The document defines what a computer is and provides examples of its common uses. It then describes the basic components of a computer including input/output devices, central processing unit, memory, operating systems, and software/hardware. Generations of computers are outlined from the first generation using vacuum tubes to modern computers of the fourth generation using microchips. Key terms related to computers are also defined.

2. MEANING OF COMPUTER
Computer is an electronic machine, which accept
input from the user, process it and generate output
for the user.
Uses of computer
• DTP (desk top publishing):- Computer is use
to design the front cover of a book. We can also
scan or edit the photographs by using
Photoshop option in DTP.
• Office: -Computer is use for accounting and to
store information about employees in the
offices and can also be used for letter typing
and for many other purposes.
• School: -Projects are prepared using the
computer in classroom now a day; CDs are use
for students for practical purpose.
• Hotel: -Computers are used in hotels to keep
information about the customers and fulfill the
online requirement.
• Railway ticket reservation: -Computer is used
for railway reservation process now a day. Now

3. with the help of computer we can get
reservation online at the home.
• Air line reservation: -Computer is used for
Airline reservation process now a day. Now
with the help of computer we can get
reservation online at the home for the flights
and also check the status of reservation.
• Hospitals: -Computer is used in hospitals
also for diagnosis of medicines.
• Movies: -Computer is also used in the field of
entertainment now a day .e.g. in the movies
for the animation purpose.
• Communication: -Computer are use to
communicate with other person by e-mail,
chatting etc.
Features of computer
• Reliability: -Computer provides reliable data
it means that there are very rare chances of
any mistake done by the computer.
• Accuracy: - The computer provides the
accurate data that means there are hardly
chances of mistake from the computer side.

4. • Storage:-Computer has the capacity to store
the large amount of data.
• Speed: -Computer is a fast processing device.
It can work fastly as compared to a human
being.
5.Versatility: -It can perform more than one
task at a time.
6.Diligence:-It can work for many hours
without any tiredness.
Drawbacks
• Increasing Unemployment.
• Privacy is insecure.
• It has no intelligence of its own.
• It cannot learn with experience.
• It has no common sense.
Input and Output Devices
• Input Device: -Input device are those devices
which are used to insert the input from the user

5. into the system. There are so many input
devices some are as follows:-
• Keyboard:-Keyboard is the main input
device. This device is used to insert the
textual information into the system. It has
so many keys (near about 110). It has a
numeric keypad (0-9), an alphanumeric
keypad (A to Z), Function keys (F1-F12),
some special keys (Ctrl, Shift, spacebar,
Enter, Tab, Caps lock etc). Arrow keys (Used
for the movement of cursor from right to
left, left to right, up and down also).
• Mouse: -Mouse is also an input device. But
this device is used for the insertion of data
in picture or graphic format.
• Joystick: -Joystick is also an input device
which is used for playing games.
• Trackball: -Trackball is also an input device
which is mainly used in laptops.

6. • OMR (Optical mark
reader):- This is also an input device which
is used mainly for checking of OMR result
sheets.
• Scanner: -scanner is also an input device
used to scan the documents.
• MICR (Magnetic Ink
Character Recognition):- This technique is
used in banks to verify the cheques. It
contains a special type of ink which is used
to verify the draft, cheque number in banks.

7. • BCR (Bar code reader):- Bar is also an
input device. It stores the information
related of that particular product on which
bar are designed. It stores information like
manufacturing date, Expiry date, product
number and much other useful information
related to the product.
• OCR(optical character
recognition):- it is used to read text from
paper and translating the image into a form
that computer can manipulate.
• OUTPUT DEVICES:-Output Devices are those
devices through which user get the output from
the system. The following are the mainly used
output devices:-
• Monitor: -Monitor is an output device and
used to display the output to the user.

