Pre-storage treatments are used to reduce postharvest losses and extend the storage life of fruits and vegetables. Some common pre-storage treatments include cleaning, sorting, grading, waxing, pre-cooling, and chemical treatments. Cleaning removes dirt and pathogens from produce surfaces. Sorting and grading separate produce based on attributes like size, color and quality. Waxing forms a protective coating to reduce moisture loss. Pre-cooling promptly cools produce after harvesting to remove field heat. Chemical treatments use dips, sprays or fumigation to control postharvest diseases and pests.
Drying is an industrial preservation method in which water content and water activity of the fruits and vegetables are decreased by heated air to minimized biological, chemical and microbial deterioration.
Drying is a process of simultaneous heat and mass transfer. To obtain the dehydrated product of high quality, The drying process should be such that it allows effective retention of color appearance, flavor, taste and nutritive value, comparable to fresh vegetables.
The technique of drying is probably the oldest method of food preservation practiced by mankind for the extension of food shelf life. The use of artificial drying to preserve agricultural commodities is expanding, creating a need for more rapid drying techniques and methods that reduce the large amount of energy required in drying processes
Introduction
Principle of canning
Foods that are canned
Canning processing
Spoilage of canned products
Containers for packing of canned products
Equipments used in canning process
Cleaning & Grading Equipments For Fruit and VegetableRavi Adhikari
Cleaning & Grading Equipments For Fruit and Vegetable
Methods Of Cleaning
Equipments For Cleaning Of Fruit and Vegetable
Grading
Methods Of Grading
Equipments For Grading Of Fruit and Vegetable
Drying is an industrial preservation method in which water content and water activity of the fruits and vegetables are decreased by heated air to minimized biological, chemical and microbial deterioration.
Drying is a process of simultaneous heat and mass transfer. To obtain the dehydrated product of high quality, The drying process should be such that it allows effective retention of color appearance, flavor, taste and nutritive value, comparable to fresh vegetables.
The technique of drying is probably the oldest method of food preservation practiced by mankind for the extension of food shelf life. The use of artificial drying to preserve agricultural commodities is expanding, creating a need for more rapid drying techniques and methods that reduce the large amount of energy required in drying processes
Introduction
Principle of canning
Foods that are canned
Canning processing
Spoilage of canned products
Containers for packing of canned products
Equipments used in canning process
Cleaning & Grading Equipments For Fruit and VegetableRavi Adhikari
Cleaning & Grading Equipments For Fruit and Vegetable
Methods Of Cleaning
Equipments For Cleaning Of Fruit and Vegetable
Grading
Methods Of Grading
Equipments For Grading Of Fruit and Vegetable
Canning Equipments: Construction & WorkingAbdul Rehman
Comprises of detailed theory alongwith labelled diagram of equipments used in Canning of Fruits and Vegetables. The flow chart which illustrates numerous process carried out in Canning Fruits and Vegetables.
Oxygen is life, but in the case of foods, it is not so. When harvested, fresh fruits and vegetables
are at the peak of their quality. Their quality cannot be improved; it can only be deteriorated or
maintained. Fresh, high-quality products are the primary requirements for the national and international food industry during this current era. After harvesting, especially for fresh fruits and vegetables, continue their respiration process. The respiration rate has to be reduced to maintain quality, especially when the products are stored for an extended period or shipped to distant markets. The best way to preserve quality and extend shelf life is by cooling, and another method used to extend shelf life is the modification of the atmosphere surrounding the product. Also known as “CA storage” in the produce business, Controlled atmospheric storage is the storage in which external control systems control the atmosphere of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen (and sometimes other gases). Outside air consists of approximately 78% nitrogen (N2), 21% oxygen (O2), 0.045% carbon dioxide (CO2). CA lowers the oxygen level generally to 0.5-2.5%, depending on the type of product and the variety. CA conditions extend the shelf life of fruit and vegetables with a factor of 2 to 4.
We take pride in introducing over selves as the leading manufacturer & supplier of fruits/vegetables sorting-grading plants and other allied equipments. AGROSAW specializes in the design and the manufacture of sorting, washing, waxing, drying and grading systems for fresh fruit and vegetables. We have complete range of machineries for any type of fruits and vegetables.
