Canada has a constitutional democracy with three branches of government: the executive branch headed by the Prime Minister, the legislative branch consisting of the elected House of Commons and appointed Senate, and the judicial branch headed by the courts. While Canada has a monarch, the Queen is represented by the Governor General and is not involved in everyday governance, maintaining a role as a safeguard for democracy. Citizens elect representatives to the House of Commons on their behalf, as a direct democracy is not practical for a large nation.
Political science is the systematic study of state and government as a social science. It deals with how human beings organize and govern themselves politically. Political science observes the rules of scientific logic and is grounded in comparative analysis. It has both scientific and artistic aspects. The scope of political science includes politics, government, political systems, and power. It aims to discover principles for public affairs and studies government operations, with findings that can benefit social welfare and other issues. Its goals include education for intelligent, responsible citizenship and knowledge of government.
Government is a system that gives a group the right to make and enforce laws. There are different forms of government based on who holds power and the structure of rule. Modern governments have roles like security, order, justice, welfare, regulation, and education. The main forms are democracy, monarchy, theocracy, and dictatorship. Democracy gives supreme power to citizens through representation or direct voting. A monarchy has rule by a hereditary monarch, while a theocracy bases law on religion. A dictatorship concentrates absolute power in one leader. Economic systems like capitalism, socialism, and communism are also connected to governments. Capitalism allows private business ownership, socialism involves some government control of business, and communism gives the government control of all
In a parliamentary system, the executive branch derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislative branch. The head of state is usually different than the head of government. Legislation can pass more quickly since the executive includes members of the legislature. In a presidential system, the head of state is also the head of the executive branch, which is separate from the legislature. This can lead to stalemate if the branches are controlled by different parties. The president has a fixed term and cannot be removed by a no confidence vote like in a parliamentary system.
This document discusses different forms of government. It defines government as the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state. It then describes the principal forms of government according to the number of persons exercising sovereign power, the scope of powers of the central government, and the relationship between the executive and legislative branches. Some of the forms discussed include monarchy, aristocracy, democracy, tyranny, oligarchy, and mobocracy. The document also discusses unitary and federal governments as well as presidential and parliamentary systems of government.
The document discusses different systems of government organization. It explains that governments have legislative and executive functions, and can be parliamentary or presidential systems within a unitary or federal structure. Parliamentary systems have the executive accountable to the legislature, while presidential systems separate the executive and legislature. Federal systems divide powers between central and regional governments, unlike unitary systems where power is centralized.
Canada has a constitutional democracy with three branches of government: the executive branch headed by the Prime Minister, the legislative branch consisting of the elected House of Commons and appointed Senate, and the judicial branch headed by the courts. While Canada has a monarch, the Queen is represented by the Governor General and is not involved in everyday governance, maintaining a role as a safeguard for democracy. Citizens elect representatives to the House of Commons on their behalf, as a direct democracy is not practical for a large nation.
Political science is the systematic study of state and government as a social science. It deals with how human beings organize and govern themselves politically. Political science observes the rules of scientific logic and is grounded in comparative analysis. It has both scientific and artistic aspects. The scope of political science includes politics, government, political systems, and power. It aims to discover principles for public affairs and studies government operations, with findings that can benefit social welfare and other issues. Its goals include education for intelligent, responsible citizenship and knowledge of government.
Government is a system that gives a group the right to make and enforce laws. There are different forms of government based on who holds power and the structure of rule. Modern governments have roles like security, order, justice, welfare, regulation, and education. The main forms are democracy, monarchy, theocracy, and dictatorship. Democracy gives supreme power to citizens through representation or direct voting. A monarchy has rule by a hereditary monarch, while a theocracy bases law on religion. A dictatorship concentrates absolute power in one leader. Economic systems like capitalism, socialism, and communism are also connected to governments. Capitalism allows private business ownership, socialism involves some government control of business, and communism gives the government control of all
In a parliamentary system, the executive branch derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislative branch. The head of state is usually different than the head of government. Legislation can pass more quickly since the executive includes members of the legislature. In a presidential system, the head of state is also the head of the executive branch, which is separate from the legislature. This can lead to stalemate if the branches are controlled by different parties. The president has a fixed term and cannot be removed by a no confidence vote like in a parliamentary system.
This document discusses different forms of government. It defines government as the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state. It then describes the principal forms of government according to the number of persons exercising sovereign power, the scope of powers of the central government, and the relationship between the executive and legislative branches. Some of the forms discussed include monarchy, aristocracy, democracy, tyranny, oligarchy, and mobocracy. The document also discusses unitary and federal governments as well as presidential and parliamentary systems of government.
The document discusses different systems of government organization. It explains that governments have legislative and executive functions, and can be parliamentary or presidential systems within a unitary or federal structure. Parliamentary systems have the executive accountable to the legislature, while presidential systems separate the executive and legislature. Federal systems divide powers between central and regional governments, unlike unitary systems where power is centralized.
This document provides an overview of federalism in the United States. It summarizes key aspects of federalism including how power is divided between the federal and state governments constitutionally, how federalism has evolved from dual to cooperative federalism, and how fiscal federalism works through grants. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of federalism for democracy in the US.
A unitary government is a system where one central authority, such as a national parliament, has ultimate governing authority over local governments and can override their decisions. Great Britain has a unitary system of government, with Parliament as the supreme authority. Key characteristics of Great Britain's unitary government include a constitutional monarchy with the Queen as head of state and the Prime Minister as head of government, a bicameral Parliament as the lawmaking body, and independence of the judicial system from Parliament.
