This document summarizes the characteristics of tone burst signals. A tone burst is a short burst of a sinusoidal tone that lies between the properties of pulses and continuous tones. The frequency spectrum of a tone burst consists of discrete components at the burst repetition frequency and its harmonics. The spectrum envelope has a maximum at the tone frequency and zeros spaced at intervals related to the number of cycles in the burst. The bandwidth of the tone burst spectrum depends inversely on the number of cycles in the burst. Tone bursts combine advantages of pulses and continuous tones, making them useful for a wide range of testing applications.
Notes for JEE Main 2014 Physics - Wave Motion Part IEdnexa
The document provides information about wave motion and reflection of waves. It defines key terms related to waves like amplitude, wavelength, period, frequency. It describes the properties of simple harmonic progressive waves and gives their equation. It explains the concepts of superposition, interference and beats of waves. It discusses reflection of transverse and longitudinal waves at rigid and free surfaces. The document also describes Quincke's tube experiment to determine the wavelength of sound waves.
The document provides information about online physics tutoring services including live webinars, online query solving, MCQ tests with solutions, online notes and exercises, and career counseling. It then provides definitions and explanations of key wave concepts such as amplitude, wavelength, period, frequency, and equations for simple harmonic progressive waves. Finally, it gives examples of multiple choice questions and their solutions related to waves and wave interference phenomena like beats and Doppler effect.
Stability of Target Resonance Modes: Ina Quadrature Polarization ContextIJERA Editor
The paper present a studyon the noise effect whenextracting the resonance residue in a quadrature polarization
setup. The accuracy and stability of the mode quadrature residues is necessary to construct the polarization matrix,
and subsequently, derive a robust polarization states of the receiver antenna. However, with lower signal-to-noise
ratios the extraction performance will degrade; in this regards, the in-phase and quadrature components of the
baseband signal demonstrated improvedextraction performancewhen used. Here, a case of two disjoint wires is
used to verify this approach.
Infrared.ppt mass NMR mass and it spectroscopyShaikhSalman43
This document discusses infrared (IR) spectroscopy and how it can be used to identify organic and inorganic compounds. IR spectroscopy detects the vibrational and rotational motions of molecules by measuring the absorption of infrared radiation. [END SUMMARY]
This document provides an overview of wave motion concepts including wave propagation, types of waves, wave terminology, speed of transverse waves, standing waves, and resonance. Key points covered include:
- Transverse waves have vibration perpendicular to propagation direction, while longitudinal waves have parallel vibration.
- Period, frequency, wavelength, speed, and phase are defined for waves.
- The speed of a transverse wave depends on the tension and linear mass density of the string.
- Standing waves occur at resonant frequencies when the string length is an integer multiple of half wavelengths.
1. The document demonstrates the relationship between the time domain and frequency domain representations of signals, specifically looking at how rise/fall times of digital clock signals affect their spectra.
2. Fast rise/fall times can produce significant high frequency content out to the 1000th harmonic and beyond, which can cause radiated emissions interference. Limited rise/fall times can reduce this effect.
3. Fourier series expansions are examined for sample waveforms like square waves, rectangular pulses, and trapezoids to understand the impact of rise/fall times on their harmonic content and resulting spectra. Measurements are presented that validate the theoretical predictions.
1) The document is a lesson on acoustics that discusses sound fundamentals like frequency, wavelength, decibels and the human range of hearing.
2) It then covers acoustic concepts such as power, intensity, impedance and how they relate to a vibrating surface like a panel.
3) The document focuses on calculating the radiated acoustic power from a panel using Rayleigh's integral formulation and defines terms like transmission loss and radiation efficiency.
This document discusses analog and digital signals. It begins by explaining that data must be transformed into electromagnetic signals to be transmitted. It then defines analog and digital data, noting that analog data is continuous while digital data has discrete states. Periodic and nonperiodic signals are also introduced. Specific topics covered include sine waves, frequency, phase, bandwidth, Fourier analysis, and digital signals. Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts such as calculating bandwidth and determining the number of bits needed to represent different signal levels.
Notes for JEE Main 2014 Physics - Wave Motion Part IEdnexa
The document provides information about wave motion and reflection of waves. It defines key terms related to waves like amplitude, wavelength, period, frequency. It describes the properties of simple harmonic progressive waves and gives their equation. It explains the concepts of superposition, interference and beats of waves. It discusses reflection of transverse and longitudinal waves at rigid and free surfaces. The document also describes Quincke's tube experiment to determine the wavelength of sound waves.
The document provides information about online physics tutoring services including live webinars, online query solving, MCQ tests with solutions, online notes and exercises, and career counseling. It then provides definitions and explanations of key wave concepts such as amplitude, wavelength, period, frequency, and equations for simple harmonic progressive waves. Finally, it gives examples of multiple choice questions and their solutions related to waves and wave interference phenomena like beats and Doppler effect.
Stability of Target Resonance Modes: Ina Quadrature Polarization ContextIJERA Editor
The paper present a studyon the noise effect whenextracting the resonance residue in a quadrature polarization
setup. The accuracy and stability of the mode quadrature residues is necessary to construct the polarization matrix,
and subsequently, derive a robust polarization states of the receiver antenna. However, with lower signal-to-noise
ratios the extraction performance will degrade; in this regards, the in-phase and quadrature components of the
baseband signal demonstrated improvedextraction performancewhen used. Here, a case of two disjoint wires is
used to verify this approach.
Infrared.ppt mass NMR mass and it spectroscopyShaikhSalman43
This document discusses infrared (IR) spectroscopy and how it can be used to identify organic and inorganic compounds. IR spectroscopy detects the vibrational and rotational motions of molecules by measuring the absorption of infrared radiation. [END SUMMARY]
This document provides an overview of wave motion concepts including wave propagation, types of waves, wave terminology, speed of transverse waves, standing waves, and resonance. Key points covered include:
- Transverse waves have vibration perpendicular to propagation direction, while longitudinal waves have parallel vibration.
