Folk Fae Fife Scientists and Innovators from Fife, Scotland

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The Kingdom of Fife is a county of Scotland on the east
coast just north of Edinburgh, the nation’s capital. The
people from Fife, or Folk Fae Fife, have contributed to a
number of sciences.
As part of a 2010 Fife Council initiative, Celebrating Fife
2010, and with funding from the Scottish Government Office
of Science, Technology and Innovation and the British
Science Association, this website is designed to celebrate
scientists and innovators from Fife and to announce
opportunities to discover more about science through a
series of events across the Kingdom of Fife.
Coming to a school, college, university or even in the street,
from March to December we are running a series of events
to celebrate science and its achievements across Fife. All
events are free to the public.
Our launch event took place in the Physics and Astronomy
Building on the North Haugh at the University of St. Andrews
on March 13th. Almost 500 visitors enjoyed a range of
hands-on activities and demonstrations that illustrated the
wow-factor of science!
Bell Pettigrew Museum, lantern slide, ca. 1910.
Courtesy of the University of St Andrews Library
Photographic Collection. StAU-BPMus-1.
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Bell Pettigrew Museum
The Bell Pettigrew Museum of Natural History was founded, and
most specimens acquired, during the heyday of the Victorian
age, when collecting was all the rage. Most towns and cities had
a museum similar to this one, with many specimens displayed in
a relatively small space. Although this museum has been altered
and updated on occasion, it retains its original feel - the entire
museum, with its original cases, and superb mosaic floor, is a
valuable survivor from a bygone age.
The museum is open to the public on various dates during the
summer months. Don’t miss your opportunity to discover this
gem of Fife!
Discovering Hidden Gems in Fife
Folk Fae Fife = People from Fife
E-mail:
folkfaefife@st-andrews.ac.uk
Contact us

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Folk Fae Fife is a non-profit organisation based in the
Kingdom of Fife in Scotland with a mission to further education for all
ages about science, technology and innovation in partnership with
local schools, museums and community groups as well as to
promote the legacy of significant scientists and innovators from Fife.
The Folk Fae Fife highlighted on this website are scientists
and innovators who were born in the Kingdom of Fife or lived here.
Some studied or taught at the University of St Andrews, St Leonard’s
School, Kirkcaldy High School or Beath High School, for example.
Some remained in Fife, whilst others left the area and have been
traced to Australia, California, Canada and New Zealand.
Folk Fae Fife have had a significant impact upon the
sciences and continue to make discoveries today. Learn about
James Gregory and his telescope and how scientists in Burntisland
are developing nano-fibres out of carrots! Explore this site, and you
will be amazed at what you discover.
Map of Fife was published by Geographia Ltd. of 55 Fleet Street,
London EC4 in 1923.
Who are we?
The organisers of Folk Fae Fife Science Festival events are educators and professionals from Fife Council,
the Scottish Government Office of Science, Technology & Innovation, the British Science Association as
major funders and in partnership with Adam Smith College, Carnegie College, geoHeritage Fife, Sensation
Dundee, and the University of St Andrews.
Adam Smith College
Elinor Vettraino
Carnegie College
Susan Reid
Annette Grant-Watson
geoHeritage Fife
Richard Batchelor
Dundee Science Centre
Hannah Crookes
University of St Andrews
Paul Gardner
Dr Ware Petznick
Fife Council
Katherine Sellar
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News
Events
What is RSS?
The RSS logo appears courtesy of a
GNU General Public License.
Throughout 2010,
Folk Fae Fife will be hosting free programmes and
exciting events. This page will also seek to inform you of
other science-related events at other schools and museums
in the Kingdom of Fife and in Dundee.
Check this page often for updates. Contact us if you would
like us to bring a lecture to you about Folk Fae Fife!
• 1/5/2010— Public lecture: 'The Development of Pattern and
Form ' by Prof Lewis Wolpert (UCL), Dalhousie Building,
University of Dundee.
