musical instrument or
voice produces its own characteristic pattern of “overtones,” which gives it a unique
"tone color" or timbre. Composers use timbre much like painters use colors to
evoke certain effects on a canvas. For example, the upper register (portion of the
range or compass) of a clarinet produces tones that are brilliant and piercing, while
its lower register gives a rich and dark timbre. A variety of timbres can also be
created by combining instruments and/or voices.
EXAMPLE of ORCHESTRAL TONE COLORS
BRITTEN: The Young Persons' Guide to the Orchestra
See MUSIC GUIDE 1 (page 8)
&
a 3-note
"CHORD"
A "CHORD PROGRESSION" of 4 chords
F
E
G
B
D
F
A
C
E
&
5. CHAPTER 1: The Elements of Music
5
TEXTURE
Texture refers to the number of individual musical lines (melodies) and the
relationship these lines have to one another.
NOTE: Be careful not to confuse the number of musical lines with the number of performers
producing the musical lines.
Monophonic (single-note) texture:
Music with only one note sounding at a time (having no harmony or
accompaniment).
Homophonic texture:
Music with two or more notes sounding at a the same time, but generally
featuring a prominent melody in the upper part, supported by a less
intricate harmonic accompaniment underneath (often based on
homogenous chords—BLOCKS of sound).
Polyphonic texture:
Music with two or more independent melodies sounding at the same time.
The most intricate types of polyphonic texture— canon and fugue—may
introduce three, four, five or more independent melodies simultaneously!
This manner of writing is called COUNTERPOINT.
(MELODY)
(Chordal
Accompaniment)
MELODY 1
MELODY 2
MELODY 3
6. CHAPTER 1: The Elements of Music
6
Imitative texture:
Imitation is a special type of polyphonic texture produced whenever a
musical idea is ECHOED from "voice" to "voice". Although imitation can be
used in monophonic styles, it is more prevalent in polyphonic art-music—
especially from the Renaissance and Baroque periods.
__________________________________________________________
MUSICAL FORM
The large-scale form of a musical composition can be projected via any
combination of the musical elements previously studied. Traditionally, however,
musical form in Western music has been primarily associated with the order of
melodic, harmonic and rhythmic events (or the text) in a piece. Letters (i.e., A, B, C)
are used to designate musical divisions brought about by the repetition of melodic
material or the presentation of new, contrasting material. Some of the most common
musical forms are described below:
BASIC FORMS (more sophisticated forms will be covered later in this book)
Strophic Form: a design in VOCAL music, in which the same music is used
for several different verses (strophes) of words. [Example: "Deck the
Halls" has many verses of words sung to the same music.]
Verse 1 . . . Verse 2 . . . Verse 3 (etc.)
Through-composed a structure in which there is no repeat or return of any
large-scale musical section. [Example: Schubert's "Erlkönig".]
A B C D E . . .
Binary Form a two-part form in which both main sections are repeated (as
indicated in the diagram by "repeat marks"). The basic premise of this
form is CONTRAST:
Ternary Form a three-part form featuring a return of the initial music after a
contrasting section. Symmetry and balance are achieved through this
return of material:
__________________________________________________________
1
2
3
A B
repeat mark
A B A
7. CHAPTER 1: The Elements of Music
7
MUSICAL STYLE
Knowing the unique style traits of particular historical eras can greatly enhance your musical
experiences by offering clues about what the composer was trying to express, and what you
should listen for when hearing a piece.
The Six Historical Style-Periods of Western Art Music:
Middle Ages (approximately 450-1450):
An era dominated by Catholic sacred music, which began as simple chant but grew in
complexity in the 13
th
to 15
th
centuries by experiments in harmony and rhythm. Leading
composers of the later Middle Ages include Pérotin and Machaut.
Renaissance (approximately 1450-1600):
A more personal style emerged in this era with a greater focus on Humanism, and a rebirth of
learning and exploration. During this "golden age of vocal music," the leading composers
include Josquin Desprez, Palestrina, and Weelkes.
Baroque (approximately 1600-1750):
This era—the last great age of aristocratic rule— is represented by extremely ornate and
elaborate approaches to the arts. This era saw the rise of instrumental music, the invention of
the modern violin family and the creation of the first orchestras. Great composers of the late
Baroque include Vivaldi, Handel and JS Bach.