- Period, frequency, wavelength, speed, and phase are defined for waves.
- The speed of a transverse wave depends on the tension and linear mass density of the string.
- Standing waves occur at resonant frequencies when the string length is an integer multiple of half wavelengths.
1. The document demonstrates the relationship between the time domain and frequency domain representations of signals, specifically looking at how rise/fall times of digital clock signals affect their spectra.
2. Fast rise/fall times can produce significant high frequency content out to the 1000th harmonic and beyond, which can cause radiated emissions interference. Limited rise/fall times can reduce this effect.
3. Fourier series expansions are examined for sample waveforms like square waves, rectangular pulses, and trapezoids to understand the impact of rise/fall times on their harmonic content and resulting spectra. Measurements are presented that validate the theoretical predictions.
1) The document is a lesson on acoustics that discusses sound fundamentals like frequency, wavelength, decibels and the human range of hearing.
2) It then covers acoustic concepts such as power, intensity, impedance and how they relate to a vibrating surface like a panel.
3) The document focuses on calculating the radiated acoustic power from a panel using Rayleigh's integral formulation and defines terms like transmission loss and radiation efficiency.
This document discusses analog and digital signals. It begins by explaining that data must be transformed into electromagnetic signals to be transmitted. It then defines analog and digital data, noting that analog data is continuous while digital data has discrete states. Periodic and nonperiodic signals are also introduced. Specific topics covered include sine waves, frequency, phase, bandwidth, Fourier analysis, and digital signals. Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts such as calculating bandwidth and determining the number of bits needed to represent different signal levels.
The document discusses signals in the physical layer of computer networks. It describes how signals can be either analog or digital, and periodic or non-periodic. Periodic analog signals like sine waves are characterized by amplitude, frequency, wavelength, and phase. Composite signals consist of multiple sine waves combined using Fourier analysis. Periodic composite signals have discrete frequencies while non-periodic signals have continuous frequencies in their frequency domain representations.
This document discusses frequency domain representation of periodic signals. It defines spectrum as the measurable range of a physical property like frequency or wavelength. A signal's frequency domain representation plots amplitude and phase versus frequency, rather than versus time as in the time domain. The frequency domain reveals the frequencies and proportions of frequency components that make up the signal's shape. It can be obtained from the signal's Fourier series or Fourier transform. Sinusoids in continuous and discrete time are used as examples to demonstrate how their frequency domain representations graph amplitude versus frequency and phase versus frequency.
A Model of Partial Tracks for Tension-Modulated Steel-String Guitar TonesMatthieu Hodgkinson
This document summarizes a paper that introduces a spectral model for plucked steel string guitar tones. The model is based on functional models for the time-varying fundamental frequency and inharmonicity coefficient of the strings. The paper reviews techniques for evaluating these values over time from a guitar tone. It then presents a method to fit functions to model the fundamental frequency and inharmonicity coefficient over time for a given tone. By modeling these two time-varying factors, the model can generate frequency tracks for all partials over time. The accuracy of this spectral modeling approach is discussed and potential applications are suggested.
Images may contain different types of noises. Removing noise from image is often the first step in image processing, and remains a challenging problem in spite of sophistication of recent research. This ppt presents an efficient image denoising scheme and their reconstruction based on Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Inverse Discrete Wavelet Transform (IDWT).
This document discusses using wavelet transforms for denoising images. It begins with an introduction to transforms and why wavelet transforms are useful compared to Fourier transforms. It then covers continuous and discrete wavelet transforms, different wavelet families, and multi-resolution analysis using filter banks. The document analyzes denoising performance using peak signal-to-noise ratio and applies wavelet transforms to applications like numerical analysis and signal processing. In conclusion, wavelet transforms provide multiresolution representation making them preferable to Fourier transforms for tasks like denoising.
Ch3Data communication and networking by neha g. kuraleNeha Kurale
Data can exist in either analog or digital form. Analog data is continuous while digital data takes on discrete values. Both analog and digital signals can be periodic or non-periodic. Periodic signals can be decomposed into simpler sine waves using Fourier analysis. Non-periodic signals result in a combination of sine waves with continuous frequencies. The bandwidth of a signal is the difference between its highest and lowest frequencies.
This document discusses the physical layer and media in networking. It covers:
- The physical layer is responsible for carrying information between nodes by converting data to signals and transmitting them across a medium.
- Data must be transformed into electromagnetic signals to be transmitted. Both analog and digital signals can be used for transmission.
- Periodic analog signals like sine waves are commonly used. They are defined by amplitude, frequency, and phase. Composite signals can be decomposed into sums of sine waves.
- The bandwidth of a signal is the range of its component frequencies. Frequency spectrum refers to the specific frequencies present in a signal.
A pulse sequence is a sequence of events, which we need to acquire MRI images.
Basic pulse sequences
1. Spin echo sequence(SE)
2. Gradient echo sequence(GRE)
3. Inversion Recovery Sequence(IR)
4. Echo Planar Imaging(EPI)
Ultrasound was used to image electric field induced changes in biological tissues and phantoms. Experiments measured changes in ultrasound echo amplitude and signal properties like mean and noise while applying electric fields of varying amplitude and frequency. Results showed the electric field caused measurable changes in ultrasound echo properties from both tissue and phantom samples, indicating ultrasound can detect electric field distributions and their effects on materials.
This document presents an adaptive signal denoising technique using Empirical Wavelet Transform (EWT). EWT is an adaptive signal decomposition method that is able to separate AM-FM signal components with compact Fourier spectra. The document proposes using EWT for denoising nonlinear and non-stationary signals. Experimental results on 1D ECG signals and 2D images with different noise types show the effectiveness of EWT for denoising. Key metrics like PSNR and MSE are improved after applying the EWT denoising method.
- Data can be analog or digital, with analog being continuous and digital having discrete states. Analog signals are also continuous while digital signals have a limited set of values.
- Periodic analog signals like sine waves can be simple or composite, with composite signals made up of multiple sine waves. Digital signals represent information as different voltage levels corresponding to bits.