8. • Printer:-Printer is the most commonly used
output device .It is used to provide the data
to the user in the form of printout(hard
copy).There are so many types of printer:-
IMPACT PRINTER:- Impact
printer are those printers which has a
mechanical device between the paper and the
print head.There are so many types of Impact
printers:
1. Line printer:- Line printers are
those printers which print the data line by line.
2. Character Printer:- Character
printer print the data character wise.
3. Drum Printer: - Drum printers
are in the shape of just like a drum.
4. Chain Printer:- Chain printer are
those printers which works like a chain.These

9. printers contains a chain where characters are
embossed.
NON IMPACT PRINTER:- NON
impact printer are those printers which doesn’t
have any mechanical device between the paper
and the print head.
E.g. Laser printer,

10. Thermal printer
Inkjet printer.:- An ink-jet
printer is a type of printer that
spray small dots of ionized ink
into paper precisely to create a
specific image.
•
•

11. •
•
•
• Plotter:- Plotter is also an
output device. Plotters were
the first type of printer.
Plotters are much more
expensive than a printer.
TYPES OF COMPUTER:-
Computer can be classified
Types of computer :- there
are three types of
computer.which are as follows
:-

12. • digital computer :- those
computer which are used for
personal purpose are called
digital computer. These
computer use digital signal.
Ex:- personal computer (pc)
• analog computer :- those
computer which are used for
the specific purpose are
called analog signal. Theses
computer use analog signal.
Ex:- in engineering, in
exploration etc.

13. 3.Hybrid computer:- Hybrid
computer is the combination of
digital and analog computer. Or
we can say that hybrid
computer contains the feature of
both analog and digital.
CPU:- (central processing
unit)
CPU is the main part of the
computer. It works like the
brain and heart of the
computer. It is the main

14. processing device. It has Many
parts like:
1.ALU (Airthematic and
Logical Unit):- It is that part
of cpu where arithmetic (+ , -,
/ , X) and logical operations(<
, >, =) are performed. This
device is responsible for all the
arithmetic and logical
operations.
Memory Unit:- This unit is
responsible to allocate the

15. memory to all files and
folders.
PRIMARY MEMORY: -
Primary memory is also
known as MAIN MEMORY
of computer. Two types of
Primary memory are:-
• RAM (Random Access
Memory) :- ram is a volatile
memory. The storage of data
and instructions inside the
primary storage is temporary
.

16. • ROM (READ ONLY
MEMORY):- Rom is a non
volatile memory.The ROM
stored some standard
processing programs supplied
by the manufacturer.
SECONDARY MEMORY:-
Secondary memory is also
known as Auxiliary memory.
Examples of secondary
memory are:- compact
disk(CD), Magnetic tape,
Magnetic Disk, floppy disk.
• CD(compact disk)

17. 3.Control Unit:- Control unit
control all the internal
operations of the
computer.This unit acts like a
supervisor seeing that things
are done in proper fashion
Things like processing of
programs stored in the main
memory.
Operating System:-
Operating system works as an
inter fact between the user and
the hardware.

18. There are four types of
operating System:-
1.Single user operating
system:- Allows one user at
a time for work. e.g MS-DOS
2.Multi user operating
system:- A multi-user
operating system lets more
than one user access the
computer system at one time.
.e.g windows
NT/2000/XP/VISTA,Mac OS
X, Linux.

19. 3 Single tasking operating
system:-. Can perform a
single work at a time. E.g
MS-DOS,some older version
of Mac operating system.
4. Multi tasking operating
system:- Can perform more
than one task at a time.e.g
WINDOWS 95/98.
Functions of operating
system:-

20. 1.Process Management:-
when we require to run several
program at the same time, each
program has to get a fare share
of CPU processing time. This
time management is again done
by OS.
2. Input / Output
management:- Operating
system co-ordinates with
different input / output devices.

21. 3. Memory management:-
The operating system allocates
the memory required by various
applications 4.file
management:- OS
remembers the memory
addresses of the locations where
it saves different files thus it
serves them at the time of need.
Generation of computer:-
First Generation(1941-
1956)

22. In this generation vacuum tubes
were used to store and process
the data into the computer.
These vacuum tubes were made
of breakable glasses.
Disadvantages:-
• Being bulky in the size.
• Producing lot of heat.
• Unreliable result.
• Frequent hardware failure.
• Machine language was
introduced.

23. Second generation
computer:- (1956-1963)
In this generation transistors
were used in computers. These
transistors were small
components and hence reduce
the size of the computer.
Advantages:-
1.Small in size as compared to
first generation computer.
2.Generate less heat.