• 11, 18, 25/5/2010 Tayside Biodiversity Festival Talks,
Tuesdays at 6pm
D'Arcy Thompson Zoology Museum
University of Dundee
• Jun3-Sept 2010 D'Arcy Thompson Zoology Museum is
open. Fridays 2-430pm University of Dundee
• 20/03/2010—3/05/2010 The Parrot and the Polymath: A
Celebration of the Life of Sir D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson.
This exhibit and programmes at the Gateway in St Andrews
commemorates the 150th anniversary of the naturalist’s birth.
For more information, contact the Gateway Galleries
Other Events Happening in Fife and Dundee
Launch of Folk
Fae Fife
Geology of Coal
in Fife
Science in the
Shopping Centre
Science for
schools
Family Fun Day
Geology of Coal
in Fife
Science
Spectacular!
Hands-on science
demonstration and talks for
the whole family.
Display by GeoHeritage Fife
Talks, workshops and hands-
on demonstrations of
science. A Family fun day
out.
Special events tailored for
schools
Talks, workshops, employers
and demonstrations of
science. History of
engineering.
Display by geoHeritage Fife
Family fun day involving a
range of activities to engage
the senses and stimulate the
scientific mind
University of St
Andrews, Physics &
Astronomy Building
Fife Heritage Centre,
Methil
Rothes Hall,
Glenrothes
Carnegie College,
Rosyth Campus
Carnegie College,
Rosyth Campus
Adam Smith College,
St Brycedale Campus
Adam Smith College,
St Brycedale Campus
13 Mar
1 May—1 June
3 July, 10-3
1 Oct, TBD
2 Oct, TBD
13 Nov, TBD
13 Nov, TBD
Event What’s Happening Venue Dates/Times
Calendar of Events
E-mail:
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Fife has been the home to many scientists and innovators. Many of whom were members of the Royal
Society, which celebrates its 350th anniversary this year. Fellows of the society are elected for life and are
entitled to use the title FRS after their names.
Here is a brief summary of the architects, astronomers, biologists, botanists, chemists, computer
scientists, economists, engineers, explorers, geologists, glaciologists, inventors, mathematicians,
ornithologists, physicians, physicists, and psychologists, with their relative Fife connections listed. Click on
their names on the following pages to learn more about each of them.
Do you know
something about
Folk Fae Fife
that we don’t? If
you know of a Fife
scientist or
innovator who is
not on this list,
please contact us.
?
Dr John Adamson
Robert Adamson
Dr. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
Dr. Louisa Garrett Anderson
James Robert Atkinson
William Bald
Robert Bald
Prof Oswald Home Bell
Rev Patrick Bell
Alexander Berry
Sir James W. Black, FRS
Prof George Stewardson Brady
Sir David Brewster FRS
Alexander Bruce, 2nd Earl of Kincardine
Sir George Bruce of Carnock
Prof Peter Bruce, FRS
Thomas Chalmers
Admiral Thomas Cochrane
Prof Jack Cole
George Edward Day, FRS
Sir James Dewar
Sir Sandford Fleming
Prof James David Forbes, FRS
John Goodsir
Andrew Gray
Prof Jeremy Greenwood
Prof James Gregory FRS
Prof Chris Hawksworth FRS
Sir Walter Norman Haworth
Dr David Hepworth
Archibald "Archie" Howie
Professor Sir James Colquhoun Irvine, FRS
Sir David Jack
Francis Robert Japp
Edward Anthony Jenner
Lieut. Jozef Stanislaw Kosacki
Robert Arthur Lawson
Walter Ledermann
Sir John Leslie
James Bowman Lindsay
Henry Liston
Alan Graham MacDiarmid
William Carmichael M’Intosh, FRS
Sir David Martin
Arthur Thomas Masterman, FRS
Ron Morrison
John Napier of Merchiston
Alexander Nimmo
Dame Kathleen Timpson Ollerenshaw
James Bell Pettigrew, FRS
Lyon Playfair, 1st Baron Playfair
Surgeon Vice-Admiral Philip Iain Raffaelli
Dr John Reid
Sir Robert Robertson
Anneila Sargent
Sir Robert Sibbald
Wilson Sibbett, FRS
Adam Smith
James Carmichael Smyth
Mary Somerville
Ian Sommerville
John McDouall Stuart
Sir D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson, FRS