- The bandwidth of a signal is the difference between its highest and lowest frequencies. It represents the range of frequencies the signal occupies.
- Data can be analog or digital, with analog being continuous and digital having discrete states. Analog signals are also continuous while digital signals have a limited set of values.
- Periodic analog signals like sine waves can be simple or composite, consisting of multiple sine waves. Nonperiodic signals are commonly used for digital data transmission.
- Digital signals represent information using discrete signal levels that can be encoded as voltages, with more levels allowing more bits to be sent per signal. The required bit rate depends on the data transmission rate and number of bits used per sample or character.
This document provides an overview of analog and digital data and signals. It discusses the key differences between analog and digital data, periodic and nonperiodic signals, and how signals can be represented in the time and frequency domains. It also covers topics like bandwidth, attenuation, distortion, and noise which can impair signals during transmission.
Standing waves can form in air columns when they are excited by a sound source. The document discusses standing waves in air columns that are closed at one end or open at both ends. It provides the equations to calculate the fundamental frequency and higher harmonics or overtones based on the length of the air column and speed of sound. Examples are given of different instruments that function as air columns, and practice problems are provided to apply the concepts.
Accurate Evaluation of Interharmonics of a Six Pulse, Full Wave - Three Phase...idescitation
Interharmonics are the non-integral multiples of
the system’s fundamental frequency. The interharmonic
components can be apprehended as the intermodulation of
the fundamental and harmonic components of the system with
any other frequency components introduced by the load. These
loads include static frequency converters, cyclo-converters,
induction motors, arc furnaces and all the loads not pulsating
synchronously with the fundamental frequency of the system.
The harmonic and interharmonic components inflict common
damage to the system and apart from these damages the
interharmonics also cause light flickering, sideband torques
on motor/generator and adverse effects on transformer and
motor components. To
filter/compensate the interharmonic
components, their accurate evaluation is essential and to
achieve the same the Iterative algorithm has been proposed.
The main cause of spectral leakage errors is the truncation of
the time-domain signal. The proposed adaptive approach
calculates the immaculate window width, eliminating the
spectral leakage errors in the frequency domain and thereby
the interharmonics/harmonics can be calculated accurately.
The algorithm does not require any inputs regarding the
system frequency and interharmonic constituents of the
system. The only parameter required is the signal sequence
obtained by sampling the analog signal at equidistant sampling
interval.
The document summarizes problems from Chapter 15 of a physics textbook about traveling waves.
1. A pulse sent up a vertical rope will travel faster as it moves toward the ceiling because the tension in the rope increases due to the weight of the rope below the pulse.
2. Using strings with different linear mass densities allows a piano manufacturer to use strings with lengths that are all the same order of magnitude by accommodating extremely high frequencies on relatively short strings.
3. If two sound waves have the same amplitude but one frequency is twice the other, the average energy density of the higher frequency sound is four times that of the lower frequency sound.
1. The document provides conceptual problems and solutions related to superposition and standing waves. It discusses topics like wave pulses traveling in opposite directions, fundamental frequencies of open and closed organ pipes, and using resonance frequencies to estimate air temperature.
2. It also covers problems involving interference of two waves with different phases and frequencies, and deriving an expression for the envelope of a superposed wave.
3. For one problem, it plots the total displacement of a superposed wave at t=0, and the envelope function at t=0, 5, and 10 seconds. From these plots, it estimates the speed of the envelope and compares it to the theoretical value obtained from the problem parameters.
This document discusses principles of communication and representation of signals. It begins with an introduction to the communication process and challenges involved. Signals exist in the time and frequency domains, and Fourier analysis using the Fourier series and Fourier transform helps characterize signals in the frequency domain. Periodic signals can be represented by a Fourier series which decomposes the signal into a sum of complex exponentials at discrete frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency. Examples are provided to illustrate calculation of Fourier coefficients and representation of periodic signals in the exponential and trigonometric forms of the Fourier series. Spectral plots from a spectrum analyzer are also presented for various waveforms.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in communications systems, including:
1) It describes the basic components of a communications system including the input/output transducers, transmitter, channel, and receiver.
2) It discusses different types of signals that can be transmitted through a channel including analog modulation techniques like AM, FM and PM as well as digital modulation.
3) It provides an overview of electromagnetic waves and the electromagnetic spectrum used for wireless communication.
Design and Implementation of Low Ripple Low Power Digital Phase-Locked LoopCSCJournals
We propose a phase-locked loop (PLL) architecture, which reduces the double frequency ripple without increasing the order of loop filter. Proposed architecture uses quadrature numerically–controlled oscillator (NCO) to provide two output signals with phase difference of π/2. One of them is subtracted from the input signal before multiplying with the other output of NCO. The system also provides stability in case the input signal has noise in amplitude or phase. The proposed structure is implemented using field programmable gate array (FPGA), which dissipates 15.44mw and works at clock frequency of 155.8 MHz.
This introductory chapter provides an overview of communication disorders and the fields of speech-language pathology and audiology. It discusses the importance of communication for distinguishing humans from other animals. The chapter emphasizes that studying communication disorders can provide insight into how people are treated and hopes for overcoming human problems. It presents a brief history of societal attitudes toward disability to understand the burdens faced by those with communication impairments. The overall message is that helping people regain communication abilities through these professions adds meaning to one's life and can initiate positive change in the world.
This document provides information about the fifth edition of the book "Language Intervention Strategies in Aphasia and Related Neurogenic Communication Disorders". It discusses the organization and contents of the book, which covers various approaches to assessing and treating language disorders in adults caused by conditions such as aphasia and stroke. The preface expresses the editor's belief that language is cognitively based and socially constructed, and interventions should focus on functional communication and quality of life. It is intended to be a resource for students and clinicians in fields related to speech language pathology.
The document discusses signals in the physical layer of computer networks. It describes how signals can be either analog or digital, and periodic or non-periodic. Periodic analog signals like sine waves are characterized by amplitude, frequency, wavelength, and phase. Composite signals consist of multiple sine waves combined using Fourier analysis. Periodic composite signals have discrete frequencies while non-periodic signals have continuous frequencies in their frequency domain representations.