However we want to ensure that we guarantee the quality of the equipment and you will definitely get good brand image. We believe that if this cooperation become successful than we will have more opportunities for mutual cooperation.
We are the most trusted supplier for the prestigious companies engaged in Agribusiness and value addition of the product. The AGROSAWTM name today is synonym to quality equipments and latest technology.
The different categories of manufacturing include:
1. Sorting- Washing- Waxing- Drying- Grading of Round Fruits & Vegetables like Oranges, Kinnows, Sweetlime, Tomato, Lemon, Amla etc.
2. Sorting & Grading of Potato, Onion and Garlic.
3. Sorting- Washing- Waxing- Drying- Weight Grading of Mango and other similar fruits like Capsicum etc.
4. Length grading of Carrots, Cucumbers, Radish etc.
5. Manual Sorting-Grading line for oblong shaped vegetables like Ginger, Ladies finger etc.
6. Semi Automatic Net Clipping Machine.
7. Shrink Wrapping Machine.
8. Vacuum Packaging Machine.
9. Onion Topper
10. Baggers.
Management of Post-Harvest Losses in Fruits and VegetablesSaurav Tuteja
Fruits and vegetables are the most perishable agricultural produce and the post-harvest loss of these is tremendous. Producers have to suffer a huge economic loss due to lack of proper understanding about causes, nature of loss, proper preservation methods, their transportation, and marketing techniques. This paper suggests the methods of handling the fruits and vegetables after their harvest so as to reduce the loss to the minimum and obtain maximum returns from them.
Fresh fruits and vegetables are perishable and highly prone to these losses because they are composed of living tissues. These tissues must be kept alive and healthy throughout the process of marketing. These are composed of thousands of living cells which require care and maintenance.
Chemical treatment - Disinfection of food commodityVikas Tiwari
Succulent nature of fruits and vegetables make them easily invaded by these organisms. The common pathogens causing rots in fruits and vegetables are fungi such as Alternaria, Botrytis, Diplodia, Phomopsis, Rhizopus, Pencillium and Fusarium and among bacteria, Erwinia and Pseudomonas cause extensive damage.
Losses from post-harvest disease in fresh produce can be both quantitative and qualitative. Loss in quantity occurs where deep penetration of decay makes the infected produce unusable. Loss in quality occurs when the disease affects only the surface of produce causing skin blemishes that can lower the commercial value of a crop.
Canning Equipments: Construction & WorkingAbdul Rehman
Comprises of detailed theory alongwith labelled diagram of equipments used in Canning of Fruits and Vegetables. The flow chart which illustrates numerous process carried out in Canning Fruits and Vegetables.
Oxygen is life, but in the case of foods, it is not so. When harvested, fresh fruits and vegetables
are at the peak of their quality. Their quality cannot be improved; it can only be deteriorated or
maintained. Fresh, high-quality products are the primary requirements for the national and international food industry during this current era. After harvesting, especially for fresh fruits and vegetables, continue their respiration process. The respiration rate has to be reduced to maintain quality, especially when the products are stored for an extended period or shipped to distant markets. The best way to preserve quality and extend shelf life is by cooling, and another method used to extend shelf life is the modification of the atmosphere surrounding the product. Also known as “CA storage” in the produce business, Controlled atmospheric storage is the storage in which external control systems control the atmosphere of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen (and sometimes other gases). Outside air consists of approximately 78% nitrogen (N2), 21% oxygen (O2), 0.045% carbon dioxide (CO2). CA lowers the oxygen level generally to 0.5-2.5%, depending on the type of product and the variety. CA conditions extend the shelf life of fruit and vegetables with a factor of 2 to 4.
We take pride in introducing over selves as the leading manufacturer & supplier of fruits/vegetables sorting-grading plants and other allied equipments. AGROSAW specializes in the design and the manufacture of sorting, washing, waxing, drying and grading systems for fresh fruit and vegetables. We have complete range of machineries for any type of fruits and vegetables.