Thomas Thomson
William Wallace
Sir Robert Alexander Watson-Watt
Dr Eric Whale
1809—1870 St Andrews
1873—1943 St Andrews, St Leonards
1916—2008 Cupar
1789—1857 Burntisland
1776—1861 Culross
1781—1873 Hill of Tarvit
1924—2010 Cowdenbeath & St Andrews
1629—1681 Culross
1629—1681 Carnock & Culross
Living St Andrews
1780—1847 Anstruther
1775–1860 Culross
living St Andrews
1842—1923 Kincardine
1827—1915 Kirkcaldy
1814—1867 Anstruther & St Andrews
1847—1925 Lochgelly
living Balmullo
Living St Andrews
Living Burntisland
born 1934 Kirkcaldy
Markinch and Cupar
1833—1902 Newburgh
1766—1832 Largo, St Andrews
1771—1836 Aberdour
1914—1976 born in Fife
living St Andrews
born 1912 St Andrews
born 1955 Kirkcaldy
died 1849 St Andrews
1869—1949 Cupar
born 1942 Burntisland
1641—1722 Fife
living St Andrews
1741—1821 Balmedie
1780—1872 Burntisland
living St Andrews
1815—1866 Dysart
1768—1843 Dysart
1892—1973 Dundee/St Andrews
living Burntisland
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List of Fife Scientists

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Professors, suffragettes, life savers, and forward-thinkers— Fife’s
biologists, physicians and chemists are responsible for many
advances in the fields of biology and medicine.
Current research by staff at the new University of St Andrews
Medical building are well equipped to continue to influence the
course of medicine. Scientists from St Andrews and Dundee just
secured a £1M grant to research applications with lasers to deliver
drugs to cells, which will contribute to stem cell research and to
developments in agriculture. Read more here.
Biology & Medicine—1
James Gillray, The Cow-Pock—or—the Wonderful Effects
of the New Inoculation!—vide. the Publications of ye
Anti-
Vaccine Society. Print (color engraving) published June
12, 1802 by H. Humphrey, St. James's Street. Here St
Andrews alumnus Edward Jenner is mocked for using
cowpox to inoculate against smallpox.
Berry was a surgeon, but he is perhaps most influential as a merchant and explorer. In 1822
he established the first European settlement on the south coast of New South Wales. The
Australian town that developed from his land grant is named Berry.
Alexander Berry
• 30 Nov 1781 – 17 Sept 1873, Hill of Tarvit, near Cupar
Dr. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, LSA, MD
Anderson was a pioneer in medicine. She was the first female to study medicine at St
Andrews University in 1862, but the furore surrounding this lead to the revocation of her
place. Even so, in 1865 she became the first licensed female to practice medicine in Britain.
• 9 June 1836 – 17 Dec 1917, University of St Andrews student, St Andrews
• 1835-24 June 1875, University of St Andrews professor, St Andrews
Professor of Medicine at St Andrews 1863-1875. Bell held the Chandos Chair of Medicine
and Anatomy at St Andrews from 3 Nov 1863 until his death 24 June 1875. Dr. Bell
Pettigrew assumed the position in 1875.
Professor Oswald Home Bell
Daughter of Elizabeth Anderson, Louisa Anderson also made a name for herself as a
physician in Britain. Her work establishing hospitals operated by women during World War I
was pioneering.
Dr. Louisa Garrett Anderson CBE
• 28 July 1873 – 11 Nov 1943, St Leonards School alumna, St Andrews
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Black’s pharmaceutical strengths earned him a Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1988 for his work to
develop drugs. Black is responsible for both propranolol and cimetidine, two types of beta-blockers
used to prevent heart failure. He attended Beath High School in Cowdenbeath and then University
College of The University of St Andrews.
Sir James W. Black
• 14 June 1924 - 22 March 2010, University of St Andrews alumnus
Professor of Medicine at St Andrews from 23 October 1849 until his resignation on 16 May
1863.