This document discusses frequency domain representation of periodic signals. It defines spectrum as the measurable range of a physical property like frequency or wavelength. A signal's frequency domain representation plots amplitude and phase versus frequency, rather than versus time as in the time domain. The frequency domain reveals the frequencies and proportions of frequency components that make up the signal's shape. It can be obtained from the signal's Fourier series or Fourier transform. Sinusoids in continuous and discrete time are used as examples to demonstrate how their frequency domain representations graph amplitude versus frequency and phase versus frequency.
A Model of Partial Tracks for Tension-Modulated Steel-String Guitar TonesMatthieu Hodgkinson
This document summarizes a paper that introduces a spectral model for plucked steel string guitar tones. The model is based on functional models for the time-varying fundamental frequency and inharmonicity coefficient of the strings. The paper reviews techniques for evaluating these values over time from a guitar tone. It then presents a method to fit functions to model the fundamental frequency and inharmonicity coefficient over time for a given tone. By modeling these two time-varying factors, the model can generate frequency tracks for all partials over time. The accuracy of this spectral modeling approach is discussed and potential applications are suggested.
Images may contain different types of noises. Removing noise from image is often the first step in image processing, and remains a challenging problem in spite of sophistication of recent research. This ppt presents an efficient image denoising scheme and their reconstruction based on Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Inverse Discrete Wavelet Transform (IDWT).
This document discusses using wavelet transforms for denoising images. It begins with an introduction to transforms and why wavelet transforms are useful compared to Fourier transforms. It then covers continuous and discrete wavelet transforms, different wavelet families, and multi-resolution analysis using filter banks. The document analyzes denoising performance using peak signal-to-noise ratio and applies wavelet transforms to applications like numerical analysis and signal processing. In conclusion, wavelet transforms provide multiresolution representation making them preferable to Fourier transforms for tasks like denoising.
Ch3Data communication and networking by neha g. kuraleNeha Kurale
Data can exist in either analog or digital form. Analog data is continuous while digital data takes on discrete values. Both analog and digital signals can be periodic or non-periodic. Periodic signals can be decomposed into simpler sine waves using Fourier analysis. Non-periodic signals result in a combination of sine waves with continuous frequencies. The bandwidth of a signal is the difference between its highest and lowest frequencies.
This document discusses the physical layer and media in networking. It covers:
- The physical layer is responsible for carrying information between nodes by converting data to signals and transmitting them across a medium.
- Data must be transformed into electromagnetic signals to be transmitted. Both analog and digital signals can be used for transmission.
- Periodic analog signals like sine waves are commonly used. They are defined by amplitude, frequency, and phase. Composite signals can be decomposed into sums of sine waves.
- The bandwidth of a signal is the range of its component frequencies. Frequency spectrum refers to the specific frequencies present in a signal.
A pulse sequence is a sequence of events, which we need to acquire MRI images.
Basic pulse sequences
1. Spin echo sequence(SE)
2. Gradient echo sequence(GRE)
3. Inversion Recovery Sequence(IR)
4. Echo Planar Imaging(EPI)
Ultrasound was used to image electric field induced changes in biological tissues and phantoms. Experiments measured changes in ultrasound echo amplitude and signal properties like mean and noise while applying electric fields of varying amplitude and frequency. Results showed the electric field caused measurable changes in ultrasound echo properties from both tissue and phantom samples, indicating ultrasound can detect electric field distributions and their effects on materials.
This document presents an adaptive signal denoising technique using Empirical Wavelet Transform (EWT). EWT is an adaptive signal decomposition method that is able to separate AM-FM signal components with compact Fourier spectra. The document proposes using EWT for denoising nonlinear and non-stationary signals. Experimental results on 1D ECG signals and 2D images with different noise types show the effectiveness of EWT for denoising. Key metrics like PSNR and MSE are improved after applying the EWT denoising method.
- Data can be analog or digital, with analog being continuous and digital having discrete states. Analog signals are also continuous while digital signals have a limited set of values.
- Periodic analog signals like sine waves can be simple or composite, with composite signals made up of multiple sine waves. Digital signals represent information as different voltage levels corresponding to bits.
- The bandwidth of a signal is the difference between its highest and lowest frequencies. It represents the range of frequencies the signal occupies.
- Data can be analog or digital, with analog being continuous and digital having discrete states. Analog signals are also continuous while digital signals have a limited set of values.
- Periodic analog signals like sine waves can be simple or composite, consisting of multiple sine waves. Nonperiodic signals are commonly used for digital data transmission.
- Digital signals represent information using discrete signal levels that can be encoded as voltages, with more levels allowing more bits to be sent per signal. The required bit rate depends on the data transmission rate and number of bits used per sample or character.
This document provides an overview of analog and digital data and signals. It discusses the key differences between analog and digital data, periodic and nonperiodic signals, and how signals can be represented in the time and frequency domains. It also covers topics like bandwidth, attenuation, distortion, and noise which can impair signals during transmission.
Standing waves can form in air columns when they are excited by a sound source. The document discusses standing waves in air columns that are closed at one end or open at both ends. It provides the equations to calculate the fundamental frequency and higher harmonics or overtones based on the length of the air column and speed of sound. Examples are given of different instruments that function as air columns, and practice problems are provided to apply the concepts.
Accurate Evaluation of Interharmonics of a Six Pulse, Full Wave - Three Phase...idescitation
Interharmonics are the non-integral multiples of
the system’s fundamental frequency. The interharmonic
components can be apprehended as the intermodulation of
the fundamental and harmonic components of the system with
any other frequency components introduced by the load. These
loads include static frequency converters, cyclo-converters,
induction motors, arc furnaces and all the loads not pulsating
synchronously with the fundamental frequency of the system.
