The document discusses Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory. VSEPR Theory states that the shape of a molecule is determined by the number of electron pairs around the central atom. Electron pairs repel each other and arrange as far apart as possible. Bond pairs and lone pairs cause repulsion, with lone pairs causing more repulsion than bond pairs. The geometry that results in the lowest repulsion determines the molecular shape. Common molecular shapes include linear, trigonal planar, and tetrahedral.
This document introduces the Fermi-Dirac distribution function. It begins by discussing basic concepts like the Fermi level and Fermi energy. It then covers Fermi and Bose statistics, and the postulates of Fermi particles. The derivation of the Fermi-Dirac distribution function is shown, which gives the probability of a quantum state being occupied at a given energy and temperature. Graphs are presented showing how the distribution varies with different temperatures. The classical limit of the distribution is discussed. References are provided at the end.
This document summarizes a lecture on modern physics and quantum mechanics. It discusses infinite potential barriers, finite potential barriers, and quantum tunneling. For an infinite barrier, particles reflect completely. For a finite barrier, particles can partially penetrate the barrier due to quantum tunneling, with probability of penetration decreasing as the barrier height or width increases.
1. Quantum mechanics describes the behavior of matter and light at the atomic scale, which is very different from classical mechanics. Particles have both wave-like and particle-like properties.
2. The de Broglie hypothesis proposed that all particles have an associated wavelength that depends on their momentum. This was confirmed experimentally by observing electron diffraction patterns.
3. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle states that it is impossible to precisely measure both a particle's position and momentum simultaneously. This limits our ability to predict the future behavior of particles.
Wavelength of light using diffraction gratting .UCP
This document describes using a diffraction grating to measure the wavelength of light. A diffraction grating consists of parallel lines that split light into different wavelengths at specific angles. The wavelength can be calculated using the grating's line spacing and the angle of the split beams. The procedure involves shining a laser through a grating and measuring the angle of the first diffraction pattern to calculate the wavelength using the diffraction grating equation. This allows verifying the laser's specified wavelength.
1) The document summarizes aromaticity and anti-aromaticity, discussing the key criteria for aromatic compounds including being cyclic, conjugated, planar, and having 4n+2 π electrons.
2) It provides examples of aromatic compounds like benzene and non-aromatic compounds that do not meet the criteria. Anti-aromatic compounds are also discussed.
3) NMR spectroscopy is discussed as a way to distinguish aromatic protons from other types of protons based on chemical shift values.
The document discusses Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory. VSEPR Theory states that the shape of a molecule is determined by the number of electron pairs around the central atom. Electron pairs repel each other and arrange as far apart as possible. Bond pairs and lone pairs cause repulsion, with lone pairs causing more repulsion than bond pairs. The geometry that results in the lowest repulsion determines the molecular shape. Common molecular shapes include linear, trigonal planar, and tetrahedral.
This document introduces the Fermi-Dirac distribution function. It begins by discussing basic concepts like the Fermi level and Fermi energy. It then covers Fermi and Bose statistics, and the postulates of Fermi particles. The derivation of the Fermi-Dirac distribution function is shown, which gives the probability of a quantum state being occupied at a given energy and temperature. Graphs are presented showing how the distribution varies with different temperatures. The classical limit of the distribution is discussed. References are provided at the end.
This document summarizes a lecture on modern physics and quantum mechanics. It discusses infinite potential barriers, finite potential barriers, and quantum tunneling. For an infinite barrier, particles reflect completely. For a finite barrier, particles can partially penetrate the barrier due to quantum tunneling, with probability of penetration decreasing as the barrier height or width increases.
1. Quantum mechanics describes the behavior of matter and light at the atomic scale, which is very different from classical mechanics. Particles have both wave-like and particle-like properties.
2. The de Broglie hypothesis proposed that all particles have an associated wavelength that depends on their momentum. This was confirmed experimentally by observing electron diffraction patterns.
3. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle states that it is impossible to precisely measure both a particle's position and momentum simultaneously. This limits our ability to predict the future behavior of particles.