George Edward Day
• 1815-1872, St Andrews
John Goodsir
After studying at St Andrews, Goodsir apprenticed in dentistry in Edinburgh where he later
taught anatomy. In Anstruther, he wrote an influential essay on Teeth (1840), and his
"Anatomical Memoirs” were published posthumously. His work allegedly led to a restoration
of Edinburgh’s reputation for medicine.
• 20 March 1814 – 6 March 1867, born Anstruther, University of St Andrews alumnus
• 17 May 1749 – 26 Jan 1823 , University of St Andrews alumnus
Jenner, most noted for his development of a smallpox vaccine, is considered to be the
“father of immunology”. Prior to his pioneering smallpox treatment, there had been no
immunizations against disease. He earned his M.D. from St Andrews in 1792.
Edward Anthony Jenner
As a pharmacologist, Jack developed major drugs. Salbutamol (Ventolin®), an asthma
inhaler, and ranitidine (Zantac®), a treatment for peptic ulcers, are credited to him. His
contributions to medicine have saved millions of lives in Fife and across the world.
Sir David Jack
• Born 22 Feb 1924, in Markinch
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Brady earned an LLD degree from St Andrews in 1889 and went on to practice medicine and be the
Professor of Natural History at the Durham College of Science in Newcastle-upon-Tyne from 1875 to
1906. The Royal Society recognized his work with the Challenger Expedition (1872-76) that laid the
foundations for oceanography, and he came a Fellow in 1882.
Prof George Stewardson Brady, FRS
• 1832 – 1921, University of St Andrews alumnus

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Professors, suffragettes, life savers, and forward-thinkers— Fife’s
biologists, physicians and chemists were and are responsible for
many advances in the fields of biology and medicine.
Current research by staff at the new University of St Andrews
Medical building are well equipped to continue to influence the
course of medicine. Scientists from St Andrews and Dundee just
secured a £1M grant to research applications with lasers to deliver
drugs to cells, which will contribute to stem cell research and to
developments in agriculture. Read more here.
Biology & Medicine– 2
St Andrews alumnus Edward Jenner is
mocked for using cowpox to inoculate against
smallpox.
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Balgonie, Courtesy of a
GNU Free
Documentation License
Sir D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson CB FRS FRSE
Smyth discovered a method for the prevention of contagion in cases of fever using nitrous
acid gas, and wrote several treatises on this subject and on other medical matters. Served
George III as one of his physicians.
James Carmichael Smyth FRS
Nitrous acid
Professor of Medicine at St Andrews, 3 May 1841 to 30 July 1849.
• Died 30 July 1849, St Andrews
Sir Robert Sibbald
Admitted to the Royal College of Physicians in 1681, Sibbald was a physician, naturalist and
Geographer Royal of Scotland. Knighted by Charles II for his contributions to botany. He began to
write histories of Scottish counties. His History of Fife (1710) remains of interest. The Statistical
Accounts of Scotland proceeded from where he stopped.
Pettigrew was last occupant of the Chandos chair of medicine and anatomy, as it was renamed after
his death. He published numerous books on anatomy and biology, including Animal Locomotion
(1874) and Design in Nature (1908). The Bell Pettigrew Museum at the University of St Andrews was
named in his honour.
James Bell Pettigrew, FRS
• 26 May 1832 - 30 Jan 1908, University of St Andrews Professor
Raffaelli is the Surgeon General of the British Armed Forces. In 2005 he was appointed as an
Honorary Physician to the Queen. He is also a Governor of the University Hospitals Birmingham NHS
Foundation Trust, and an appointee to the court of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical
Medicine.
Surgeon Vice-Admiral Philip Iain Raffaelli QHP RCP
• Born 24 Nov 1955 in Kirkcaldy
Dr John Reid
• 2 May 1860 – 21 June 1948, University of St Andrews professor, St Andrews
His contributions to biology, natural history and mathematics illustrate the breadth of his
knowledge and the inter-relationship between scientific disciplines. Famous for his On
Growth and Form (1917), he showed how physical laws of mechanics influence the form of
living organisms.
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Arthur Thomas Masterman, FRS
Masterman was a zoologist who wrote the Elementary Textbook on Zoology (1901) and co
-wrote with William Carmichael McIntosh (q.v), The Life-Histories of the British Marine Food
Fishes (1897). He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1915. His portrait is in the
National Portrait Gallery in London.