Constitutionalism definition- power - factors promoting constitutionalismManagement
This document provides an overview of constitutionalism. It defines constitutionalism as comprising ideas and theories that put limitations on political power, especially on a government's power over citizens. Constitutionalism has two key elements: rights provisions that safeguard political rights, and structural provisions like separation of powers that ensure the government acts in the public interest. Constitutionalism is based on the idea that power should be limited and that no one should have absolute power to avoid corruption. It prevails when powers are decentralized and limited by factors like having a written constitution, independent judiciary, rule of law, separation of powers, free elections and an accountable democratic government.
The document discusses the three organs of government in Bangladesh: the executive, legislative, and judiciary. The legislative organ is unicameral with 300 elected members who are responsible for lawmaking, budget control, and amending the constitution. The executive organ is headed by the prime minister and cabinet who execute laws and maintain order. The judiciary's highest body is the Supreme Court, whose chief justice and judges are appointed by the president on the prime minister's recommendation. The judiciary interprets laws, guards the constitution, decides cases, and protects civil rights.
The document summarizes key aspects of state legislatures in India. It discusses the composition and election of members of the Legislative Assembly, qualifications and disqualifications for membership, election procedures, terms of the Assembly, sessions, the Speaker, the role of the Legislative Council in states with a bicameral legislature, privileges of members, their emoluments, language used, legislative powers and limitations, control over the executive, constitutional powers, and the relationship between the Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council where one exists.
The document summarizes key aspects of government in the Philippines, including:
1. The President is elected by direct vote for a six-year term and cannot be re-elected. The line of succession includes the Vice President, Senate President, and Speaker of the House.
2. Other branches of government include the Cabinet, Local Governments, and an independent Judiciary headed by the Supreme Court.
3. Elections in the Philippines can use plurality, majoritarian, or proportional systems to choose officials, and local governments are important for implementing policies and promoting participation.
The term ‘Legg' means "law" and 'lature’ the "place"
Another term, which is used as a synonym of Legislature, is ‘Parliament.’ This word stands derived from the French word ‘Parley’ which means to ‘talk’ or to discuss and deliberate.
Each chamber of legislature consists of a number of legislators who use some form of parliamentary procedure to debate political issues and vote on proposed legislation.
unitary and federal form of government-nityamukta.pptxAryamansingh71
The document discusses unitary and federal forms of government. A unitary government has all power centralized in one central authority, while a federal government divides power between a central government and regional/local governments. Some key advantages of unitary governments are rapid decision making and less potential for disagreements, but they may struggle to effectively govern large or diverse countries. Federal systems help prevent tyranny and allow for more localized governance, but can be more expensive and complex. Most modern systems exhibit elements of both.
Parliamentary government has two main parts: the executive and the legislature. The executive, usually headed by a prime minister, is accountable to the legislature. Cabinet members are selected from the legislature and work as a team, with the prime minister defining policies and preparing the government agenda. This system aims to ensure coordination between political parties and accountability of the government to the public through the legislature. However, some drawbacks can include instability of coalition governments and a focus on party politics over merit-based decisions.
The document discusses key concepts about constitutions including:
1. A constitution establishes the fundamental rules and principles by which a government exercises its sovereignty and defines the basic framework of government.
2. Constitutions can be written or unwritten and are intended to both meet existing conditions and be flexible enough to address future needs.
3. The power to interpret the constitution primarily rests with the courts, whose goal is to ascertain the original intent of the framers and people who adopted the constitution.
difference between parliamentary govt and presidential govtAmulya Nigam
1. There are two main types of democracy - parliamentary and presidential. In a parliamentary democracy, the prime minister is both the head of government and answers directly to parliament, while in a presidential system the president is the head of state and head of government separately from the legislature.
2. Key differences are that in a parliamentary system the government is responsible to parliament and can be removed by a no-confidence vote, while in a presidential system the president has a fixed term and is not accountable to the legislature.
3. Additionally, in a parliamentary system the prime minister and ministers are usually members of parliament, whereas in a presidential system strict separation of powers means the president and cabinet cannot be legislators.
The document discusses the key aspects of a federal system of government. It defines a federal system as one where power is shared between a central national government and governments of constituent states or provinces, which have considerable self-rule. It outlines some necessary conditions for adopting a federal system, including the need for common defense, preserving local autonomy, and preventing dictatorship. It also describes three essential features of federalism: the precise distribution of powers between the central and state governments, the supremacy of the constitution, and the supremacy of an independent judiciary.
The document discusses the evolutionary theory of the origin of the state. It claims that the state evolved gradually over a long period of time from simple early social structures, rather than being a deliberate creation. It was the result of a slow development of human society influenced by several factors, including kinship, religion, war, property, and political consciousness, rather than being caused by any one single factor. The state arose imperfectly at first and continued developing into more advanced forms of government over the course of history.
The document discusses the concept of sovereignty from various perspectives. It begins with definitions from early theorists like Jean Bodin and explores different types of sovereignty such as titular vs actual. It then analyzes attributes of sovereignty like permanence and indivisibility. The document also covers criticism of theories from thinkers like Austin and examines the Islamic concept of sovereignty, noting attributes like universality and absolutism. It concludes by arguing that while a democratic entitlement is superficially attractive, it could endanger peace and security.