The harmonic and interharmonic components inflict common
damage to the system and apart from these damages the
interharmonics also cause light flickering, sideband torques
on motor/generator and adverse effects on transformer and
motor components. To
filter/compensate the interharmonic
components, their accurate evaluation is essential and to
achieve the same the Iterative algorithm has been proposed.
The main cause of spectral leakage errors is the truncation of
the time-domain signal. The proposed adaptive approach
calculates the immaculate window width, eliminating the
spectral leakage errors in the frequency domain and thereby
the interharmonics/harmonics can be calculated accurately.
The algorithm does not require any inputs regarding the
system frequency and interharmonic constituents of the
system. The only parameter required is the signal sequence
obtained by sampling the analog signal at equidistant sampling
interval.
The document summarizes problems from Chapter 15 of a physics textbook about traveling waves.
1. A pulse sent up a vertical rope will travel faster as it moves toward the ceiling because the tension in the rope increases due to the weight of the rope below the pulse.
2. Using strings with different linear mass densities allows a piano manufacturer to use strings with lengths that are all the same order of magnitude by accommodating extremely high frequencies on relatively short strings.
3. If two sound waves have the same amplitude but one frequency is twice the other, the average energy density of the higher frequency sound is four times that of the lower frequency sound.
1. The document provides conceptual problems and solutions related to superposition and standing waves. It discusses topics like wave pulses traveling in opposite directions, fundamental frequencies of open and closed organ pipes, and using resonance frequencies to estimate air temperature.
2. It also covers problems involving interference of two waves with different phases and frequencies, and deriving an expression for the envelope of a superposed wave.
3. For one problem, it plots the total displacement of a superposed wave at t=0, and the envelope function at t=0, 5, and 10 seconds. From these plots, it estimates the speed of the envelope and compares it to the theoretical value obtained from the problem parameters.
This document discusses principles of communication and representation of signals. It begins with an introduction to the communication process and challenges involved. Signals exist in the time and frequency domains, and Fourier analysis using the Fourier series and Fourier transform helps characterize signals in the frequency domain. Periodic signals can be represented by a Fourier series which decomposes the signal into a sum of complex exponentials at discrete frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency. Examples are provided to illustrate calculation of Fourier coefficients and representation of periodic signals in the exponential and trigonometric forms of the Fourier series. Spectral plots from a spectrum analyzer are also presented for various waveforms.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in communications systems, including:
1) It describes the basic components of a communications system including the input/output transducers, transmitter, channel, and receiver.
2) It discusses different types of signals that can be transmitted through a channel including analog modulation techniques like AM, FM and PM as well as digital modulation.
3) It provides an overview of electromagnetic waves and the electromagnetic spectrum used for wireless communication.
Design and Implementation of Low Ripple Low Power Digital Phase-Locked LoopCSCJournals
We propose a phase-locked loop (PLL) architecture, which reduces the double frequency ripple without increasing the order of loop filter. Proposed architecture uses quadrature numerically–controlled oscillator (NCO) to provide two output signals with phase difference of π/2. One of them is subtracted from the input signal before multiplying with the other output of NCO. The system also provides stability in case the input signal has noise in amplitude or phase. The proposed structure is implemented using field programmable gate array (FPGA), which dissipates 15.44mw and works at clock frequency of 155.8 MHz.
Similar to Frequency Spectrum of a Tone Burst.pdf (20)
This introductory chapter provides an overview of communication disorders and the fields of speech-language pathology and audiology. It discusses the importance of communication for distinguishing humans from other animals. The chapter emphasizes that studying communication disorders can provide insight into how people are treated and hopes for overcoming human problems. It presents a brief history of societal attitudes toward disability to understand the burdens faced by those with communication impairments. The overall message is that helping people regain communication abilities through these professions adds meaning to one's life and can initiate positive change in the world.
This document provides information about the fifth edition of the book "Language Intervention Strategies in Aphasia and Related Neurogenic Communication Disorders". It discusses the organization and contents of the book, which covers various approaches to assessing and treating language disorders in adults caused by conditions such as aphasia and stroke. The preface expresses the editor's belief that language is cognitively based and socially constructed, and interventions should focus on functional communication and quality of life. It is intended to be a resource for students and clinicians in fields related to speech language pathology.
This preface introduces revisions made to the fourth edition of The Study of Language textbook. The revisions include reorganizing some chapters, adding over 50 new tasks for students to apply what they've learned, and creating an online study guide. The preface explains that the goals of the revisions are to make the textbook easier to read and more user-friendly for students. It outlines several features of the textbook designed to support student learning, including chapter study questions, tasks, discussion topics, and further readings. Finally, the preface traces the origins of the textbook to introductory linguistics courses taught by the author at various universities.
The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the L1 vertebra. It has gray matter in an H-shape containing sensory, motor, and autonomic nuclei. White matter surrounds the gray matter and contains ascending and descending tracts. The spinal cord receives sensory information through dorsal roots and sends motor commands through ventral roots to innervate muscles and organs. Major arteries supply the spinal cord including the anterior spinal artery and paired posterior spinal arteries.
This document provides an introduction to vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP). It discusses how VEMP responses in muscles like the sternocleidomastoid muscle can be elicited by sound, vibration, or electrical stimulation and assessed clinically. While early studies recorded potentials from the inion, the current clinical form of VEMP testing utilizes biphasic responses recorded from the sternocleidomastoid muscle. VEMP testing was established as a method to assess saccular function after studies found the responses disappeared on the affected side after unilateral vestibular nerve section. Further research has since clarified that sound stimulation of the saccule is conveyed by the inferior vestibular nerve, making VEMP a useful
The document summarizes key aspects of neuroplasticity in children. It discusses how the brain develops in an orderly sequence from neurogenesis to synaptogenesis. Critical periods of plasticity allow maximum effects of experiences. The Hebb rule and long term potentiation explain how neurons that fire together wire together through strengthening of synapses. Experience alters gene expression, neurotrophin release, and neurotransmitters to influence development. While plasticity is highest in early life, the brain remains plastic throughout life. Adaptive and impaired plasticity, as well as excessive plasticity that causes vulnerability, are types of plasticity in children.