• 1869-1941, University of St Andrews alumnus, research fellow then lecturer
M
Professor William Carmichael M’Intosh, FRS
M’Intosh co-wrote with Arthur Masterman (q.v), The Life-Histories of the British Marine
Food Fishes (1897). He was director of the University of St Andrews Museum and the Gatty
Marine Laboratory. He was influential in founding a modern medical school at St Andrews
and in creating a botanic garden there. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1877.
• 1838-1931, University of St Andrews alumnus and Professor, born in St Andrews

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Compared to other areas of science and technology, computer
science is a relatively new discipline, although computational
science has origins in eighteenth-century jacquard textile looms.
Cards were punched to “compute” the design and used on a loom
to determine where threads would be placed in the fabric. A similar
punch card system was used in the first computer.
At the University of St Andrews, computer science had been
incorporated into the mathematics department until the 1980s.
Since then it has been the home of three computer scientists who
have contributed significantly to the field and to its study in Fife and
beyond.
Computer Science
Jacquard loom punch cards. Photo appears
courtesy of Dr Nick Gessler, Duke
University. The card is in the Berlin
Technological Museum collection.
Professor A. Jack Cole
https://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~alb/cole/poster.html
• University of St Andrews lecturer
• Living, University of St Andrews lecturer
http://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~ifs/ Specialist in software engineering and the
author of some of the most used textbooks on the subject.
Ian Sommerville
http://www-systems.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/wiki/User:Ron
Ron Morrison
• Living, University of St Andrews, Head of Computer Science
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Before the known world was limited by land travel, map makers
used to draw fierce-looking beasts at the far edges of their maps
beyond Scotland and Ireland. In the margins they would write
“beyond this point there will be dragons”. On this page, you will find
no dragons but geographers and geoscientists who explore our
world. As it is now and how it came to be.
Much of the content of this page is taken from R.A. Batchelor’s
Historical Geoscientists at St Andrews, 2006. To learn more about
the history of Geology at St Andrews, click here and for a look at
what research is being conducted currently at the University of St
Andrews, click here.
Geography & Geosciences
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Robert Chambers, LLD
Famous for publishing the Chambers’ Encyclopaedia, this St Andrews resident published
anonymously “Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation” in 1844, which was a scandalous
suggestion that humans could have developed from simple organisms prior to Charles
Darwin’s On the Origins of Species (1859). Chambers defended Darwin.
• 1802-1871, University of St Andrews lecturer
Sir David Brewster, LLD, FRS
Eminent physicist, Brewster was a pioneer in optical crystallography and mineralogy. He invented
the kaleidoscope in 1816. He discovered Gmelinite, Levyne and Epistilibite, all zeolites, and the
mineral Brewsterite is named in his honour. “A refracted beam of light is plane-polarized if the
reflected and refracted beams are perpendicular to each other” is Brewster’s Law.
• 1781-1868, University of St Andrews Professor
Known widely as a glaciologist, he published Illustrations of the Viscous Theory of Glacier
Motion in 1846. He also experimented with the properties of minerals when exposed to heat.
Forbes was Professor of Natural History at the University of Edinburgh from 1833 to 1859. He
published Theory of Glaciers (1859) upon arriving at St Andrews as Principal.
James David Forbes, LLD, FRS
• 1808-1868, University of St Andrews Principal (1859-1868)
Charles Lapworth, LLD, FRS
Born in Faringdon, Berkshire, Lapworth came to Fife as an Assistant English Master of Madras
College in St Andrews. Whilst based in Fife, he mapped the rocks of the Southern Uplands of
Scotland, which was described as “one of the miracles of science”. He coined the term
‘Ordovician’ as the time between the Cambrian and Silurian periods. He was a Royal Medallist
of the Royal Society (1891) and served as president of the Geological Society of London.