Classic (approximately 1750-1820):
The music of this politically turbulent era focused on structural unity, clarity and balance. The
new expressive and dramatic approaches to composition and performance that were
developed in this era became the standards that all "Classical" music are judged by. Great
composers of the Classic era include Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven.
Romantic (approximately 1820-1900):
This era witnessed an explosion of flamboyance, nationalism, the rise of "superstar"
performers, and concerts aimed at middle-class "paying" audiences. Orchestral, theatrical and
soloistic music grew to spectacular heights of personal expression. Among the leading
Romantic composers are Berlioz, Chopin, Wagner
Modern (approximately 1900-present):
Since approximately 1900, art-music has been impacted by daring experimentation and
advances in musical technology, as well as popular/non-Western influences. Leading
composers of the early 20th century were Debussy, Schoenberg and Stravinsky, while many of
the most prominent composers since 1950 have come from the US.
MORE
EXPRESSIVE
Ancient
Greek/Roman
(300 BC - c450 AD)
MIDDLE AGES
(450 - 1450)
RENAISSANCE
(1450 - 1600)
BAROQUE
(1600-1750)
ROMANTIC
(1820-1900)
MODERN
(1900 - present)
CLASSIC
(1750-1820)
Golden Age of
Vocal Music
Josquin Desprez,
Palestrina,
Weelkes
Pérotin,
Machaut
Vivaldi,
J.S. Bach,
Handel
Haydn,
Mozart,
Beethoven
Berlioz,
Chopin,
Wagner
Stravinsky,
Schoenberg,
Debussy
Non-standard
orchestra: featuring
newly-developed
violin family
Orchestra:
More balanced
with strings &
woodwinds
Orchestra:
Large, with
Brass &
Woodwind colors
predominating
Orchestra:
Full Percussion
added; unusual
tone colors and
techniques
Boethius
EXPRESSIVE CYCLE OF
WESTERN ART-MUSIC
STYLES
MORE
RESTRAINED
early
early
late
late
8. CHAPTER 1: The Elements of Music
8
Music Guide
1Kamien 4-CD set
CD1/Tracks 13-37
Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra
by Benjamin BRITTEN (1913–76)1934
Misc.
Orchestral
Benjamin Britten was the most important British composer of the 20th century. He wrote over
100 major works including operas, songs, string quartets and other chamber works, a violin
concerto, choral works, incidental music, symphonies and other orchestral works. Of these, he
is best known for the Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra, Op. 34 (1934)—a sixteen
minute work designed to introduce listeners to the various instruments and families of the modern
orchestra. This work featuresa theme and variations design based on the melodic theme from
the English Baroque composer Georg Frederic Handel's incidental music to the play Abdelazar
("The Moor's Revenge").
Theme (8-measure theme in D minor presented six times to demonstrate the full orchestra
and its four main families):
1. Full Orchestra 2. Woodwinds 3. Brass 4. Strings 5. Percussion 6. Full Orchestra
13 Variations (each demonstrating a different instrument or combination of instruments):
Featured Instrument(s) Accompanied by
Woodwinds:
Variation 1: Flutes and piccolo
Variation 2: Oboes
Variation 3: Clarinets
Variation 4: Bassoons
Strings:
Variation 5: Violins
Variation 6: Violas
Variation 7: Cellos
Variation 8: Double basses
Variation 9: Harp
Brass:
Variation 10: French horns
Variation 11: Trumpets
Variation 12: Trombones, tuba
Percussion:
Variation 13: various combinations
• Timpani, bass drum & cymbals
• Timpani, tambourine & triangle
• Timpani, snare drum & wood block
• Timpani, castanets & gong
• Timpani, whip and entire percussion
Fugue (based on a fragment of Handel's theme, played in imitation by each instrument in order
of the previous variations—woodwinds, strings, brass, percussion, full orchestra)
Outline of the structure of this work:
Violins, harp & triangle
Strings & timpani
Strings & tuba
Strings & snare drum
Brass & bass drum
Woodwinds & brass
Clarinets, viola& harp
Woodwinds & tambourine
Strings, gong & cymbal
Strings, harp & timpani
Strings & snare drum
Woodwinds and high brass