This document discusses business functions and organizational hierarchy. It defines a hierarchy as an organizational structure similar to a pyramid, with fewer personnel at each higher layer. It then lists common business functions like human resources, customer service, sales and marketing, research and development, administration and IT, production/operations, and finance and accounts. For each function, it provides examples of typical tasks, such as recruiting and training for human resources, market research and promotion strategies for sales and marketing, and cash flow monitoring and account preparation for finance. The document aims to teach about the different functions within a business and the roles and responsibilities of each.