• 20 September 1842 – 13 March 1920, Madras College, St Andrews
• 1826-1897, University of St Andrews Professor of Chemistry
Heddle’s The Mineralogy of Scotland appeared in 1901. A founding member of the
Mineralogical Society of Great Britain & Ireland, he also was President of the Geological
Society of Edinburgh & encouraged the extension of the Geological Survey to Scotland. His
collections are at the Royal Scottish Museum, the Bell Pettigrew Museum and the Hunterian
Museum.
Matthew Forster Heddle MD
George Martine, MD, FRS
Martine was a surgeon and physician in St Andrews, but he made significant contributions to
geosciences by his observations of cave temperatures. He noted that temperature increased at
greater depths. In a collection of essays published posthumously in 1780 he wrote “...it would
seem the body of the earth has a very great proper internal heat…”. Martine was ahead of his
time, which believed that the earth was part of God’s creation, and thus, unchangeable.
• 1702-1741, St Andrews
John McDouall Stuart
Stuart is the most accomplished and famous of all Australia's inland explorers. Many places in
Australia are named for the Fifer born in Dysart. Trained as a surveyor, he gained a reputation
for accuracy. With little more than a compass he ventured into unexplored arid lands and
discovered important watering holes, now known as Stuart’s Creek.
• 7 Sept 1815 – 5 June 1866, Dysart
Science Museum/Science
& Society Picture Library
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Currrently Hawkesworth is Deputy Principal and Vice-Principal (Research) of the University of
St Andrews. His primary research interests are as an isotope geochemist who has worked to
identify the evolution of the earth’s crust and mantle as well as the rates of other natural
processes. He taught at Bristol University before coming to St Andrews.
Professor Chris Hawkesworth, FRS
• living, University of St Andrews Deputy Principal (since 2009).

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Relatively few Fifers are found on these pages, not because there
were not many mathematicians of note, but rather because those
who studied maths often excelled in other areas, such as physics
or astronomy. Consult those pages also for prominent
mathematicians.
Today, Mathematics and Statistics is a large department at the
University of St Andrews. Current research topics include applied
mathematics, pure mathematics and statistics.
Mathematics & Statistics
Napier was a mathematician, physicist, astronomer and astrologer who was born in
Edinburgh and studied at St Andrews. He is most famous as the inventor of logarithms. He
published Mirifici logarithmorum canonis descriptio in 1614 and consistently used a decimal
point.
Thomas Chalmers
Born in Anstruther and ordained as minister at Kilmany, Chalmers was a popular lecturer in
mathematics, but his lectures spurred too much controversy and were discontinued by the
University. He continued to lecture privately, also in chemistry. He published on a variety of
subjects.
• 17 Mar 1780 – 31 May 1847, Anstruther and University of St Andrews lecturer
• 1911-2009, St Andrews
John Napier of Merchiston
Ledermann first came to St Andrews on a scholarship in 1933 to avoid Nazi persecution and remained
to teach. He published many texts, such as Complex numbers 1960 and Integral calculus 1964, but
was known for homology, group theory and number theory. He also taught at Dundee, Manchester
and Sussex.
Walter Ledermann
Gregory’s contributions to mathematics led to his placement as the first Regius Chair for
Mathematics at St Andrews by Charles II. Often compared to Isaac Newton, Gregory made many
advances in trigonometry, discovering infinite series representations for several trigonometric
functions.
James Gregory
• Nov 1638 – Oct 1675, University of St Andrews professor
• 1550 – 4 Apr 1617, University of St Andrews alumnus
Ollerenshaw has published at least 26 mathematical papers, her best-known contribution
being to most-perfect pandiagonal magic squares. She earned a doctorate from Somerville
College, Oxford, named for Mary Somerville (q.v.) and served Rusholme as Conservative
Councillor for 26 years.
Dame Kathleen Timpson Ollerenshaw, DBE
• born 1 Oct 1912, St Leonard’s School alumna, St Andrews
Wallace was the first to publish the concept of the Simson line in 1799, which erroneously
was attributed to Robert Simson. In 1807 he proved a result about polygons with an equal
area, that later became known as the Bolyai–Gerwien theorem. He also invented the
pantograph.