24. 3.Was less prone to hardware
failure.
4.Faster than first generation
computer.
Disadvantages:-
1.Required air condition.
2.Frequent maintenance.
3.Assembly Language was
introduced.
Third Generation computer:-
(1964-1971)

25. Integrated circuits (ICs) was
used in this generation. These
ICS have large number of very
tiny integrated circuits made up
of silicon chip.
Advantages:-
1.Reliable than second
generation computers.
2.Generate less heat.
3.Was working fastly.
4.Cost effective.
5.And portable.

26. 6.Used for general purpose and
consumed less power.
7.High level language were
introduced.
4.Fourth Generation
computer:- (1971-present)
Microchip were used in this
generation computers.These
microchip were like the mobile
sim in size.
Advantages:-

27. 1.This generation computers
were accurate than third
generation computer.
2.Working fastly than third
generation computer.
3.Storage capacity was more.
4.Less expensive.
5.Small in size.
6.No air conditioner required.
5.Fifth generation
computer:-

28. Fifth generation computer are
only in the mind of advanced
research scientists and being
tested out in the laboratories
these computer will be under
artificial intelligence (AI) will
be able to take commands in
audio visual way and carry out
instructions. .
1.Produce in large scale.
2.It will look like human being.
3.It will used for expensive
purpose.

29. 4.Robot is the example of this
generation of computer.
Measurement
0,1 = 1 bits
1 character = 8 bits
8 bits = I byte
1024 byte = I kb (kilo
byte)
1024 kb = 1mb (mega
byte)
1024 mb = 1 gb(giga
byte)

30. 1024 gb = 1 tb (tera
byte)
Complier:- computer cannot
understand a language.
Compiler is a program which is
used to translate the high level
language program into machine
language and vice versa.It is
more faster than interpreter.It
executes all program at a
time.It displays all error at a
time.

31. Interpreter :- It is also a
program that is use to convert
the high level language into
machine language.It check the
program line by line.It shows
the error line by line so it is
slower than compiler.
Software :- A program is a set
of instructions and a set of
program is called software. E.g
Ms-Excel, MS- powerpoint,
Language process program etc.

32. There are two types of software
:-
1. System software-are the soft
wares which are used by the
system itself. e.g. operating
system, compiler, interpreter,
assembler.
2.Application software-
softwares which are used by the
user.e.g Ms-paint, Ms- word,
Ms- excel, Dtp etc.

33. Hardware:- That parts of
computer which can be touched
and seen are called hardware
parts of computer. They have a
physical identity. e.g CPU ,
mouse, keyboard
Important shortcut keys
•
• To open a file:- Ctrl + O
• To exit from an application:- Alt + F4

34. • Hyperlink:- Ctrl + K
• Replace:- Ctrl +H
• Copy:- Ctrl + C
• Cut :- Ctrl + X
• Paste:-Ctrl + V
• Print :- Ctrl +P
• Maximize:- Alt + Tab
• Minimize:- Alt + Space +N
• File menu:- Alt +F
• Edit menu:- Alt +E
• Undo :- Ctrl + Z
• Redo :- Ctrl + Y
• Save :- Ctrl +S
• Select all:- Ctrl + A
• Find :- Ctrl +F
• Go TO :- Ctrl +G
• Task pane:- Ctrl + F1
• View menu :- Alt +V
• Format menu:- Alt +O
• Spelling and Grammar:- F7
• Refresh :- F5
• Help :- F1
• To edit the content of a cell :- F2
• For new File/ Workbook:- Ctrl +N
• Zoom (in):- Ctrl + Mouse Wheel movement Up
• Zoom(out):- Ctrl+mouse wheel movement down
• To increase the font size:- Ctrl+]
• To decrease the font size:- Ctrl +[
• Superscript:- Ctrl+Shift +=
• Subscript:- Ctrl + =
• Right alignment= Ctrl+R
• Left Alignment= Ctrl + L
• Center Alignment:- Ctrl + E
• Justify:- Ctrl+j
• Page break:- Ctrl+Enter
• Font:- CTrl+shift+f
• bold:- ctrl+b
• Italic:- ctrl+I
• Underline:- ctrl+U
• Insert menu:- Alt+I

35. • Tools menu:- Alt+T
• Table menu:- Alt+A
• Window menu:- Alt + W
• Help menu :- Alt + H
• To enter auto text entry:- f3
• Save as :-F12
• Research:-shift+f7
• To restore window:- Alt + f5
• To maximize the window:- Alt + F10
•Some important full
forms:-
• ALU:- Airthmetic and
logical unit.
• Cu:- Control Unit
• Ram:- Random Access
Memory.
• Rom:- Read only memory.