This document discusses different forms of government. It describes the three main types of government as autocracy, oligarchy, and democracy, based on who rules and citizen participation. It then examines specific forms of autocracy like dictatorship, absolute monarchy, and constitutional monarchy. Oligarchy is defined as rule by a small dominant group. Democracy is defined as rule by the people, with direct and representative forms. The two main systems of democratic government are also outlined as parliamentary and presidential.
Political Science is a social science concerned chiefly with the description and analysis of political and especially governmental institutions and processes.
This document defines and compares two types of monarchies: absolute and limited. In an absolute monarchy, the monarch exercises total power over the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. In a limited monarchy, the monarch shares some powers with other government agencies and acts as a ceremonial head of state. The document also lists some advantages of monarchies, such as reduced corruption and trained rulers, as well as disadvantages like lack of citizen participation and decision-making in the monarch's interest rather than the people's.
Presentation on Bangladesh (Political, Legal and Economic system)Tawhid Rahman
The document provides information about Bangladesh's political, legal, and economic systems through a presentation by students. It discusses Bangladesh's government structure, major political parties, legal system including courts, and incentives for foreign investment. The economy relies on exports of garments and imports machinery/equipment. The ruling government aims to eliminate poverty and achieve middle income status by 2021 through infrastructure development and special economic zones.
The document summarizes the political systems of the United States, Canada, and Mexico. The United States is a federal constitutional republic with three branches of government and two dominant political parties. Canada has a parliamentary democracy and federal system with a constitutional monarchy and Liberal and Conservative parties. Mexico has a presidential republic with executive, legislative, and judicial branches dominated by the PAN, PRD, and PRI parties.
1. A state is defined as a community of people occupying a defined territory with its own government that the people obey and are free from external control.
2. The key elements that define a state are its people, territory, government, and sovereignty over both internal and external affairs.
3. There are different theories about the origin of states, including the divine right theory, necessity theory, paternalistic theory, and social contract theory.
Week 14 day 3- presidential parlimentary democracy think dotsmarypardee
There are two main types of democratic governments: parliamentary democracy and presidential democracy. In a parliamentary democracy, citizens vote for members of the legislative branch who then choose the leader. Citizens do not directly vote for the leader. In a presidential democracy, citizens directly vote for the leader in elections. This person serves as both head of government and head of state. Examples of each type of democracy are provided.
The document provides biographical information about several prominent US politicians from both major and minor political parties. It discusses the Democratic Party and Republican Party as the two major parties and also mentions the Constitution Party, Green Party, and Libertarian Party as other minor parties. The document also lists the presidential election winners from 1852 to 2008 and the results of the 2008 presidential election.
This document provides an overview of federalism in the United States. It summarizes key aspects of federalism including how power is divided between the federal and state governments constitutionally, how federalism has evolved from dual to cooperative federalism, and how fiscal federalism works through grants. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of federalism for democracy in the US.
A unitary government is a system where one central authority, such as a national parliament, has ultimate governing authority over local governments and can override their decisions. Great Britain has a unitary system of government, with Parliament as the supreme authority. Key characteristics of Great Britain's unitary government include a constitutional monarchy with the Queen as head of state and the Prime Minister as head of government, a bicameral Parliament as the lawmaking body, and independence of the judicial system from Parliament.
Constitutionalism definition- power - factors promoting constitutionalismManagement
This document provides an overview of constitutionalism. It defines constitutionalism as comprising ideas and theories that put limitations on political power, especially on a government's power over citizens. Constitutionalism has two key elements: rights provisions that safeguard political rights, and structural provisions like separation of powers that ensure the government acts in the public interest. Constitutionalism is based on the idea that power should be limited and that no one should have absolute power to avoid corruption. It prevails when powers are decentralized and limited by factors like having a written constitution, independent judiciary, rule of law, separation of powers, free elections and an accountable democratic government.
The document discusses the three organs of government in Bangladesh: the executive, legislative, and judiciary. The legislative organ is unicameral with 300 elected members who are responsible for lawmaking, budget control, and amending the constitution. The executive organ is headed by the prime minister and cabinet who execute laws and maintain order. The judiciary's highest body is the Supreme Court, whose chief justice and judges are appointed by the president on the prime minister's recommendation. The judiciary interprets laws, guards the constitution, decides cases, and protects civil rights.
The document summarizes key aspects of state legislatures in India. It discusses the composition and election of members of the Legislative Assembly, qualifications and disqualifications for membership, election procedures, terms of the Assembly, sessions, the Speaker, the role of the Legislative Council in states with a bicameral legislature, privileges of members, their emoluments, language used, legislative powers and limitations, control over the executive, constitutional powers, and the relationship between the Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council where one exists.
The document summarizes key aspects of government in the Philippines, including:
1. The President is elected by direct vote for a six-year term and cannot be re-elected. The line of succession includes the Vice President, Senate President, and Speaker of the House.
2. Other branches of government include the Cabinet, Local Governments, and an independent Judiciary headed by the Supreme Court.
3. Elections in the Philippines can use plurality, majoritarian, or proportional systems to choose officials, and local governments are important for implementing policies and promoting participation.
The term ‘Legg' means "law" and 'lature’ the "place"
Another term, which is used as a synonym of Legislature, is ‘Parliament.’ This word stands derived from the French word ‘Parley’ which means to ‘talk’ or to discuss and deliberate.