This strategic management project presentation summarizes a proposal for Qualified Pharmacy (Q.P.), an innovation service for single community pharmacies in Egypt. Q.P. would allow pharmacies to join a union under its management, giving members competitive advantages through joint purchasing, marketing services, human resources support, and other services while maintaining individual ownership. The presentation analyzes Q.P.'s external environment, competitive position using Porter's five forces and a SWOT analysis, and proposes a corporate strategy and functional strategies to help member pharmacies compete against growing chain pharmacies in Egypt.
The document provides an overview of the strategic posture of Misr International University (MIU) including its mission, vision, strategic objectives, core values, history, board of directors, top management, and organizational chart.
The mission is to develop academic programs and research through integrating education, research, and community service. The vision is to become a premier educational institution that nurtures lifelong learners and professionals.
The strategic objectives include preparing distinguished graduates, developing graduate programs, advancing the university's systems through international cooperation, collaborating with the community, boosting performance, and expanding infrastructure.
The organizational chart shows the structure of the faculty of business administration with departments, committees, centers, and administrative units.
Cochlear implant systems translate acoustic information into electrical impulses to recreate functional hearing. Oticon Medical's new Neuro sound processors use "Coordinated Adaptive Processing" to automatically balance and coordinate advanced sound processing features for optimal speech understanding across environments. This approach captures a wide range of input sounds without compression while using environment detection, directionality, noise reduction, and output compression tailored for each situation. The goal is to provide the richest sound experience possible.
At Techbox Square, in Singapore, we're not just creative web designers and developers, we're the driving force behind your brand identity. Contact us today.
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
We will dig deeper into:
1. How to capture video testimonials that convert from your audience 🎥
2. How to leverage your testimonials to boost your sales 💲
3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. 📊
Part 2 Deep Dive: Navigating the 2024 Slowdownjeffkluth1
Introduction
The global retail industry has weathered numerous storms, with the financial crisis of 2008 serving as a poignant reminder of the sector's resilience and adaptability. However, as we navigate the complex landscape of 2024, retailers face a unique set of challenges that demand innovative strategies and a fundamental shift in mindset. This white paper contrasts the impact of the 2008 recession on the retail sector with the current headwinds retailers are grappling with, while offering a comprehensive roadmap for success in this new paradigm.
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Frequency Spectrum of a Tone Burst.pdf
1. engineering department
IN-105 JULY, 1965
I
I
THE FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF A TONE BURST
I
The advantages and disadvantages of pulses and of continuous
tones as test signals are well known. A relatively new type of test
signal - the tone burst - is winning increasing acceptance because its
characteristics lie between those of pulses and continuous tones, In
evaluating the tone burst, it is useful to compare its spectrum with those
of a pulse and of a continuous tone.
C
C
Characteristics of a spcctrum of a tone burst.
1. Components at 1,2,3, stc. times the repeti-
tion rate of the burst.
2. Maximum amplitude at the frequency of tha
sinusoidol part, f.
3. Zeros in the envelope (missing components)
at intervals of f/(no. of cycles in burst)
about f.
4. "Bandwidth" of spectrum i s inversly pror
'
portional fo numbers of cycles in the burst.
5. Phase coherence i s required to
consistent spectra for bursts with few
cycles in burst.
A sinusoidal tone burst signal is shown in
Figure 1
. It is formed by essentially "turning on and
off" (gating) a sinusoidal signal. We are concerned
with tone bursts which are on and off for whole num-
bers of cycles.
The Fourier frequency spectrum of a tone burst
consists of discrete components at the burst repetition
frequency and its harmonics, as follows: ,
03
( sin
&(t)= 2 aff 1 mart
tn= 1
where, act) tone-burst signal voItage
a, = amplitude o
f the nth harmonic
tl harmonic number
w = 2 n x repetition frequency of the tone
2 a
PI.2 M=4 burst =-
N +M f
Figure 1. Sin+wave tone burst of two cyelss on,
four cycles off. Frequency spectrum i s given by:
N = number of cycles in the burst
M = number of cycles between bursts
03
€0)= Z a,sin n u t
n = l
f frequency ofthe sinusoidal signal
in the burst
2. The sine series i s used for a sine tone burst (see
Fipre 1) and the cosine series for cosine tone bursts
(see Figure 2).
Figure 2. Cosine-wave tone burst of two cycles
on, four cycles off. Frequency spectrum i s given by:
M
E (t) = Z a
, .cos n w t
n = l
The amplitude of the harmonic component, a
,
,
is given by the following equation:
where, E = amplitude of the sinusoidal signal
72
= wh-- 13 77
n
Y = N ( G , + l ) n
This equation for the envelope of the spectrum
can be considered i n three parts:
JY sin x
n, =
h c 7
( - 5in)
x +
Y
scaIe factor main part phase correction
b. the main part of the spectrum (see Figure 3).
sin x
This - function is centered at the sinusoida1
X
frequency, /, and has zeros and nodes a t in~ervaIsof
//A' about /.
F-igure 3. The main part of the envelope of the
spectrum of o tone burs* ( N = 3 ) .
c. the phase correction (see Figure 4). This
sin y
function is subtracted for sine tone bursts or
Y
Figure 4. The phase correction portion of the
envelope of the spectrum of o tone burst (N =3).
a. the scale factor, which i s the product of the
amplitude of the sinusoidal signal, E, times a duty-
N added for cosine tone bursts. The phase correction
ratio factor, hF~
.The duty-ratio factor does not affect the maximum value or the frequency of
the nodaI values. It does, however, make the spec-
0 for widely spaced, narrow bursts or 1 for closely trum envelope asyrnrnecrica1 about f (see Fig-
spaced, wide bursts. ure 5).
3. Figure 5a. Spectrum of a 3-cycle sine burst. Figure 5b. Spectrum of D 3-cycle cosine burst.
Phase correction is subtracted from the main port. Phase correction i s added to fhe main part.