Wavelength of light using diffraction gratting .UCP
This document describes using a diffraction grating to measure the wavelength of light. A diffraction grating consists of parallel lines that split light into different wavelengths at specific angles. The wavelength can be calculated using the grating's line spacing and the angle of the split beams. The procedure involves shining a laser through a grating and measuring the angle of the first diffraction pattern to calculate the wavelength using the diffraction grating equation. This allows verifying the laser's specified wavelength.
1) The document summarizes aromaticity and anti-aromaticity, discussing the key criteria for aromatic compounds including being cyclic, conjugated, planar, and having 4n+2 π electrons.
2) It provides examples of aromatic compounds like benzene and non-aromatic compounds that do not meet the criteria. Anti-aromatic compounds are also discussed.
3) NMR spectroscopy is discussed as a way to distinguish aromatic protons from other types of protons based on chemical shift values.
The document discusses the principles of diffraction gratings and how they can be used to calculate various properties of light. Specifically, it explains the diffraction grating equation, provides examples of how to use it to determine the wavelength of light and angle of diffraction for different grating spacings and orders. It also describes how a grating's line spacing can be used to calculate the slit spacing and discusses the angular spread of a spectrum produced from a grating.
This document provides an overview of the application of phase rule to a three component system of acetic acid, chloroform, and water. It defines key terms like phases, components, and degrees of freedom. It explains Gibbs phase rule and how it applies to a three component system. Specifically, it discusses how the water-acetic acid-chloroform system can be represented on a triangular phase diagram, with acetic acid enhancing the miscibility of water and chloroform. The document outlines how the system transitions from two heterogeneous phases to a single homogeneous phase as the amount of acetic acid is increased.
De Broglie wave equation - Derivation by SKStephen Kwong
1) The document derives de Broglie's wave equation for the wavelength of an electron from first principles using the carrier postulate that electrons are moved by photons.
2) It shows that the momentum and kinetic energy of the moving electron is equal to the momentum and energy of the incorporated photon.
3) This leads to the derivation of de Broglie's wave equation that the wavelength of the electron is equal to Planck's constant h divided by the momentum of the electron.
1. An insoluble monomolecular film forms when a slightly soluble material is spread on a liquid surface, such as water. The molecules stand vertically and pack closely, with thickness equaling molecular length.
2. Film pressure is measured as the difference between the surface tension of the clean liquid and the surface tension of the liquid covered by the film. The film resists contraction of the clean surface.
3. A π-A curve plots the relationship between film pressure and film area, showing phase changes as the film is compressed, from a gas-like to liquid-like to solid-like state.
1. The document discusses the Fermi-Dirac distribution function, which describes the occupancy of energy levels by electrons in a solid.
2. The probability that an energy level E is filled by an electron is given by the Fermi-Dirac distribution function f(E) = 1/(1+e^(E-EF)/kT), where EF is the Fermi level energy.
3. The derivation of the Fermi-Dirac distribution function maximizes the logarithm of the multiplicity function, or number of configurations that electrons can occupy energy states, to find the occupancy probability that corresponds to thermal equilibrium.
This document discusses phase space and the statistical mechanics of classical particles. It can be summarized as:
1. The state of a classical particle is defined by its position and momentum coordinates, which together form a point in the particle's 6D phase space. For a system of N particles, the full 6N-dimensional phase space is called the Γ-space.
2. The minimum volume element in phase space is called the unit cell, with volume h^3 according to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.
3. The number of quantum states available to particles with energies between E and E+dE is given by the ratio of the volume of phase space to the volume of a unit cell.
Optical phenomena and properties of matterSiyavula
The document discusses optical phenomena and properties of matter in physics. It describes the photoelectric effect where electrons are emitted from a substance when light shines on it. The number of emitted electrons increases with light intensity. It also discusses work function, which is the minimum energy needed to eject electrons from a metal. Emission and absorption spectra are formed when certain light frequencies are emitted or absorbed by gases and materials, respectively, due to electrons moving between energy levels.