Each chamber of legislature consists of a number of legislators who use some form of parliamentary procedure to debate political issues and vote on proposed legislation.
unitary and federal form of government-nityamukta.pptxAryamansingh71
The document discusses unitary and federal forms of government. A unitary government has all power centralized in one central authority, while a federal government divides power between a central government and regional/local governments. Some key advantages of unitary governments are rapid decision making and less potential for disagreements, but they may struggle to effectively govern large or diverse countries. Federal systems help prevent tyranny and allow for more localized governance, but can be more expensive and complex. Most modern systems exhibit elements of both.
Parliamentary government has two main parts: the executive and the legislature. The executive, usually headed by a prime minister, is accountable to the legislature. Cabinet members are selected from the legislature and work as a team, with the prime minister defining policies and preparing the government agenda. This system aims to ensure coordination between political parties and accountability of the government to the public through the legislature. However, some drawbacks can include instability of coalition governments and a focus on party politics over merit-based decisions.
The document discusses key concepts about constitutions including:
1. A constitution establishes the fundamental rules and principles by which a government exercises its sovereignty and defines the basic framework of government.
2. Constitutions can be written or unwritten and are intended to both meet existing conditions and be flexible enough to address future needs.
3. The power to interpret the constitution primarily rests with the courts, whose goal is to ascertain the original intent of the framers and people who adopted the constitution.
difference between parliamentary govt and presidential govtAmulya Nigam
1. There are two main types of democracy - parliamentary and presidential. In a parliamentary democracy, the prime minister is both the head of government and answers directly to parliament, while in a presidential system the president is the head of state and head of government separately from the legislature.
2. Key differences are that in a parliamentary system the government is responsible to parliament and can be removed by a no-confidence vote, while in a presidential system the president has a fixed term and is not accountable to the legislature.
3. Additionally, in a parliamentary system the prime minister and ministers are usually members of parliament, whereas in a presidential system strict separation of powers means the president and cabinet cannot be legislators.
The document discusses the key aspects of a federal system of government. It defines a federal system as one where power is shared between a central national government and governments of constituent states or provinces, which have considerable self-rule. It outlines some necessary conditions for adopting a federal system, including the need for common defense, preserving local autonomy, and preventing dictatorship. It also describes three essential features of federalism: the precise distribution of powers between the central and state governments, the supremacy of the constitution, and the supremacy of an independent judiciary.
The document discusses the evolutionary theory of the origin of the state. It claims that the state evolved gradually over a long period of time from simple early social structures, rather than being a deliberate creation. It was the result of a slow development of human society influenced by several factors, including kinship, religion, war, property, and political consciousness, rather than being caused by any one single factor. The state arose imperfectly at first and continued developing into more advanced forms of government over the course of history.
The document discusses the concept of sovereignty from various perspectives. It begins with definitions from early theorists like Jean Bodin and explores different types of sovereignty such as titular vs actual. It then analyzes attributes of sovereignty like permanence and indivisibility. The document also covers criticism of theories from thinkers like Austin and examines the Islamic concept of sovereignty, noting attributes like universality and absolutism. It concludes by arguing that while a democratic entitlement is superficially attractive, it could endanger peace and security.
This document discusses different forms of government. It describes the three main types of government as autocracy, oligarchy, and democracy, based on who rules and citizen participation. It then examines specific forms of autocracy like dictatorship, absolute monarchy, and constitutional monarchy. Oligarchy is defined as rule by a small dominant group. Democracy is defined as rule by the people, with direct and representative forms. The two main systems of democratic government are also outlined as parliamentary and presidential.
Political Science is a social science concerned chiefly with the description and analysis of political and especially governmental institutions and processes.
This document defines and compares two types of monarchies: absolute and limited. In an absolute monarchy, the monarch exercises total power over the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. In a limited monarchy, the monarch shares some powers with other government agencies and acts as a ceremonial head of state. The document also lists some advantages of monarchies, such as reduced corruption and trained rulers, as well as disadvantages like lack of citizen participation and decision-making in the monarch's interest rather than the people's.
Presentation on Bangladesh (Political, Legal and Economic system)Tawhid Rahman
The document provides information about Bangladesh's political, legal, and economic systems through a presentation by students. It discusses Bangladesh's government structure, major political parties, legal system including courts, and incentives for foreign investment. The economy relies on exports of garments and imports machinery/equipment. The ruling government aims to eliminate poverty and achieve middle income status by 2021 through infrastructure development and special economic zones.
The document summarizes the political systems of the United States, Canada, and Mexico. The United States is a federal constitutional republic with three branches of government and two dominant political parties. Canada has a parliamentary democracy and federal system with a constitutional monarchy and Liberal and Conservative parties. Mexico has a presidential republic with executive, legislative, and judicial branches dominated by the PAN, PRD, and PRI parties.
1. A state is defined as a community of people occupying a defined territory with its own government that the people obey and are free from external control.
2. The key elements that define a state are its people, territory, government, and sovereignty over both internal and external affairs.
3. There are different theories about the origin of states, including the divine right theory, necessity theory, paternalistic theory, and social contract theory.
Week 14 day 3- presidential parlimentary democracy think dotsmarypardee
There are two main types of democratic governments: parliamentary democracy and presidential democracy. In a parliamentary democracy, citizens vote for members of the legislative branch who then choose the leader. Citizens do not directly vote for the leader. In a presidential democracy, citizens directly vote for the leader in elections. This person serves as both head of government and head of state. Examples of each type of democracy are provided.