As the number of cycles in the burst, N , sign31 with frequency, f, for several values of N.
changes, the frequency spectrum of the burs? changes The functions for N = 3 are also shown in Figures
Figurt 6 shows the freqliency eanteat for bursts of a 3 and 4.
The 3-dB bandwidth of the main lobe of the
0.88/
envelope is -(see Figure 3). The amplitude of
N
the Fourier component nearest this 3-dB point changes
as the phase of the tone burst changes from sine to
cosine. The magnitude of this phase correction is
inversely proportional to the number of cycles in the
burst. Thus, for a burst of many cycles, the ampIitude
change in the Fourier component at the 3-dB point is
very small as the phase of the tone burst is changed.
(Note that in Figure 6 the arnpIitude of the phase cor-
rection is much greater for a 1-cycle burst than for a
?-cycle burst).
Table 1 gives the total change in amplitude of
the component nearest the 3-dl3 envelope amplitude
point as the phase of the tone burst changes from
s i n e to cosine. If the phase of rhe tone burst is
shifted midway between sine and cosine ( 4 5 O ) , the
phase correction will no longer disturb the symmetry
of the envelope about I.
I *Table I
-
Figure 6. Frequency eontent of tone bursts of
1,2,3, nnd 4 cycles of u signal of frequency, f.
4. Figure 7. Amplitude of the first 31
Fourier harmonics of a one-cycle an,
onc-eyclm off tone burst. Switching
at zero crossings (sine burst) in
black; switching at peak points
(cosine burst) in red,
Figure 8. Amplitude of the first 31
Fourier harmonies of an 8-cycle
on, 8-cycle off tone burst. Switch-
ing ot zero crossings (sine burst)
in black; switching at peak points
(cosine bursts) in red.
HARMONIC NJMBERS
The presence of the phase correction requires
that the tone bursts be phase coherent'in order to
produce consistent test results. If the tone burst i s
incoherent, the signal will drift between sine and
cosine tone bursts, and the phase correction will
cause a corresponding drift in the spectrum. That is,
an incoherent burst of three cycIes has the same
energy in each burst but the frequency distribution of
I that energy drifts as the start and stop points change
in phase relative to the sinusoidal signal.
Figure 9 compares the waveforms and frequency
spectra of pulse, tone-burst, and continuous-tone
I signals. Only the envelope of the spectra are plot-
I The spectrum for the pulse is given by:
Z - 1
1 EO) E { k +-Z [- sin ( n k n ) .coa n u t ]
ll.=l fi
where, E amplitude o
f the pulse
k = duty ratio of the pulse
o = 2 .rr x repetition rate
WAVEFORM SPECTRUM
I I WLSE
1:
t
TONE
BURST
CmTINUOUS TONE r
Figure 9. Cornparisan of waveform and spectrum
envelopes for pulse, tone burst, and continuous
tone signals,
5. In the example shown in Figure 9, boch the tone
burst and the pulse have durations of NT seconds,
+ and hence zercs and nodes occur at intervaZs of ~ / N T
or f/N cycles about f. Both, the;, have the same
shape frequency distribution of energy. However, the
tone-burst spectrum envelope is centered about the
frequency of the sinusoidal signaI, I, whereas the
peak response of the pulse envelope always occurs
at dc, or 0 frequency, The pulse may or may not have
a dc component. However, the component nearest
dc (at the rep rate) is the highest in amplitude.
The sine wave shown in Figure 9 bas the same fse-
quency, J, as the sinusoidal signal i n the tone burst,
and hence has its spectrum centered at I. The abso-
lute invarlance of the continuous sine wave results
in a Iine envetope of only one frequency component.
The narrow-band properties of this continuous tone
may be a disadvantage in some applications. It is
usuaIIy necessary to make some variation in the sine
wave, as frequency sweeping, in order to make it
useful.
As shown in Figure 9, the tone-burst spectrum
has the bandwidth properties of a pulse yet the spec-
trum can be tuned to center at any test frequency just
a s a continuous tone can. The bandwidth of the tone
burst can be adjusted from very wide, impIuse-type
signals (I-cycle burst) to very narrow (burst of many
cycles). To produce consistent spectra, the bursts
mu s
t be phase coherent,
The frequency spectrum a s we11 as the wave-
form indicate that the tone burst combines some of
the useful features of the pulse and the continuous
sinusoidal tone. The cone burst can therefore be
used in many areas where the other two signals are
used and :he burst can be particuIarly effective ahere
the application lies i n the wide midground between
pulse and sinewave testing.
GENERAL R A D I O C O M P A N Y
* W E S T C O N C O R D , M A S S A C H U S E T T S 01 7 8 1
*METROPOLITAN Broad Awenus a$Linden WASWINGTON* 11420 RockviHe Pike
NEW YORK RidgeReld. New Jersey 07657 and BALTIMORE: Rockville, Morylmnd 20652
ORLANDO: 113 Earl Colonial Driva
O r l o d o , Florid= 32801
SYRACUSE: PFckard Building, Eart Molloy Road CLEVELAND: 5579 Paarl Rood DALLAS: 2501-A Werl Mockingbird Lone
Syrocusm, Haw York 13211 Clrveland, Ohio 4412P Dollar, Taxas 75235
PHllbDFLPHlb: Fort Washington lndur~rial
Park +CUlCAGO: 6605 Wart North Avanus *LO5 ANGFLES: lMHl North Seward Sfreel
Fort Washington, Pcnnrylvonin 19034 Oak Park, Illinois 60302 Lor Angelas, California 90038
SAN FRANCISCO: 1186 Les AHos Avenue *TORONTO: W Floral Perr4woy MONTREAL: ORce 395 t255 Laird Boulevn~d
Lor Altos, Colifumio 94022 Toronto 15, Onturio, Conoda Town of Mount Royal, Quebec, Csnoda
GENERAL RADIO COMPAMY fOverseasJ, 8008 Zurich, Switretlund
GENERAL RADIO COMPANY (U.K.1 LIMPED, Bourne End, Buckingh~m~hire,
Englond
Representatives In Principal Overseas Countries
Printed in U.S.A.
