The document discusses economic theories about how exchange rates are determined, including supply and demand factors like changes in income, prices, and interest rates. It also mentions investor psychology and government actions as influences. Exchange rate fluctuations can impact international trade and foreign direct investment by affecting the costs of transactions. Companies may use tools like forward contracts to hedge against foreign exchange risk. When export prices change due to exchange rate movements, companies must decide whether and how much to "pass through" the changes to consumers. Generally, price inelastic goods see higher pass-through while elastic goods see less.