The document provides biographical information about several prominent US politicians from both major and minor political parties. It discusses the Democratic Party and Republican Party as the two major parties and also mentions the Constitution Party, Green Party, and Libertarian Party as other minor parties. The document also lists the presidential election winners from 1852 to 2008 and the results of the 2008 presidential election.
The document discusses the key differences between parliamentary and presidential democracies. In a parliamentary democracy, voters elect members of parliament who then choose the prime minister as the head of government. In a presidential democracy, voters elect the president and legislative branches separately. The document provides examples of different countries that use each system and presents a scenario to determine if it describes a parliamentary or presidential democracy.
The Government of the USA is based on the Constitution, which was signed in 1787 and established a federal government with powers separated between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches to prevent dictatorship. The Constitution gives Congress lawmaking powers, the President executive powers to enforce laws, and the Supreme Court judicial powers to interpret laws. A system of checks and balances ensures no single branch can gain too much power, such as Congress passing laws the President can veto or the Supreme Court striking down unconstitutional laws. Regular elections also check leaders' power by allowing voters to replace representatives who oppose the President's agenda.
Introduction to the ministerial form of governmentIAGorgph
Introduction to the Ministerial Form of Government presented by Ms. Cristita Marie Giangan, Konrad Adenauer Foundation program manager, to the Bangsamoro Transition, Cotabato City 12th August 2013
The document summarizes the American political system, including its constitution based on separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. It also outlines federalism and the distribution of power between the federal and state governments. Finally, it discusses the electoral process, including bipartisanship between the Democratic and Republican parties and the presidential election process.
This document discusses different models of political participation including getting elected, campaigning, voting, contacting groups, and protesting. It also examines the linkages between citizens and the government through political institutions like parties, interest groups, elections, and media. It asks questions about how these institutions link citizens to the government and their roles in policymaking, specifically looking at how parties, interest groups, elections, Congress, the President, and courts all contribute to the political process.
The document provides an overview of the United States political system and Constitution. It describes how the Constitution created a unified government and separated it into three branches of government - executive, legislative, and judicial. It outlines some of the key articles and sections of the Constitution regarding the roles and compositions of Congress and the presidency. It also mentions symbols of the US like the flag, bald eagle, and national anthem.
The United States has a strong federal government established by the Constitution. It consists of three branches - the legislative branch (Congress), the executive branch (President and Cabinet), and the judicial branch (Supreme Court and other federal courts). Congress makes the laws and controls finances, the President executes the laws and leads foreign policy, and the courts interpret the laws and Constitution.
This document provides an overview of the United States government and political system. It discusses the founding principles established in key documents like the Declaration of Independence and Constitution. The three branches of government - legislative, executive, and judicial - are described along with their roles and structures. For example, Congress is described as the legislative branch made up of the House and Senate. The presidency is outlined as the head of the executive branch. Important historical events, figures, and court cases are also mentioned, such as the founding fathers and the Dred Scott decision.
This document provides an overview of finance and key concepts. It discusses what finance is, the functions and areas of finance, and compares finance to accounting. It also outlines the goals of business as maximizing shareholder wealth. The document reviews types of businesses including sole proprietorships, partnerships, and companies. It then discusses the modern corporation's separation of owners and managers. Finally, it provides a brief tour of the financial environment, including financial markets, flows of funds, types of markets, and influences on expected security returns such as risk.
The document discusses key aspects of the Philippine Administrative System (PAS) including:
1) PAS refers to a network of public organizations that implement policies through defined structures, rules, and goals while interacting with the socio-political environment.
2) Components of PAS include public organizations, internal procedures, policy implementation, serving different clientele, and operating within the larger socio-economic system.
3) The budget cycle in PAS includes budget preparation by agencies under budget parameters set by the Development Budget Coordination Committee, approval by the President and Cabinet, and execution and accountability.
The healthcare system in the Philippines has a decentralized structure with the Department of Health as the apex regulatory authority. It follows a pyramidal organization with primary care provided at rural health units and barangay health stations. While the country faces a double burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases, it spends a low percentage of its GDP on healthcare and faces challenges in meeting its Millennium Development Goals. Improving infrastructure, implementing health insurance programs, and strengthening community healthcare initiatives are priorities to enhance access and health outcomes across the population.
This document provides an overview of public administration in the Philippines. It discusses that there is a Philippine public administration as it addresses specific sectoral concerns and is a field of study. It also exists considering the role of the bureaucracy in Philippine governance. The key institutions of the Philippine Administrative System are also outlined, including the executive, legislative, and judicial branches at the national and local levels. The relationships between different administrative units are described. The budget cycle and process in the Philippines is also summarized.
Forms of government can be categorized based on who rules (types) and how power is distributed (systems). The main types are autocracy, where one ruler holds power; oligarchy, where a small group rules; and democracy, where citizens participate. Systems include unitary states with centralized power, confederations with weak central authority, and federations with shared power between national and regional levels.
The document discusses various topics related to finance including the meaning of finance, history of finance, types of finance (public, private, personal, corporate), and details about public finance, private finance, corporate finance and personal finance. Specifically, it notes that finance involves the study and process of acquiring funds and is separated into personal, corporate and public subcategories. It also provides histories and definitions for each type of finance.