1. Interfacial phenomena are important in pharmacy for drug adsorption, penetration through membranes, emulsion formation and stability, and suspension of insoluble particles.
2. Surface tension is the inward force at the liquid interface, while interfacial tension exists between immiscible liquids. Temperature, additives, and molecular interactions influence surface/interfacial tensions.
3. Several methods measure these tensions, including the capillary rise, Du Nouy ring, and drop weight methods. Surface-active agents are amphiphilic molecules that adsorb at interfaces and are used as wetting, solubilizing, and emulsifying agents in pharmaceutical formulations.
This LO presents conditions for constructive and destructive thin film interference. An example of thin film interference in butter fly wings with a worked solution is provided to assist in application of the concepts and demonstrate the real life applications of this topic.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
This document discusses refractive index and related concepts. Refractive index is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a substance. It depends on factors like the density, temperature, wavelength of light, and composition of the material. Snell's law describes how light bends when passing from one medium to another with a different refractive index. Refractive index is used in applications like determining the concentration of solutions, calculating lens power, and identifying substances.
This document discusses aromatic compounds and Hückel's rule for aromaticity. It defines aromatic compounds as cyclic, planar and fully conjugated compounds that have 4n + 2 π electrons according to Hückel's rule. These compounds are highly stable due to delocalization of π electrons over the whole ring. They undergo substitution rather than addition reactions and have intermediate bond lengths and diatropic NMR properties. Anti-aromatic compounds have 4n π electrons and show the opposite NMR characteristics. Molecular orbital theory is used to explain the stability and properties of aromatic compounds.
Postulates of quantum mechanics & operatorsGiri dharan
1) Quantum mechanics describes the state of a micro system using a wavefunction that contains all information about the system.
2) Observables like position, momentum, and energy are represented by quantum mechanical operators.
3) The possible values of physical quantities are the eigenvalues obtained by operating the corresponding operator on the wavefunction. The average value of a physical quantity is the expectation value calculated using the wavefunction.
Air pollution occurs when harmful substances released in or excessive quantities including gases, particles, and biological molecules to Earth's atmosphere. Life expectancy has gone down by 2.6 years due to air pollution. Delhi, Mumbai, Gurugram comes under most polluted cities of the world.
B.tech. ii engineering chemistry unit 4 B organic chemistryRai University
Organic reactions and their mechanisms are described. Key topics covered include nucleophiles and electrophiles, reaction types (addition, elimination, substitution), and organic intermediates. Electron displacement effects such as inductive, mesomeric, electromeric and inductometric effects are also discussed. Common organic reactions like nitration, halogenation and nucleophilic aromatic substitution are summarized.
Vibrational frequencies can shift from normal values due to several factors:
1) Coupled vibrations occur when bond vibrations interact, causing asymmetric and symmetric stretches at different frequencies than isolated bonds.
2) Fermi resonance involves coupling between fundamental and overtone vibrations, splitting peaks between the two modes.
3) Hydrogen bonding lowers frequencies as it strengthens interactions between donor and acceptor groups. Stronger bonding yields greater shifts to lower frequencies.
4) Electronic effects like induction, mesomerism, and field effects influence frequencies by strengthening or weakening bonds.
The document discusses solubility of liquids in liquids through phase diagrams. It provides examples of complete miscibility (ethanol and water), complete immiscibility (water and mercury), and partial miscibility (water and phenol). Systems can show increasing, decreasing, or unchanged miscibility with temperature. Phase diagrams graph temperature vs. composition to illustrate these relationships. The document also discusses solid-liquid systems and eutectic points, where three phases (liquid, solid A, solid B) coexist at the lowest temperature with a single liquid phase.
Polarized light occurs when light vibrations are restricted to a single plane. There are three main types of polarized light: linear, elliptical, and circular polarization. Polarization can be produced through dichroism, double reflection, scattering, and reflection. Polarization has many applications including sunglasses, 3D movies, mineral identification, astronomy, communication technologies, and ophthalmic instruments. Polarizers and analyzers are used to produce and detect polarized light. Laws like Malus' law and Brewster's law describe the behavior of polarized light.
