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Module 069
- 1. PYRAMID POINTS MODULE 69:
Mental Health
Disorders
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Slide 1
- 2. MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental Health Disorders
PYRAMID POINTS
I. Anxiety
Description
A response to stress that includes feelings of apprehensiveness,
uneasiness, uncertainty, or dread
Types of anxiety
Normal
Healthy type of anxiety
Acute
Precipitated by imminent loss or change that threatens one's
sense of security
Chronic
Anxiety that persists as a characteristic response to daily
activities
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Slide 2
- 3. MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental Health Disorders
PYRAMID POINTS
I. Anxiety (continued)
Levels of anxiety
Mild
Can be motivating, produce growth, enhance creativity, and
increase learning.
Moderate
Learning and problem-solving still occur.
Severe
Individual needs direction to focus.
Panic
If prolonged, can lead to exhaustion and death
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Slide 3
- 4. MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental Health Disorders
PYRAMID POINTS
I. Anxiety (continued)
Interventions: General nursing measures
Recognize the anxiety.
Establish trust.
Protect client.
Do not criticize coping mechanisms.
Provide creative outlets.
Decrease stimuli in environment and provide calm and quiet
environment.
Interventions: Mild to moderate levels
Help client identify anxiety.
Encourage discussion.
Encourage problem solving.
Encourage gross motor exercise.
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Slide 4
- 5. MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental Health Disorders
PYRAMID POINTS
I. Anxiety (continued)
Interventions: Severe to panic levels
Reduce anxiety quickly.
Use calm manner.
Remain with client.
Minimize environmental stimuli.
Provide gross motor activity.
Administer medications as prescribed.
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Slide 5
- 6. MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental Health Disorders
PYRAMID POINTS
II. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Description
Unrealistic anxiety about everyday worries that persists over
time and is not associated with a mental health or medical
disorder
Assessment
Restlessness, inability to relax
Chronic muscular tension
Chronic fatigue and sleep problems
Client focused on physical discomfort
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Slide 6
- 7. MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental Health Disorders
PYRAMID POINTS
II. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (continued)
Unexpected and expected panic disorder
Sudden onset of feelings of intense apprehension and dread
Choking sensation
Labored breathing
Pounding heart
Chest pain
Fear of dying or being trapped
Interventions
Remain with client.
Attend to physical symptoms.
Administer medications as prescribed.
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Slide 7
- 8. MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental Health Disorders
PYRAMID POINTS
III. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Description
After experiencing a psychologically traumatic event, the
individual reexperiences the event and has recurrent and intense
dreams and flashbacks
Stressors
Natural disaster
Terrorist attack
Combat experience
Accidents
Victims of rape, crime, or violence
Sexual, physical, and emotional abuse
Flashbacks of event
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Slide 8
- 9. MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental Health Disorders
PYRAMID POINTS
III. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (continued)
Assessment
Sleep disturbances and nightmares
Flashbacks of event
Poor concentration and avoidance of activities that trigger
recollection of event
Emotional numbness, detachment, depression
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Slide 9
- 10. MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental Health Disorders
PYRAMID POINTS
III. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (continued)
Interventions (Box 69-1)
Assist client to recognize association of feelings and trauma
experience.
Assist client to express feelings and develop adaptive coping
mechanisms.
Hypnotherapy or systematic desensitization may be
recommended.
Support groups
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Slide 10
- 11. MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental Health Disorders
PYRAMID POINTS
IV. Specific Phobia
Description
An irrational fear of an object or situation that is associated with
panic-level anxiety if the object or situation cannot be avoided
Types (Box 69-2)
Acrophobia
Agoraphobia
Astraphobia
Claustrophobia
Hematophobia
Hydrophobia
Monophobia
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Slide 11
- 12. MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental Health Disorders
PYRAMID POINTSIV. Phobias (Continued)
Types (continued)
Mysophobia
Nyctophobia
Pyrophobia
Social phobia
Xenophobia
Zoophobia
Interventions
Remain with client when activity level is high.
Identify basis of anxiety.
Allow client to verbalize feelings.
Teach relaxation techniques.
Desensitization may be recommended.
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Slide 12
- 13. MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental Health Disorders
PYRAMID POINTSV. Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Obsessions
Preoccupation with persistent intrusive thoughts and ideas
Obsessive thoughts can involve issues of violence, aggression,
sexual behavior, orderliness, or religion and uncontrollably can
interrupt conscious thoughts and the ability to function.