Standard Chartered Bank and Mahindra Finance use different sources of long-term and short-term finance. Standard Chartered Bank relies more on equity capital (58%) and internal accruals like reserves and surplus (24%). It uses less debentures (20%) and term loans (8%). In contrast, Mahindra Finance has lower equity capital (42%) but higher use of debentures (33%) and both long-term and short-term term loans (13%). While Standard Chartered Bank has less dependence on outside sources, Mahindra Finance relies more on external financing through debentures and loans.
This document provides an overview of business finance. It defines finance and different sources of finance such as internal sources like retained profits and external sources like bank loans. It explains the purposes of short-term, medium-term, and long-term finance and gives examples of different sources for each time period. Key factors that influence a business's choice of finance are outlined, including the type of business, amount of control desired, available security, existing debt levels, and cash flow.
Rural areas are separately settled places away from large cities characterized by lower population density and engagement in primary industries like agriculture. A rural community has a sense of unity and religion plays an important role in village life. Rural lifestyles differ from urban ones in having limited services, public transport, and utilities. Rural development aims to improve the economic and social conditions of rural poor through collective efforts and generation of employment in farm, storage, and other economic activities while also developing infrastructure, health, education, and living conditions. It faces various challenges including traditional mindsets, lack of education, inadequate infrastructure, and economic and leadership problems. Rural development is important for India to develop rural areas holistically and empower communities.
This document provides an overview of the key differences between presidential and parliamentary systems of government. Presidential systems have a separately elected president and legislature, while parliamentary systems fuse the executive and legislative branches. Hybrid systems combine aspects of both, such as France which has a strong president who appoints a prime minister from the legislature. Key differences include the president's independence from and ability to dissolve the legislature in presidential systems versus a prime minister who can be removed by a no-confidence vote in parliamentary systems. Party discipline also tends to be stronger in parliamentary systems where the government requires majority party support.
The Executive Branch is outlined in Article 2 of the Constitution. It briefly states that the President has different roles including as head of state, commander-in-chief, and chief executive. The President works with their Cabinet and executive agencies/departments to carry out laws and policies. Key parts of the Executive Branch include the Vice President, Executive Office of the President, and federal bureaucracy. Foreign policy tools available to the President include treaties, trade, foreign aid, and military force.
The document discusses governance at the state level in India. It explains that India has a federal system with governments at both the state and central levels. At the state level, the key institutions of governance are the Governor, Chief Minister, Council of Ministers, State Legislature, High Court, and subordinate courts. The Governor is the nominal executive head of the state, appointed by the President, but the real executive powers lie with the Chief Minister and the Council of Ministers. The document outlines the appointment process, powers, and relationship between the Governor and other state institutions. It also briefly discusses the composition and roles of the other branches of state government.
The document provides an overview of the key elements of the US Constitution, including the three branches of government (legislative, executive, judicial) and how they check each other's powers. It also discusses the preamble, amendments, and how power is shared between the federal and state governments through federalism.
Presidential Form Of Government pol.pptxChrisMumelo
The document discusses the presidential form of government. It provides characteristics of the presidential system including separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches, checks and balances, a single executive in the president who is elected to a fixed term, and the pre-eminence of the president over the cabinet. The document also outlines merits such as stability and efficient administration, and demerits like potential for despotism if the president is unconstrained. It compares the presidential system to the parliamentary system and explains key differences in the executive structure and relationship between executive and legislative branches.
The document defines the key elements of the state as population, territory, government, and sovereignty. It distinguishes the state from society, nation, and government. The state is defined as a permanent political organization that exists independently within a fixed territory and exercises sovereignty, while government refers specifically to the ruling administration through which the state functions. Society predates the state and is broader than the state, while nation refers more to a cultural or ethnic identity than a legal-political entity. The branches of government - the legislature, executive, and judiciary - are also summarized, along with some of their core powers and functions.
Federalism has two levels of government with constitutionally divided powers. India has features of federalism but also unitary bias. Developing coalition politics and judicial activism are strengthening federal practices in India, aided by global economic forces favoring this trend.
The document discusses the key aspects of a federal system of government, where power is shared between a central national government and various state or provincial governments. It outlines that in a federal system, states are given considerable autonomy through their own legislatures while the central government maintains control over certain issues of national importance. The essential features of a federal system include a precise division of powers between the central and state governments, the supremacy of the constitution, and an independent judiciary to interpret the constitution and resolve disputes over jurisdiction.
The executive document discusses the growth of presidential power in the United States and its connection to human rights. It notes that the framers created a limited presidency due to fears of tyranny. However, over time the presidency has expanded due to factors like media attention on national crises, and Congress deferring power like budgeting. The document outlines the president's 8 main roles from chief executive to chief diplomat. It argues the president can directly impact human rights through legislation, military actions, and promoting equality and anti-discrimination. Examples given are Obama advocating for LGBT rights domestically and internationally.
The document defines key concepts in politics including the state, government, and nation. It discusses the elements that make up the state including population, territory, government, and sovereignty. It distinguishes the state from society, government, and nation. The state is a political organization with sovereignty over a territory, while society is a social organization without fixed boundaries. Government is the mechanism through which the state acts but is not permanent like the state. A nation refers more to a cultural or ethnic group that may or may not have its own sovereign state. The branches of government - the legislature, executive, and judiciary - are also outlined along with their basic functions.