However we want to ensure that we guarantee the quality of the equipment and you will definitely get good brand image. We believe that if this cooperation become successful than we will have more opportunities for mutual cooperation.
We are the most trusted supplier for the prestigious companies engaged in Agribusiness and value addition of the product. The AGROSAWTM name today is synonym to quality equipments and latest technology.
The different categories of manufacturing include:
1. Sorting- Washing- Waxing- Drying- Grading of Round Fruits & Vegetables like Oranges, Kinnows, Sweetlime, Tomato, Lemon, Amla etc.
2. Sorting & Grading of Potato, Onion and Garlic.
3. Sorting- Washing- Waxing- Drying- Weight Grading of Mango and other similar fruits like Capsicum etc.
4. Length grading of Carrots, Cucumbers, Radish etc.
5. Manual Sorting-Grading line for oblong shaped vegetables like Ginger, Ladies finger etc.
6. Semi Automatic Net Clipping Machine.
7. Shrink Wrapping Machine.
8. Vacuum Packaging Machine.
9. Onion Topper
10. Baggers.
Management of Post-Harvest Losses in Fruits and VegetablesSaurav Tuteja
Fruits and vegetables are the most perishable agricultural produce and the post-harvest loss of these is tremendous. Producers have to suffer a huge economic loss due to lack of proper understanding about causes, nature of loss, proper preservation methods, their transportation, and marketing techniques. This paper suggests the methods of handling the fruits and vegetables after their harvest so as to reduce the loss to the minimum and obtain maximum returns from them.
Fresh fruits and vegetables are perishable and highly prone to these losses because they are composed of living tissues. These tissues must be kept alive and healthy throughout the process of marketing. These are composed of thousands of living cells which require care and maintenance.
Chemical treatment - Disinfection of food commodityVikas Tiwari
Succulent nature of fruits and vegetables make them easily invaded by these organisms. The common pathogens causing rots in fruits and vegetables are fungi such as Alternaria, Botrytis, Diplodia, Phomopsis, Rhizopus, Pencillium and Fusarium and among bacteria, Erwinia and Pseudomonas cause extensive damage.
Losses from post-harvest disease in fresh produce can be both quantitative and qualitative. Loss in quantity occurs where deep penetration of decay makes the infected produce unusable. Loss in quality occurs when the disease affects only the surface of produce causing skin blemishes that can lower the commercial value of a crop.
Preservatives in fruits and Vegetables (Chemical and physical, Canning in det...SaiLakshmi891734
The chemicals when added interfere with the cell membrane of the microorganisms, their enzyme activity or their genetic mechanisms. They also act as antioxidants. The common chemical preservatives permitted are
1. Benzoic acid (including benzoates) Sodium benzoate is a salt of benzoic acid and is used in preservation of colored fruit juices and squashes
2. Sulphur dioxide (including sulphites): Potassium meta-bi-sulphite is used as a source of sulphur dioxide when it is added to the juice or squash. When used in fruits with deep colours like blue grapes, jamun, watermelon it bleaches the colour and hence in such cases benzoic acid is desirable.
3. Organic acids and their salts: Foods can be preserved by adding lactic, acetic, propionic, citric acids and their salts. Nitrates and nitrite compounds are used to preserve meat and fish products. It gives desirable colour, flavor and discourages the growth of micro-organ-isms. It also prevents toxin formation by the microorganisms in food.
PROCESS
Selection of fruits and vegetables
(i) Fruits and vegetables should be absolutely fresh.
(ii) Fruits should be ripe, but firm, and uniformly mature. Over-ripe fruits should be rejected because they are infected with microorganisms and give a poor quality product. Unripe fruits should be rejected because they generally shrivel and toughen on canning.
(iii) All vegetables except tomatoes should be tender.
(iv)Tomatoes should be firm, fully ripe and of deep red colour.
(v) Fruits and vegetables should be free from dirt. (vi) They should be free from blemishes, insect damage or mechanical injury.
INTRODUCTION
Canning is defined as preservation of foods in hermetically sealed containers and usually implies heat treatment as the principal factor in prevention of spoilage.
