1) Pandemics were a major factor in the decline of the Roman Empire. Living in dense urban areas accelerated the spread of diseases like smallpox and plague.
2) The Roman Empire struggled to maintain sanitation infrastructure as it expanded, contributing to public health crises. Poor sanitation and lack of medical knowledge helped diseases devastate the population.
3) Over time, recurrent pandemics weakened the Roman military and economy. This made the empire more vulnerable to invasions and internal political instability. Disease was a major contributor to the fall of the once-mighty Roman civilization.