The executive refers to the branch of government that is responsible for implementing and enforcing laws. It includes both political executives like the head of state and council of ministers, as well as non-political permanent civil servants. The executive formulates policies, drafts bills for the legislature, appoints officials, and oversees administrative functions to maintain law and order. Executive powers can be singular, plural, hereditary, elective, or dictatorial depending on the type of government. The key functions of the executive are to administer government operations, assist in lawmaking, conduct foreign relations, set policies, manage finances, and oversee defense, war, and peace issues.
The UK constitution is an uncodified set of rules that define the government and protect civil liberties. It aims to limit government power by establishing separate powers and responsibilities for institutions like Parliament. The UK constitution has evolved over time based on parliamentary sovereignty, with Parliament able to make any law. Its key features include parliamentary sovereignty, being uncodified, a unitary system, a fusion of executive and legislative powers, and flexibility to change through new legislation.
Growth of Presidential Power and Executive Powersddziat
The executive branch has power over human rights through the President's various roles and powers. As Chief Executive, the President enforces laws and develops policies. As Commander-in-Chief, the President leads the military but war must be declared by Congress. The President also acts as diplomat, legislator, and citizen advocating for people's rights. For example, Obama promoted LGBT rights by ending "Don't Ask Don't Tell" and advocating repeal of the Defense of Marriage Act.
The document discusses the roles and powers of the President and executive branch, including the President's roles as chief of state, diplomat, executive, legislator, commander-in-chief, and party leader. It also covers the Vice President, Cabinet, and various executive agencies. The size of the federal bureaucracy is discussed, with over 2.7 million civilian employees working across different departments and agencies.
The West Wing is the nerve center of the Executive Branch, with the president's office at its center. Other offices' importance is determined by their proximity to the Oval Office. The Situation Room, where the president receives national security briefings, is located below ground. The president has many responsibilities including chief of the Executive Branch administration, head of the 15 executive departments and hundreds of independent agencies, commander-in-chief of the military, chief diplomat shaping foreign policy, and a legislative and economic role.
Comparision on PARLIAMENTARY and PRESIDENTIAL form of government with referen...neil0504
The document compares and contrasts presidential and parliamentary systems of government. A presidential system separates the executive and legislative branches, with the president as both head of state and head of government. A parliamentary system has the executive derive power from the legislature, with a prime minister as head of government and usually a separate head of state. Key differences include presidential systems having one leader who is directly elected by the people, while parliamentary systems give more power to the legislature and have the prime minister chosen from its members and reliant on its support.
Both the President and Governor have executive powers to implement policies and administer the government, with the President leading the federal executive branch and Governors leading their state's executive branch. However, their legislative and foreign relations powers differ - the President can veto bills and propose federal legislation to Congress, conduct foreign relations, and negotiate treaties, while Governors have more limited legislative powers over their state and no foreign relations powers. Their emergency, appointments and budgetary powers also vary in scope, with the President's authority applying nationwide and Governors' authority only within their state.
This document compares and contrasts responsible government and independent government systems. It outlines 11 key distinctions between the two systems:
1. In responsible government systems like Malaysia and the UK, there is no strict separation of powers and the executive must come from the legislative branch. In independent systems like the US, there is a clear separation of powers.
2. In responsible systems, the executive is accountable to parliament while in independent systems the government is separate from the legislature.
3. Divided government is possible in independent systems if different parties control the executive and legislative branches.
That is a high-level summary of some of the main comparisons made between responsible and independent forms of government based on the provided document.
Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units like states or provinces. Under federalism, sovereignty is constitutionally divided between the central government and the states, with each level having its own areas of jurisdiction. There are various models of federalism that have been implemented, including dual federalism, cooperative federalism, creative federalism, and new federalism.
The West Wing is the nerve center of the Executive Branch, with the president's office being the most important. Offices closer to the Oval Office have more influence. The Situation Room is located below ground for security purposes. The president has many roles and responsibilities, including being the head of the executive branch and administration, commander-in-chief, chief diplomat, and playing a legislative and economic role. The president is aided by Cabinet departments and hundreds of independent agencies that carry out the daily operations of the federal government.
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Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
1. FEDERAL GOVERNMENTFEDERAL GOVERNMENT
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
• A federal state is a union (gabungan) of severalA federal state is a union (gabungan) of several
states or provinces. (Example: Malaysia, USA,states or provinces. (Example: Malaysia, USA,
India, Australia, Canada)India, Australia, Canada)
• There are two levels or sets of government : aThere are two levels or sets of government : a
central and several state governments.central and several state governments.
•Powers of the government are shared between thePowers of the government are shared between the
two sets of government.two sets of government.
•The central government has more powers than theThe central government has more powers than the
state governments.state governments.
•The powers of the two sets of government areThe powers of the two sets of government are
clearly spelt out in the constitution to avoidclearly spelt out in the constitution to avoid
disputes.disputes.
•There is an apex (superior) court to settle disputesThere is an apex (superior) court to settle disputes
(pertikaian) that may arise (timbul) between the(pertikaian) that may arise (timbul) between the
States and the central government.States and the central government.
2. UNITARY GOVERNMENTUNITARY GOVERNMENT
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
A unitary government is one in which there is onlyA unitary government is one in which there is only
one set (level) of government. It is called theone set (level) of government. It is called the
national government. (Singapore, Unitednational government. (Singapore, United
Kingdom, Japan, New Zealand are examples of aKingdom, Japan, New Zealand are examples of a
unitary government)unitary government)
All political power is in the hands of the nationalAll political power is in the hands of the national
government.government.