Canning was invented by Nicholas Appert in 1910 so also termed as Appertization.
Foods that are canned
Low acid foods: Meat, fish, poultry, dairy fall into a pH range of 5.0 to 6.8. This large group is commonly referred to as the low acid group.
Acid foods: With pH values between 4.5 and 3.7. Fruits such as pear, oranges, apricots and tomatoes fall in this class.
High acid foods: Such as pickled products and fermented foods. The pH values range from 3.7 down to 2.3, also Jams and Jellies are in this classification.
PRINCIPLE OF CANNING
Destruction of spoilage microorganism within a container by means of heat.
the presentation is a brief information on the different post harvest practices practiced commonly in lndia and the presentation is generalized to the context of the world
PHYSICAL METHODS OF FOOD PRESERVATION.pptxAfra Jamal
This presentation includes the methods of food preservation by physical methods such as asepsis, preserve by low and high temperatures, biopreservatives, desiccation, controlled atmosphere and anaerobiosis
Improvement in Quality of Horticultural Produce.pptxParshant Bakshi
Fruits and vegetables consumption is essential to a healthy diet, reducing the risk of cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. They are known as Protective food as due to good source of vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, and fiber. The parts of fruits that are usually not consumed, such as peel, seeds, and pomaces, are also rich in these compounds. Strategies to transform and include them in the food chain should be considered a global approach to achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). Moreover, new products, processes, and distribution conditions should contribute to increasing fruit and vegetable consumption, improving the quality of products, and minimizing energy and water consumption, as well as losses and waste. Fresh produce can be microbiologically contaminated throughout the supply chain, from production, processing, transporting, storage, and sale sites to our kitchen benches. Although consumers demand minimally processed or “fresh-like” food products, adequate processing must be ensured to guarantee product safety.
In order to improve the quality of horticultural products, there are certain post harvest treatments given to the horticultural commodities. These treatments include:
Coating
Degreening
Hot water treatments
Vapour heat treatment
Curing
Packaging
2. Pre storage treatments of fruits and vegetables
What are pre-storage treatments?
These are the treatments given to a commodity
(fruits and vegetables in present context) generally
after harvesting to reduce postharvest losses,
enhance storage life and retain quality.
Any examples of pre-storage treatments?
o Cleaning
o Washing
o Sorting
o Grading
o Waxing
o Packing
o Pre cooling
o Curing
o Desapping
o Chemical treatments
o Irradiation
o Vapour heat treatment
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3. Pre storage treatments of fruits and vegetables
1. Cleaning
This is a treatment given to remove adhering dust, dirt,
extraneous matter, pathogenic load etc. from the
surface of a commodity. Cleaning basically sanitizes
the produce and avoid entry of undesirable contents to
enter the packaging and storage line.
Cleaning is a broader term and includes,
dusting, washing etc.
Methods of cleaning
i. Dry method (Dusting etc.)
ii. Wet method (Washing)
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4. Pre storage treatments of fruits and vegetables
i. Dusting
This method is mainly used to remove the adhering
soil, etc from commodity i.e. potato, root vegetables,
carrot, radish etc.
Dusting helps to shed undesirable load (weight)
of the commodity and thus reduce
transportation cost.
It also removes pathogenic microorganisms
present in the soil from the surface of the
vegetables.
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5. Pre storage treatments of fruits and vegetables
ii. Washing
This method is used in most fruits and vegetables.
Washing is done at the pack house through automated
washing system fitted with overhead sprayers and
smooth rotating brushes to clean and wash the fruits.
Washing with clean water mixed with a neutral
detergent such as Teapol, Sandovit or Indtron at
0.1% (1 ml / litre of water) is effective.
The process of cleaning and washing will take
3-5 minutes. The temperature of water should
be at room temperature (270C).
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6. Pre storage treatments of fruits and vegetables
2. Sorting and Grading
This may be done manually or by using a machine.
Fruits are graded on the basis of their colour, size and
weight and sorted for freeness from damage/ diseases.