36. • Lcd:- Liquid Crystal
Display.
• Dos:- Disk operating system
• GB,MB,Kb,tb:- Giga
byte,Mega byte,Kilo
Byte.tera byte.
• Crt:- Cathod ray tube
• CPU:- Central processing
unit.
• Computer:- commonly
operating machine
particularly used for trade,
education and research.
• BCR:- Bar code reader.

37. • Ocr:- Optical character
reader.
• Micr:- Magnetic ink
character reader.
• LAN:- Local Area network.
• Wan:- Wide area network.
• Man:- metropolitan area
network.
• Modem:- Modulation and
demodulation.
• Basic:- Beginners all
purpose symbolic
instruction code.
• HTTP:- Hyper text transfer
protocol.

38. • TCP:- Transmission control
protocol.
• IP:- Internet protocol.
• SMTP:- Simple mail
transfer protocol.
• WWW:- World wide web.
• Email:- Electronic mail.
• Arpanet:- Advance research
project agency network.
• NSFNET:-National science
foundation network.
• WYSIWYG:- What you see
is what you get(Print
preview.)
• Mu:- Memory Unit.

39. •MS-WORD:-
Ms word is a text oriented
software and basically used for the
textual purpose. It has more
advance feature related to the
formatting and editing of the text.
It is used mainly in typing of
letters and books etc.It contains
important command like Mail
merge and macro and many more.
The extension of MS-Word:-
(.DOCx)

40. •Home Tab in MS Word:-
•Clipboard:-
This option allows to editing
(cut, copy or paste) of the test as
and when required.
•Format Painter:-
This feature allows copying the
format of text, and applying it
to other text.

41. Changing case:- Word allows
to change the selected text to
any of the following options
available in change case:-
A.Sentence case:-
B. Lower case:-
C.Upper Case:-.
D.Capitalized each word
E.Toggle case:-

42. •Insert tab in MS Word
•Hyperlink:
Hyperlink option is used to
create the link to another file.
The shortcut key for
hyperlink is Ctrl + K.
•Bookmark
Bookmark is used to mark a
particular position in your
document.
Header & Footer: -

43. Header:- This command is
used to insert a same heading at
the top of each page in the
document.
Footer:- This command is used
to insert a same heading at the
bottom of each page in the
document.
Page LayOut Menu in MS
Word
Page background group:-

44. Watermark:-
It is used to insert fainted
text behind the content.
Page Borders:-
It is used to add or
change the border around the
page.
References Tab in MS
Office:-
Footnotes:-
Footnote & Endnote:- Footnote
and endnote are used in printed

45. document to explain ,comment
,or to provide reference for text
in a document .Footnote
appears at the end of each page,
And endnote appears at the end
of the document.
• Bibliography
To add a Bibliography to the
document:
• Place the cursor in the
document where you want to
insert the bibliography
• Click the References Tab on
the Ribbon

46. • Click the Bibliography
Button on the Citations &
Bibliography Group
• Choose Insert Built-in
Bibliography/Works Cited or
Insert Bibliography
• Captions
A caption is a numbered label,
such as Figure 1, that you can add
to a figure, a table, an equation, or
another object.

47. • Mailings menu of the MS
Word: -
• Start Mail Merge: -
Mail merge is the main feature
of the MS-Word. It is used for
mass mailing i.e if we want to
send the mail or letters to a
large number of people then we
can use the mail merge from
MS Word. It has two types of
document:-
1. Data Source 2. Main
document

48. Data source: - contains the list of
the name, address, phone no and
other details of the persons to
whom we want to send the mail or
letter.
Main Document: - Main
document contains the information
that we want to send through a
letter or mail.
To start a mail merge :-
• Click on the start mail merge
option in mailing tab.