The policies and laws of the government areThe policies and laws of the government are
uniform and apply to the whole country.uniform and apply to the whole country.
3. PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENTPARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT
Characteristics
• The political party that obtains most
seats in parliament during a general
election forms the government.
• The members of the Executive (Cabinet
members) are also members of the
Legislature. There is no separation of
powers between the Legislature and
the Executive.
4. Parliamentary Government -2Parliamentary Government -2
There is always a dual (two) Executive- one is the headThere is always a dual (two) Executive- one is the head
of state and the other is the head of government.of state and the other is the head of government.
The head of state is aThe head of state is a nominalnominal executive – he does notexecutive – he does not
exercise any real powers; he acts on the advice of theexercise any real powers; he acts on the advice of the
head of government.head of government.
The head of government is theThe head of government is the realreal Executive. HeExecutive. He
exercises all powers of the government.exercises all powers of the government.
5. PRESIDENTIAL GOVERNMENTPRESIDENTIAL GOVERNMENT
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
• The head of state, known as theThe head of state, known as the
President, is elected by the people in aPresident, is elected by the people in a
separate election.separate election.
• The Executive and the Legislature areThe Executive and the Legislature are
separate. There is separation of powersseparate. There is separation of powers
between the two. This means that thebetween the two. This means that the
Executive is not part of the legislatureExecutive is not part of the legislature
and therefore is not responsible to it.and therefore is not responsible to it.
6. Presidential Government -2Presidential Government -2
There is a single Executive- the President is both theThere is a single Executive- the President is both the
head of state and the head of government.head of state and the head of government.
The President serves for a fixed period. For example, theThe President serves for a fixed period. For example, the
US president is elected for a period of four (4) years (oneUS president is elected for a period of four (4) years (one
term). He cannot serve for more than two terms (i.e. 8term). He cannot serve for more than two terms (i.e. 8
years).years).
The President cannot be removed by the legislatureThe President cannot be removed by the legislature
(unless he commits a serious crime)(unless he commits a serious crime)
The President cannot dissolve (membubarkan) theThe President cannot dissolve (membubarkan) the
legislature.legislature.
Examples of Presidential government: USA; Argentina;Examples of Presidential government: USA; Argentina;
Nigeria; the Philippines; Mexico.Nigeria; the Philippines; Mexico.
7. Differences between Federal & UnitaryDifferences between Federal & Unitary
Government- 1Government- 1
In a federal system of government, there areIn a federal system of government, there are
two sets of government (central or national andtwo sets of government (central or national and
several state governments) whereasseveral state governments) whereas
(sedangkan; manakala) in a unitary government(sedangkan; manakala) in a unitary government
there is only one set of government ( central orthere is only one set of government ( central or
national government).national government).
In a federal government, political power isIn a federal government, political power is
shared between the central and stateshared between the central and state
governments, but in a unitary form ofgovernments, but in a unitary form of
government all political power is held (dipegang)government all political power is held (dipegang)
by the central or national government.by the central or national government.
8. Differences between Federal and UnitaryDifferences between Federal and Unitary
Government - 2Government - 2
In a federal government, the constitution isIn a federal government, the constitution is
codified (written) whereas in a unitary governmentcodified (written) whereas in a unitary government
the constitution is uncodified (unwritten).the constitution is uncodified (unwritten).
A federal government has a rigid constitution, butA federal government has a rigid constitution, but
a unitary government has a flexible constitution.a unitary government has a flexible constitution.
In a federal form of government, there are twoIn a federal form of government, there are two
different types of laws- central government anddifferent types of laws- central government and
state government laws, whereas in a unitraystate government laws, whereas in a unitray
government there is only one set of laws (uniformgovernment there is only one set of laws (uniform
laws) (seragam) applicable to the whole country.laws) (seragam) applicable to the whole country.
9. Differences between ParliamentaryDifferences between Parliamentary
& Presidential Government-1& Presidential Government-1
In parliamentary government, there are dual (two)In parliamentary government, there are dual (two)
Executives – head of state and head of governmentExecutives – head of state and head of government
whereas in a presidential government there is onlywhereas in a presidential government there is only
a single Executive-the President is both the heada single Executive-the President is both the head
of state and head of government.of state and head of government.
The Executive is separate from the legislature in aThe Executive is separate from the legislature in a
presidential government, but in a parliamentarypresidential government, but in a parliamentary
government the Executive is part of thegovernment the Executive is part of the
legislature.legislature.
10. Differences between ParliamentaryDifferences between Parliamentary
& Presidential Government-2& Presidential Government-2
In a parliamentary government the head of governmentIn a parliamentary government the head of government
(Prime Minister) is appointed by the head of state whereas(Prime Minister) is appointed by the head of state whereas
in a presidential government the head of state (President) isin a presidential government the head of state (President) is
elected by the people.elected by the people.
The Prime Minister and his cabinet can be dismissed byThe Prime Minister and his cabinet can be dismissed by
the legislature if he loses its confidence, but the Presidentthe legislature if he loses its confidence, but the President
cannot be removed by the legislature unless he commits acannot be removed by the legislature unless he commits a
serious crime (by a process called ‘Impeachment.’)serious crime (by a process called ‘Impeachment.’)
The Prime minister in a parliamentary government canThe Prime minister in a parliamentary government can
advise the head of state to dissolve (membubarkan)advise the head of state to dissolve (membubarkan)
parliament, but the President cannot do so.parliament, but the President cannot do so.