At the sorting and grading table, trained workers
wearing gloves sort out the oversized and
undersized fruits, immature/scarred/blemished
fruits, diseased/insect damaged fruits and as
well as fruits with sap injury (in mango) under
the supervision of quality supervisor.
The segregated fruits in the grader machine kept in
plastic crates are removed at the end each working
shift from the process area and are distinctly labeled
for disposal.
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7. Pre storage treatments of fruits and vegetables
Difference between sorting and Grading
Sorting Grading
1. Undesirable type of fruits i.e.
diseased, damaged, deformed
are removed
1. Fruits and vegetables are
categorized according to
difference in their weight, size,
colour, maturity etc.
2. Done primarily to reduce
spread of infection to other fruits
2. Done to fetch better price in the
market.
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8. Pre storage treatments of fruits and vegetables
3. Waxing / Coating
It is the process of applying wax on the surface of
commodity by spraying, dip or immersion, brushing,
fogging or foaming.
Some fruits develop natural fruit wax on their
surface at the time of maturity. i.e. plum, apple,
citrus, grapes etc.
This has its role in reducing water loss fro the
commodity and thus reducing shriveling and weight
loss. While handling care is taken to touch the fruits as
minimum as possible to retain as much of the natural
wax (also called bloom) on the fruit.
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9. Pre storage treatments of fruits and vegetables
Advantage of Waxing
Improve appearance of fruit
Reduce moisture loss by 30-50% and retards
wilting/ shriveling
Heals minor injuries
Protects fruits from minor infections
Provides modified atmosphere and
increase shelf life
Acts a carrier for various chemicals etc
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10. Pre storage treatments of fruits and vegetables
Types of waxes
Paraffin wax, carnauba wax, bee wax etc
Examples of some commercial formulations:
Tal-Prolong, Semper Fresh for apple, Frutox,
Waxol, Nipro fruit wax for apple, and citrus,
Ban seel for banana, Nu-coat flo for citrus,
Brilloshine L for apples, avocado, melons
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11. Pre storage treatments of fruits and vegetables
4. Pre-cooling
It is the prompt cooling of the commodity
immediately after harvest (generally within 24
hrs of harvest), to its safe storage temperature ,
which aims at removal of field heat.
Rate of cooling depends on
Initial product temperature
Rate of flow of cooling media around the commodity
Temperature difference between produce and cooling media
Thermal conductivity of produce
There are different
cooling methods followed for different commodities. Some
fungicides may be mixed in water during hydro-cooling to reduce
decay incidence Weight loss during forced air cooling can be
reduced by maintaining high (95%) relative humidity in the pre-cooling
chamber
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12. Pre storage treatments of fruits and vegetables
5. Chemical treatment
Various chemicals are applied to fruits and
vegetables in order to control postharvest
diseases and pest infestations.
End Previous Next
Dipping:
The commodity is immersed in water
containing appropriate concentration of
chemical which is toxic to the pathogen.
However, the concentration of chemical should not be toxic
to the fruit/ vegetable and should not endanger public health.
For improving the efficacy of the dip treatment and better
surface coating some wetting agents may also be added.
The effectiveness of the fungicidal solution may also be
enhanced by hearting the water in which the fruit is being
dipped.
13. Pre storage treatments of fruits and vegetables
5. Chemical treatment
Various chemicals are applied to fruits and
vegetables in order to control postharvest
diseases and pest infestations.
End Previous Next
i) Dipping:
The commodity is immersed in water
containing appropriate concentration of
chemical which is toxic to the pathogen.
However, the concentration of chemical should not be toxic
to the fruit/ vegetable and should not endanger public
For improving thhee aelftfhic.acy of the dip treatment and better
surface coating some wetting agents may also be added.
The effectiveness of the fungicidal solution may also be enhanced
by hearting the water in which the fruit is being dipped.
500 ppm of benomyl in water at 50-55 min, for 2 to
15 min is effective for controlling anthracnose in
mango without damaging the fruit.
14. Pre storage treatments of fruits and vegetables
ii) Cascade application:
Commodity is passed below a shower of
shower of diluted chemical.
iii) Electrostatic sprays:
Applying the chemical as a spray but producing very fine
particles and then charging them in an electrostatic sprayer
so that they readily stick to the commodity underneath them.