Compulsions
Performance of rituals or repetitive behaviors designed to prevent
some event, divert unacceptable thoughts, and decrease anxiety
Related disorders
Hoarding disorders, excoriation disorder, substance/medication-
induced obsessive-compulsive and related disorder, obsessive-
compulsive and related disorder due to another medical condition,
trichotillomania
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Slide 13
- 14. MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental Health Disorders
PYRAMID POINTS
V. Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders (continued)
Compulsive behavior patterns (behaviors or rituals)
Decrease anxiety, patterns associated with obsessive thoughts;
patterns neutralize the thought
Interventions (Box 69-3)
Ensure basic needs are met.
Identify situations that precipitate the compulsive behavior.
Encourage client to express feelings.
Do not interrupt the compulsive behavior; set limits and protect
client from harm.
Establish written contract that will assist client to decrease frequency
of behaviors.
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Slide 14
- 15. MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental Health Disorders
PYRAMID POINTS
VI. Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Description
Characterized by persistent worry or complaints regarding
physical illness without supporting physical findings
May unconsciously somatize for secondary gains such as
increased attention and decreased responsibilities
Conversion disorder
Expression of psychological conflict or need
Interventions
Assist client to relate feelings and conflicts to physical
symptoms.
Discourage verbalization about physical symptoms.
Allow specific time period to discuss physical complaints.
Convey understanding that physical symptoms are real to client.
Encourage diversional activities.
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Slide 15
- 16. MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental Health Disorders
PYRAMID POINTS
VII. Dissociative Disorder
Description
A disruption in integrative functions of memory, consciousness,
or identity associated to extremely traumatic event
Dissociative identity disorder (DID) (formerly called multiple
personality disorder)
Dissociation used as method of distancing and defending one’s
self from anxiety and traumatizing experiences
Dissociative amnesia
Client has loss of all or partial memory about past life.
Depersonalization/derealization disorder
Altered self-perception in which one’s own reality is temporarily
lost or changed
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Slide 16
- 17. MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental Health Disorders
PYRAMID POINTS
VII. Dissociative Disorder (continued)
Interventions
Encourage verbal expression of feelings and identify sources of
conflict.
Explore methods of coping and focus on client’s strengths.
Implement stress-reduction techniques.
Psychotherapy to integrate dissociated aspects of personality or
memory and to expand self-awareness
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Slide 17
- 18. MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental Health Disorders
PYRAMID POINTS
VIII. Mood Disorders
Bipolar and related disorders
Characterized by episodes of mania and depression with periods
of normal mood and activity in between
Interventions for mania (Box 69-5)
Maintain safe environment.
Provide high-calorie finger foods, fluids.
Provide physical activities, outlets for tension.
Avoid competitive games.
Provide gross motor activities.
Supervise self-administration of medication.
Depression: See Section IX
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Slide 18
- 19. MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental Health Disorders
PYRAMID POINTS
IX. Depression
Description
Affects feelings, thoughts, and behaviors
Treatment includes counseling, antidepressants,
electroconvulsive therapy.
Can be mild, moderate, major
Mild depression
Feelings of sadness, less alert, irritability
Moderate depression
Despondent and gloomy, helplessness, powerlessness, difficulty
in concentrating, sleep disturbances
Major depression
Despair and hopelessness, flat affect, social withdrawal
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Slide 19
- 20. MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental Health Disorders
PYRAMID POINTS
IX. Depression (continued)
Interventions for depression (Box 69-6)
Assess for suicidal ideation and provide safety.
Assist with activities of daily living and attend to physiological
needs (e.g., nutrition, rest).
Avoid presenting complex decision-making situations to client.
Provide structured environment and activities in which client can
achieve success.
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Slide 20
- 21. MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental Health Disorders
PYRAMID POINTSX. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Description
Used to treat depression (not a cure)
Consists of inducing a brief seizure of slight movement of
hands, feet, or toes by passing electrical current through
electrodes attached to the temples
Before procedure
Informed consent
Vital signs
NPO status
Removal of hairpins, contact lenses, dentures
Usual medication before procedure as prescribed
During procedure
Maintain airway.
Provide safety during seizure.
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Slide 21
- 22. MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental Health Disorders
PYRAMID POINTS
X. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) (continued)
After procedure
Maintain airway.
Vital signs
Orient client.
Assess gag reflex before administering anything via oral route.
Potential side effects
Memory deficits may occur, but usually client recovers
completely.
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Slide 22
- 23. MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental Health Disorders
PYRAMID POINTSXI. Schizophrenia
Description
Characterized by psychotic features (hallucinations and delusions),
disordered thought processes, and disrupted interpersonal
relationships
Disturbances of mood, behavior, and thought processes occur.