49. • Click on the Step By Step Mail
Merge Wizard. It will show a
window like below on the right
side :-
3.Click on Next: starting
document and follow the steps one
by one.
Review tab
The Review tab contains
everything to
run Spell Check and the
Thesaurus a well the common

50. tools to inserting comments and
tracking changes.
Comments:-
The Comments group on the
Review tab contains only
commands related to inserting,
deleting and navigating comments.
Tracking:-
Tracking group of the Review tab
is used to set up Word to track
changes to a document and modify
how you view those tracked
changes.

51. Compare: -
The Compare group on the
Review tab can be used to
compare document versions and
combine multiple versions of a
document with tracked changes
into one document.
Protect Document
The Protect Document group on
the Review tab contains only one
command – Protect Document.
This command can be used to set
password security on the active

52. document. User can give password
to the document so that an
unauthorized user couldn’t modify
the document.
View Tab in MS Word
Document views:-
Word offers five ways to view the
document changing view doesn’t
affect the contents of the
document or the way the text
appears. The view buttons are
arranged at the beginning of the

53. horizontal scroll bar. The views
are as follows:-
• Print layout view:- Print
layout view shows the document
exactly as it will be printed. Here
we can view or change margins
and other details of the print
layout. In this view we can see
how the objects will appear on the
printed page.

54. • Full Screen Reading :- This
view is used to maximize the
space available for reading or
commenting on the document.
• Web layout view:-
Documents for web can also be
designed in word. Web layout is a
view which has been added in
Word. This feature helps us to see
how the document will look like
when opened in internet explorer.
• Outline view:- The outline
view creates outline and makes it

55. easier to look at the structure of a
document. In this view the
document is collapsed to see the
main headings.
• Draft :-This view show the
document as draft which allows
the quick editing to the text. But in
this view , no designing like
header/footer ,page border
,background e.t.c. will be visible .
Macro:-

56. Macro is used for the recording
purpose. It is also the feature of
view menu of MS- Word.
Steps:-
• Click on view tab.
• Click on macro option.
• Click on record a new macro.
• A dialog box will appear. Give
the name of the macro in the name
box and click on ok button.

57. • Now type the content that you
want to record through the macro
option.
• After typing your content click
on stop recording option from the
macro/stop recording ( you can
also stop the recording from the
macro mini toolbar that will be
appeared on your screen at the
time of recording of macro)
• Now again go to Macro option
macros. Now from the dialog box

58. select the name of your macro that
you were previously created and
click on run button.
Ms-Excel:-
Ms-Excel is a spreadsheet
package. A spreadsheet is also
known as a worksheet. Ms-
Excel is a database software and
basically used for the purpose
of maintaining data record in
the form of a table. We can use
MS- Excel to record the data of
school students and to record

59. the data of employees of a
company.
Ms-Excel Is a spread sheet
package. And the collection of
multiple
spreadsheets/worksheets forms
a workbook in Excel. By default
excel has 3 worksheets and
maximum number of
worksheets depends upon the
memory of the computer
Normally a workbook has

60. maximum 16384 columns. The
extension of MS Excel is .XLS.
The contents of a
worksheet:-
•Rows: In a single worksheet
rows are numbered from top to
bottom (10,48,576)
•Columns: Columns are
labeled from left to right for a
total of 16384 columns.

61. •Cell: Cell is the intersection
of row and column.
•Sheet : Excel has multiple
worksheet labeled as sheet1,
sheet2, where user can
perform the work, by default
three sheets are available in a
workbook.
•Formula bar: Provides a
space for typing or editing cell
data and formula.