The document discusses the principles of diffraction gratings and how they can be used to calculate various properties of light. Specifically, it explains the diffraction grating equation, provides examples of how to use it to determine the wavelength of light and angle of diffraction for different grating spacings and orders. It also describes how a grating's line spacing can be used to calculate the slit spacing and discusses the angular spread of a spectrum produced from a grating.
This document provides an overview of the application of phase rule to a three component system of acetic acid, chloroform, and water. It defines key terms like phases, components, and degrees of freedom. It explains Gibbs phase rule and how it applies to a three component system. Specifically, it discusses how the water-acetic acid-chloroform system can be represented on a triangular phase diagram, with acetic acid enhancing the miscibility of water and chloroform. The document outlines how the system transitions from two heterogeneous phases to a single homogeneous phase as the amount of acetic acid is increased.
De Broglie wave equation - Derivation by SKStephen Kwong
1) The document derives de Broglie's wave equation for the wavelength of an electron from first principles using the carrier postulate that electrons are moved by photons.
2) It shows that the momentum and kinetic energy of the moving electron is equal to the momentum and energy of the incorporated photon.
3) This leads to the derivation of de Broglie's wave equation that the wavelength of the electron is equal to Planck's constant h divided by the momentum of the electron.
1. An insoluble monomolecular film forms when a slightly soluble material is spread on a liquid surface, such as water. The molecules stand vertically and pack closely, with thickness equaling molecular length.
2. Film pressure is measured as the difference between the surface tension of the clean liquid and the surface tension of the liquid covered by the film. The film resists contraction of the clean surface.
3. A π-A curve plots the relationship between film pressure and film area, showing phase changes as the film is compressed, from a gas-like to liquid-like to solid-like state.
1. The document discusses the Fermi-Dirac distribution function, which describes the occupancy of energy levels by electrons in a solid.
2. The probability that an energy level E is filled by an electron is given by the Fermi-Dirac distribution function f(E) = 1/(1+e^(E-EF)/kT), where EF is the Fermi level energy.
3. The derivation of the Fermi-Dirac distribution function maximizes the logarithm of the multiplicity function, or number of configurations that electrons can occupy energy states, to find the occupancy probability that corresponds to thermal equilibrium.
This document discusses phase space and the statistical mechanics of classical particles. It can be summarized as:
1. The state of a classical particle is defined by its position and momentum coordinates, which together form a point in the particle's 6D phase space. For a system of N particles, the full 6N-dimensional phase space is called the Γ-space.
2. The minimum volume element in phase space is called the unit cell, with volume h^3 according to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.
3. The number of quantum states available to particles with energies between E and E+dE is given by the ratio of the volume of phase space to the volume of a unit cell.
Optical phenomena and properties of matterSiyavula
The document discusses optical phenomena and properties of matter in physics. It describes the photoelectric effect where electrons are emitted from a substance when light shines on it. The number of emitted electrons increases with light intensity. It also discusses work function, which is the minimum energy needed to eject electrons from a metal. Emission and absorption spectra are formed when certain light frequencies are emitted or absorbed by gases and materials, respectively, due to electrons moving between energy levels.
1. Interfacial phenomena are important in pharmacy for drug adsorption, penetration through membranes, emulsion formation and stability, and suspension of insoluble particles.
2. Surface tension is the inward force at the liquid interface, while interfacial tension exists between immiscible liquids. Temperature, additives, and molecular interactions influence surface/interfacial tensions.
3. Several methods measure these tensions, including the capillary rise, Du Nouy ring, and drop weight methods. Surface-active agents are amphiphilic molecules that adsorb at interfaces and are used as wetting, solubilizing, and emulsifying agents in pharmaceutical formulations.
This LO presents conditions for constructive and destructive thin film interference. An example of thin film interference in butter fly wings with a worked solution is provided to assist in application of the concepts and demonstrate the real life applications of this topic.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
This document discusses refractive index and related concepts. Refractive index is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a substance. It depends on factors like the density, temperature, wavelength of light, and composition of the material. Snell's law describes how light bends when passing from one medium to another with a different refractive index. Refractive index is used in applications like determining the concentration of solutions, calculating lens power, and identifying substances.