Assessment (Figure 69-1)
Physical characteristics
Motor activity (Box 69-8)
Emotional characteristics
Mistrust, blunted, flat, or inappropriate
Compulsive rituals
Attempt to solve conflicting feelings
Overcompliance
Only doing what another person instructs exactly
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Slide 23
- 24. MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental Health Disorders
PYRAMID POINTS
XI. Schizophrenia (continued)
Assessment (continued)
Affective disturbances
Abnormal thought processes (Box 69-9)
Types of delusions (Box 69-10)
Perceptual distortions
Illusions and hallucinations of senses
Language and communication disturbances (Box 69-12)
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Slide 24
- 25. MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental Health Disorders
PYRAMID POINTS
XI. Schizophrenia (continued)
Interventions (Box 69-13)
Interventions: Active hallucinations
Protect the client and ensure safety for self or others.
Accept, do not joke about or judge, client’s behavior.
Respond verbally to anything real that client talks about.
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Slide 25
- 26. MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental Health Disorders
PYRAMID POINTS
XI. Schizophrenia (continued)
Interventions: Delusions
Interact based on reality.
Encourage expression of feelings.
Do not argue with client about the delusion.
Initiate activities on a one-on-one basis.
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Slide 26
- 27. MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental Health Disorders
PYRAMID POINTSXII. Personality Disorders
Description
Personality disorders include various inflexible maladaptive behavior
patterns or traits that may impair functioning and relationships.
Characteristics
Poor impulse control
Mood characteristics
Impaired judgment
Impaired reality testing
Impaired object relations
Impaired self-perception
Impaired thought processes
Impaired stimulus barrier
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Slide 27
- 28. MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental Health Disorders
PYRAMID POINTSXII. Personality Disorders (continued)
Personality disorder types
Cluster A
Odd, eccentric types—schizoid, schizotypal, and paranoid
Inability to form warm, close social relationships
Display unusual thoughts, perceptions, speech, and behavior
patterns
Suspiciousness and mistrust of others
Cluster B
Dramatic, emotional, erratic types—histrionic, narcissistic,
antisocial, and borderline
Overly dramatic and intensely expressive behavior
Increased sense of self-importance with fantasies
Irresponsible and antisocial behavior, selfishness, aggressiveness,
and irritability
Impulsive and unpredictable behavior
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Slide 28
- 29. MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental Health Disorders
PYRAMID POINTS
XII. Personality Disorders (continued)
Personality disorder types (continued)
Cluster C
Anxious, fearful types of personality disorders—obsessive-
compulsive personality, avoidant, and dependent
Difficulty expressing warm and tender emotions, perfectionism
Social withdrawal and sensitivity to potential rejection
Intense lack of self-confidence, low self-esteem
General interventions for clients with personality disorder
Maintain safety against self-destructive behaviors.
Encourage client to discuss feelings rather than act on them.
Discuss expectations and consequences that follow certain
behaviors.
Assist client to deal directly with anger.
Set and maintain limits to decrease manipulative behavior.
Provide praise for positive behaviors.
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Slide 29
- 30. MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental Health Disorders
PYRAMID POINTSXIII. Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Autism spectrum disorder: See Chapter 42.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: See Chapter 42.
XIV. Neurocognitive Disorders
Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease (Box 69-15)
Interventions
Orient client to environment frequently.
Help client maintain independence.
Use constant encouragement with client with steps-by-steps.
Wandering
Provide close supervision; use identification bracelets.
Communication disorders
Adapt to communication level of client; use calm voice.
Ask one question at a time, and give one direction at a time.
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Slide 30
- 31. MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental Health Disorders
PYRAMID POINTS
XIV. Neurocognitive Disorders (continued)
Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease (continued)
Impaired judgment
Maintain safe environment for client; reduce hot water heater
temperature.
Altered thought processes
Orient client frequently.
Maintain familiar routines; make tasks simple.
Altered sleep patterns
Allow client to wander in safe place until becomes tired.
Agitation
Reassure client, approach client slowly and calmly from the
front, and speak, gesture, and move slowly.
Use touch gently.
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Slide 31
- 32. MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental Health Disorders
AUDIENCE RESPONSE SYSTEM
QUESTION
(FOR USE WITH ICLICKER)A client is admitted to the mental health unit with a diagnosis
of depression. The nurse should develop a plan of care for
the client that includes which intervention?
1.Encouraging quiet reading and writing for the first few days
2.Identification of physical activities that will provide exercise
3.No socializing activities, until the client asks to participate
in milieu
4.A structured program of activities in which the client can
participate
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Slide 32