62. •Name box: Displays the
address or name of the active
cell.
•Status bar: It displays the
valuable information like
current mode, keyboard status,
and result of auto calculate
function.
•Home Tab in Microsoft
Excel 2007
•Paragraph group: -
Option Icon Use
Top Align Align text to
the left of the

63. cell
Middle
Align
Align text to
the centre of
the cell
Bottom
Align
Align text to
the bottom of
the cell
Orientation Align the text
at an angle
Wrap Text Mark all cell
content within
a single cell
Merge and
centre
Joins the
selected cell
into a single

64. cell
•Number group in MS
Excel: -
Options Icon Use
Accounting
number
format
To select
the
currency
for the
selected
cell
Percent
style
To display
the value
of a cell as
a
percentage

65. Comma
style
To display
the value
of a cell
with a
separator
Increase
decimal
To show
more
accurately
A decimal
value by
increasing
the
decimal
places.
Decrease To show

66. decimal less
accurately
A decimal
value by
decreasing
the
decimal
places.
Number
Format
To select
the
display
style of a
value in a
cell

67. •Styles group: -
•Conditional Formatting:-
It
is used to format that means
highlight or select the cell
according to a condition. It is
used for visualizing data by
using color schemes, data bars,
and icons e.t.c.
• Editing group: -
Option Icon Use
Sum To display the

68. sum of selected
cells directly.
Fill To continue a
pattern into one
or more adjacent
cells.
Clear To delete
everything or
selectively
remove
formatting.
Sort
and
Filter
To sort the
selected data or to
extract the data
according to a

69. specific choice.
Find
and
select
To find or replace
anything into an
entire workbook.
• Insert Tab
Same as in Ms-word.
• Pivot table: -
It is used to create
reports that summarize
worksheet data in a meaningful
format. We can rotate its rows
and columns to see the
summary in different ways.

70. • Steps to create a pivot
table:-
• Click on Insert tab/ tables
group /Pivot table option.
• A dialog box will appear:-
• Pivot table
• Pivot chart (with pivot
table).
• Select the required option.
• Provide the range and select
the area where you want to
put pivot table. It can be
either in new worksheet or in
existing worksheet.

71. • Click on OK button.
• Drag all the fields one by one
and drop them at specified
area.
• It will create a pivot table.
• Page Layout tab
This group is used to format the
page like margins, background
e.t.c., and objects.
(same as in MS Word 2007)

72. • Formulas tab
It is mainly used to insert
formulas or functions.
Functions: - Functions are built
in(pre- defined) special
formulas that perform
calculations, in a particular
order or structure, on values
supplied to it; these values are
known as arguments.
Entering functions:-
•The function should begin
with an equal sign (=)

73. •The arguments should be
enclosed in brackets.
•The arguments should be
separated by commas (,)
•If any argument contains text
value having space , enclose
the value in quotes (“ “)
Classification of functions: -
Some Examples of functions: -
Mathematical
Functions
Func
tion
Use Syntax Exa
mple

74. Nam
e
Sum This
functi
on
calcul
ates
the
sum
of the
given
numb
er or a
given
range.
= sum (Cell
range)

75. Squ
are
root
This
functi
on is
used
to
find
the
square
root
of the
given
numb
er.
= sqrt
(number)
Mo
dulu
This
functi
= mod
(dividend,di

76. s on is
used
to
find
the
remai
nder
of the
numb
er
divide
d by
the
diviso
r.
visor)

77. Abs
olut
e
This
return
s the
absolu
te
value
of the
numb
er,
which
is the
numb
er
witho
ut its
=abs(numbe
r)
=abs(
25)
25
Or
=abs(
-25)
25

78. sign.
Inte
ger
It
remov
es
decim
al
place
roundi
ng
down
the
numb
er to
its
neares
= int
(decimal
no.)
= int
(5.5
6)
retur
ns
5
= int
(-
5.56)
return
s -6

79. t least
intege
r
Rou
nd
It
round
the
numb
er
specif
ied by
num_
digits.
= round
(number,
num_digits
)
=
round
(3.15
3243,
2)
return
s
3.15
Pow
er
It
raises
numb
= power
(number,
power)
=
powe
r

80. er by
power
(6,2)
return
s 36
Ave
rage
This
functi
on is
used
to
calcul
ate
the
avera
ge of
the
given
=avg(cell
range)
=avg(
A1:A
5)

81. range
or
numb
ers.
Max
imu
m
To
return
the
maxi
mum
value
of a
given
range.
=max(cell
range)
=max
(A1:
A5)
Min
imu
To
return
=min(cell
range)
=min
(A1:

82. m the
minim
um
value
of a
given
range.
A5)
Cou
nt
It
counts
the
numb
er of
values
in the
specif
=count(cell
range)
=cou
nt(A1
:A5)

83. ied
range.
Fact
orial
It is
used
to
calcul
ate
the
factori
al of a
given
numb
er.
=fact(numb
er)
=fact(
5)
(5*4*
3*2*
1)
Ans.
- 120
Eve
n
This
functi
=even(numb
er)
=eve
n(7)

84. on
will
give
the
next
even
numb
er of
define
d
numb
er in
functi
on.
8
Odd This =odd(numb =odd(

85. functi
on
will
give
the
next
odd
numb
er of
define
d
numb
er in
functi
on.
er) 8)
9

86. Logical
Functions
if-
el
se
It
eval
uates
the
expr
essio
n
and
retur
ns
the
true
valu
=if(logical
_test,value
_if_true
,value_if_f
alse)
=if(b2<50
,”fail”,”pa
ss”)

87. e, if
expr
essio
n is
true
and
false
if
cond
ition
is
false
.
A
N
Chec
k
=and(logic
al

88. D weat
her
all
the
argu
ment
s are
true
or
not,
Retu
rns
true
or
false
argument1,
logical
argument2,
…)

89. acco
rdin
gly.
Date and Time
Functions
T
o
da
y
It will
give the
current
date of
the
system.
=today()
=today(
)
6/13/20
12
N
o
w
It will
give the
current
date and
=now() =now()
6/13/20
12 1:11

90. time of
the
system.
D
at
e
It will
return
the
defined
date,
month,
year, in
the
defined
format.
=Date(m
m/dd/yyy
y)
=date(2
012,06,
13)
6/13/20
12

91. Formula Auditing Group: -
Data Tab
Sort and Filter Group: -
It is used to sort or filter data
based on specified criteria.
Filter option:-
It is used to filter the data
according to a condition.
Data Validation:-
Validation is used to validate
the data. It has three tabs:-

92. a. Settings
b. Input Message
c. Error Alert
Consolidate:-
It is used to merge results from
separate worksheets to a single
worksheet. Data is merged to a
single worksheet so that any
change in previous data
reflected into new merged
worksheet.
• .
What-If-Analysis: -

93. It contains three options:-
• Scenario manager
• Goal Seek
• Data Table
Scenario Manager:- It helps
in automatic recalculation of
formulas when any of the
source data changes .
Subtotal: - The subtotal is used
to display the summary
information and grand total in
the form of list.

94. Protect sheet: - This option is
used to protect the sheet of a
workbook. After applying this
option we can only protect a
particular sheet of a workbook.
Protect workbook: - Protect
workbook is an option to
restrict the user to insert and
delete the sheet in protected
workbook. Protected workbook
can be unprotected only when
user insert the password which
was inserted at the time of
protection.

95. POWERPOINT:-
PowerPoint is a powerful
Presentation Software Used to
Create Interactive Presentation
Presentations
A presentation is a collection of
data and information.
A PowerPoint presentation is a
collection of electronic slides
that can have text, pictures,
graphics, tables, sound and
video.

96. Components of PowerPoint
Presentation:-
1. Slides: - In the PowerPoint,
the Slides Works Like Pages.
These are The Images That
Make up a Presentation. Each
Slide Can Contain Text,
Graphics, Charts, Sounds,
Videos, And Organizational
Charts Etc.
2. Handouts:- Handouts Are
Paper Copies Of All Or Some

97. Of The Slides To Be Given To
The Audience. A Page Can Be
Maximum Nine Handouts.
Slide Transitions
Transitions are effects that are
in place when you switch from
one slide to the next. To add
slide transitions:
• Select the slide that you want
to transition
• Click the Animations tab
• Choose the appropriate
animation or click the
Transition dialog box

98. Slide Animation
Slide animation effects are
predefined special effects that
you can add to objects on a
slide. To apply an animation
effect:
• Choose the appropriate effect
Rehearse Timings
It is used to set the slide show
timings so that slide would
change automatically after a
fixed time.