This document discusses aromatic compounds and Hückel's rule for aromaticity. It defines aromatic compounds as cyclic, planar and fully conjugated compounds that have 4n + 2 π electrons according to Hückel's rule. These compounds are highly stable due to delocalization of π electrons over the whole ring. They undergo substitution rather than addition reactions and have intermediate bond lengths and diatropic NMR properties. Anti-aromatic compounds have 4n π electrons and show the opposite NMR characteristics. Molecular orbital theory is used to explain the stability and properties of aromatic compounds.
Postulates of quantum mechanics & operatorsGiri dharan
1) Quantum mechanics describes the state of a micro system using a wavefunction that contains all information about the system.
2) Observables like position, momentum, and energy are represented by quantum mechanical operators.
3) The possible values of physical quantities are the eigenvalues obtained by operating the corresponding operator on the wavefunction. The average value of a physical quantity is the expectation value calculated using the wavefunction.
Air pollution occurs when harmful substances released in or excessive quantities including gases, particles, and biological molecules to Earth's atmosphere. Life expectancy has gone down by 2.6 years due to air pollution. Delhi, Mumbai, Gurugram comes under most polluted cities of the world.
B.tech. ii engineering chemistry unit 4 B organic chemistryRai University
Organic reactions and their mechanisms are described. Key topics covered include nucleophiles and electrophiles, reaction types (addition, elimination, substitution), and organic intermediates. Electron displacement effects such as inductive, mesomeric, electromeric and inductometric effects are also discussed. Common organic reactions like nitration, halogenation and nucleophilic aromatic substitution are summarized.
Vibrational frequencies can shift from normal values due to several factors:
1) Coupled vibrations occur when bond vibrations interact, causing asymmetric and symmetric stretches at different frequencies than isolated bonds.
2) Fermi resonance involves coupling between fundamental and overtone vibrations, splitting peaks between the two modes.
3) Hydrogen bonding lowers frequencies as it strengthens interactions between donor and acceptor groups. Stronger bonding yields greater shifts to lower frequencies.
4) Electronic effects like induction, mesomerism, and field effects influence frequencies by strengthening or weakening bonds.
The document discusses solubility of liquids in liquids through phase diagrams. It provides examples of complete miscibility (ethanol and water), complete immiscibility (water and mercury), and partial miscibility (water and phenol). Systems can show increasing, decreasing, or unchanged miscibility with temperature. Phase diagrams graph temperature vs. composition to illustrate these relationships. The document also discusses solid-liquid systems and eutectic points, where three phases (liquid, solid A, solid B) coexist at the lowest temperature with a single liquid phase.
Polarized light occurs when light vibrations are restricted to a single plane. There are three main types of polarized light: linear, elliptical, and circular polarization. Polarization can be produced through dichroism, double reflection, scattering, and reflection. Polarization has many applications including sunglasses, 3D movies, mineral identification, astronomy, communication technologies, and ophthalmic instruments. Polarizers and analyzers are used to produce and detect polarized light. Laws like Malus' law and Brewster's law describe the behavior of polarized light.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Fresnels Assumptions
1.
2. Huygens - Fresnel Principle
Each point on a wavefront is a source of
secondary disturbance, and the
secondary wavelets emanating from
different points mutually interfere.
3.
4. Fresnel’s Assumptions
1.A wavefront is divided into large number of zones
called Fresnel zones. Resultant effect at any point
(P) will depend on the combined effect of all
secondary waves emanating from various zones.
To see the resultant effect at point P :
5. Fresnel’s Assumptions
To see the resultant effect at point P :
2.Effect at a point due to a particular zone will depend
on the distance of the point from the zone.
6. Fresnel’s Assumptions
To see the resultant effect at point P :
3.It will depend up on obliquity factor / inclination
factor with reference to zone under consideration.
K(θ) ∝ 1 + cos θ