The fine droplets of chemical solution have same charge
and thus they repel each other and are attracted towards
earth during field sprays.
iv) Dusting:
Active chemical is diluted with an inert powder i.e.
talc for uniform application and reduced wastage.
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15. Pre storage treatments of fruits and vegetables
Sulphur dioxide fumes are sued for
controlling postharvest diseases in grapes.
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v) Fumigation:
vi) Chemical pads:
Paper pads impregnated chemical are used
for wrapping the fruits and vegetables and
control postharvest diseases.
16. Pre storage treatments of fruits and vegetables
It is technique where the commodity is left in the
field itself in a heap under shade for few days.
The outermost layer, which may be contaminated with soil, usually falls
away easily on curing. The dry under-layer should have an attractive
appearance. Onions are cured generally when they have lost 3 to 5% of
their weight. Generally, are dried in the field by stacking in a warm,
covered area with good ventilation.
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6. Curing
It is an effective operation to reduce water loss during
storage from hardy vegetables viz., onion, garlic, sweet
potato etc. In case of onion curing is a drying process
intended to dry off the necks and 2-3 outer scales of the
bulbs to prevent the loss of moisture and the attack by
decay during storage.
Contd….
17. Pre storage treatments of fruits and vegetables
However, in cool and moist climates, onions are cured with
artificial heat blown through a duct at 30oC. Onions can also be
cured by tying the tops of the bulbs in bunches and hanging
them on a horizontal support of pole, wire etc. pole in a well-ventilated
and shaded place. Curing in shade improves bulb
colour.
The essential conditions during curing are:
o Heat (~ 30oC)
o Good ventilation
o Low humidity
Contd….
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18. Pre storage treatments of fruits and vegetables
Irradiation is a treatment given to various fruits and vegetables to
control different postharvest diseases and disorders.
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7. Irradiation
Crop Control of Disease/disorder/pest Min. dose (kGy)
Apple Scald/ brown core 1.5
Apricot peach nectarine Brown rot 2
Banana Ripening inhibition 0.30-0.35
Lemon Penicillium rot 1.5 -2.0
Mushroom Inhibition of stem growth and cap
opening
2
Orange Penicillium rot 2
Papaya Disinfestation of fruit fly 0.25
Pear Ripening inhibition 2.5
Potato Inhibition of sprouting 0.08-0.15
Strawberry, grape Grey mould 2
Tomato Alternaria rot 3
But in most of the above cases, the technology of irradiation
finds a limited commercial application as either some cheaper and
more effective alternatives are available or the treatment leaves
undesirable effect on the produce and cause abnormal ripening.
19. Pre storage treatments of fruits and vegetables
8. Vapour heat treatment
This was developed to control infections of fruit flies in fruits.
The treatment consists of stacking the fruits in boxes in a
room which is heated and humidified by injection of steam.
The temperature and exposure time may be adjusted
depending upon the stage at which the fly is to be killed i.e. egg,
larvae, pupa or adult. The most difficult stage to control by VHT
is larval stage as the insect goes further into the fruit and away
from the surface thus requiring high temperatures for short time.
Generally the treatment of citrus, papaya, mango or pineapples
may be given at 43o C in saturated air for 8 hrs followed by
maintaining the temperature for further 6 hrs.
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20. Pre storage treatments of fruits and vegetables
Desapping of mango fruits is carried out in processing area by
trained workers under the supervision of processing supervisor.
End Previous
9. Desapping
Desapping is done by holding the mango fruits upside down
while cutting the stalk of fruits.
The stalks of mango fruits are cut very carefully to 0.5 to 1.0
cm by trained workers by using a scissor with sharp long
nose to avoid causing skin injury.
For exports, the pedicel of the fruits is cut approximately at a
length of 1 cm from the fruit with the help of sharp scissors and
fruits are kept up side down in special knitted pallets, for two
hours so that the latex flows out from the fruit completely. Care
should be taken that the latex drop does not fall on the fruit.