6. Type 1396-A TONE-BURST GENERATOR
Functions as a phase-coherent gate for nny input tvaveform. ;2Iternrttely pmses nnd blocks a
seIectcrl number of cyrlcs of any input frequency from dr tn 500 kc/s.
5 EA T El R ES : Xurnher of cycIes in e:tch burst and int~rvsl
betmefn I~umts
arc individually adjustabIc.
-
Starting and stopping point of the burst is adjustable.
W L R TEST TANK SIEHALS
USES: The TTPE13964 Tone-Burst Generator is the first
commercial instrument of its kind; it prnvides an instrumen-
tntion bridge for the gap between continuous-wzvc test~ng
and ~kp-function,or pulse, testing. T t iq i(l~x11ysuited for
apphcntions such ns the test and cslillrritior~t f sonar trans- V C I ~ S
rind
dupers and amplifien, the merrsurrrnent of distortion snd
transient reaponsc of anqliifiers and lou~lspeaker~,
nnd routine ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ + ~ ~ w ~ ~ d t ~ ~
:r:tr:;::
ksting of filters and ac meters. Still o t h e ~
uses arc fqund in from wall of terf tank. --- -A
t,he mensurpment of room acou~ticsand ~utornatic-gain-
control circuits, in the ~ynthrsis
of time tirks on stnnr1:~i-d-tirn~ external equil,ment (if ; trigEer
radio tmns;~nissiens,
and in psychoacoustir ~~lstrurnrnhtion. frolr,
mhjc], Lllo5v
control of rclxtivc Ijl,ase of the gak and
DESCRIPTION: A binary sesler is used to estsblish both tl~e input s~gnxl;the ability tc) UPP S C I I R W ~ input signals for the
number of cyclcs in a Iturst ancl the tirnp dttrsltion between gate timing mrl gxtrd signnls;and s tirnerl mode for ~xtremcly
bursts. Separate front-psncl cnntrols select the nurnl~erof long prriurls llrtivrrti Iw-.ts.
cycles of tile tining-input signal during which the gate will 'The Tnne-Hurst Genelnstor is also useful with pulse and
be opened and cIoscd. ~'cdditionfil
f~atr~rcs
of t ~ c
Tnr~e-Burst aperiudic siknnls. If pulses are npphed to Its input, the Type
Generator are a s~vitch
that holrlsthe gate open fork~reliniin~rj- 139G-rXperfurms asa word generator or a frequency divider.
S P E C I F I C A T I O N S
SIGNAL INPUT (Bimulto be mted) Switching fransienrs: 1.~3sthan 140 mV, pto-p, (-40 rlB compared
Frequency Range: dr to 5(KEkc/s. to ~ n n x l r n u n ~
~ i ~ n x E
input), xvith 120-pl' lond.
Maximum Voltage Level: +.7 V I5 V, ms). Output Impedance: 600 R.
Input Impedance: Approximately 10 kbl. Fating Voltuga Output (si~nalfor trigger in^ oecillo~cope):Rec-
TIMING SIGNAL (cz~nnl
that controIs ~ n t e
timing) tangl~!nr r~ar~fnrrnof appmuirnat~1.v f12 V at 10-kR source
Frequency Range: rIr to ,
5
0
0kc/*. u h v r l t h ~
~ n t ~
is rlnsmi find npprriximately -12 V at 20 ki!
Maximum Valtmgm Level: V. n I i ~ n
the ate i
s open.
Minimum Vallags Level: 1 V, p-to-p. GENERAL
Input Impedance: Approximately 7 kn. Ambient Opermting Temperalur* Q tu 5O"C (32"to 1
2
2
'
F
)
.
Power Required: 105 t O 125, 195 to 235, or 210 to 250 V, 50 to -
Triggetin@: S l n p aelectahle, trig~erlevel adjusLqhlr: From -7 i
l
l
,
O ,p., ,
$
.
, upllr,lxlmntPIy.
to +7 V. Actsrrorier Supplied: TYPE
CAI'-22 Power Cord.
Af E TIMING: Gateape' and -closed intermls ('fin 'p jr'de~end- ~ ~ q ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ l
~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ d :
~ : ~ t ~ ~ ~ l
Tour,-e for desirwl frequency
ently set fn 2, 4, 8, 16, 32,84, or 128 cycles (periotls'l nl t i m i n ~ rn and kc/q,
signal. Hy means of a v ~ v u s
O N E slvltch, tntervals can he set to
1, 3, 7, 31,Fj3, 127 cyrlw, ~h~ gatp-close-lintPrvnlrmn Accessories Awu;j-ble: Relny-mrk daptnr (panel height
also he timed in increments of one period of t i m i n ~
signal from '?(
lr')
I ms t
o 10s.Fixed t i m i n ~
erron arp les3 than 0.2MS. MECHANICAL DATA Convertible-Eench Cnbinet.
GATED SIGNAL OUTPUT Il-ldtlr Hf,ir/l~l I l ~ p r b P I Ship 1'1'1
Ih kg
f l.l
~ n r l
IO kc/s.
Eefa-Clomd Outpul: JA+S than 140 mY, ptc-p, (-40 dR) with Spr 1 1 1 ~
Ct N P P I I ~Rml70 ~ : . F ~ P ~ ? I ~ I I ~ T I ~ P T ,
%laylgB4.
maximum signal input.
Pedestal Output (dc potential difference between open- and rlv-~d- Cntolog To. U~scsQplion
gnte output,,:Can he nulled from front punel. Less than 50-lnV
r l ~ ~ n g e
nlth line voltage.
Ib fir]
tote-Open o~tpur:
Mnx~rnurn
signal levd is +T V. Totnl distortion tn 711 rrr irr mr~r
is IPS.: than -MI dB [cornpnr~ilto nluxi~riu~~l
1 ~ v p l 1
a
t 1 kc/s
I J I mtn
) Z05 151 ) 1W 7 n ( 6 H )