William Wallace
• 23 Sept 1768 —28 Apr 1843, Dysart
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Many scientists and innovators do not fall strictly into the other
main categories of science featured on this website, but their
disciplines are indeed scientific in practice. As such, on this page
you will find photographers, civil engineers, inventors,
ornithologists, surveyors and an admiral whose work relied upon
scientific method and principles.
Calotype photograph by Adamson and Hill,
Fish wives baiting lines. This is a typical scene
championed by the partnership, with action and
local figures in Fife.
• 1809-1870, born in St Andrews
Hired by painter David Octavius Hill to photograph Scottish clergymen for Hill then to paint, the
pioneering four-year partnership of Adamson and Hill used the calotype process to photograph
some of the most important Scotsmen of their time. They were noted for their “action”
photography & Fife subjects.
Robert Adamson
• 26 Apr 1821 – 14 Jan 1848, St Andrews
• 1776 – 1861, Culross
His early work with Thomas Telford led him to be one of the most important and early mining
engineers and land surveyors in Scotland. His “A General View of the Coal Trade in
Scotland” (1808) was a full survey of Scottish colleries. He tried to prevent women and children
working in the Earl of Mar’s Alloa mines.
Robert Bald
Dr John Adamson
The Fife cartographer, surveyor & civil engineer worked mainly in Ireland & Scotland. His work on
the Antrim Coast Road was heralded by the David Orr of the Institution of Civil Engineers as "an
immeasurable legacy to the people of the Glens of Antrim...[Bald] created one of the finest tourist
routes in the world".
William Bald
• 1789–1857, Burntisland
Bruce was a judge and politician, but he is credited for inventing the pendulum clock in
collaboration with Christiaan Huygens. It was vastly superior to verge clocks and used gravity
to measure time. Pendulum clocks were the main timekeepers until the 1930s. Bruce was a
founding member of the Royal Society.
Alexander Bruce, 2nd Earl of Kincardine FRS
Born in Auchterhouse, Bell’s career was as a minister at Carmyllie, but time at his father’s
Angus farm led him to invent a modern marvel—horse-powered reaping machine in 1828.
Demand for his invention spread rapidly. He purposely did not patent the idea and never
profited from it.
Rev Patrick Bell
• 12 May 1799 – 22 April 1869, University of St Andrews alumnus
• 1629-1681, Culross
Library &
Archives of
Canada
By Peter Edward
Stroehling, 1807
Surveyor’s Tools.
Getty Image.
Sir George Bruce of Carnock FRS
Adamson was a physician and lecturer in St Andrews, but he gained fame for his chemical
experiments with the calotype (1841) and the collodion (1851) processes of photography.
He is known as the father of Scottish photography. His brother Robert (q.v.) was also a
photographer.
• Living, Balmullo
Greenwood was the Director of the British Trust for Ornithology from 1988 to 2007 and was
awarded an MBE for his services to conservation in 2007. Under his directorship BTO Scotland
was developed in Stirling.
Professor Jeremy Greenwood
Admiral Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald
• 14 Dec 1775 – 31 Oct 1860, Culross
This engineer is known for proposing worldwide standard time zones, Canada's postage stamp,
extensive surveying and map making, and engineering much of the Intercolonial Railway and the
Canadian Pacific Railway. He engineered the ALL RED LINE and was a founding member of the
Royal Society of Canada.
Sir Sandford Fleming
• 7 Jan 1827 – 22 July 1915, Kirkcaldy
Bruce was an innovator in coal mining, introducing undersea mining into the Upper Hirst seam
with use of new drainage technology. His work gained acclaim, prompting King James VI to visit
and to venture into Bruce’s tunnel which led out into the Firth of Forth. James VI accused Bruce
of treason when he discovered he was surrounded by water until Bruce produced a boat and
proved the king was quite safe. He built Culross Palace.
• 1629-1681, Carnock & Culross
Cochrane invented a new convoy lamp to guide naval ships in formation and designed a new
galley. As an engineer, he and Marc Isambard Brunel patented a tunneling shield in 1818 that
Brunel later used to build the Thames Tunnel. His exploits inspired novels, e.g. Horatio
Hornblower & Jack Aubrey.
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Many scientists and innovators do not fall strictly into the other
main categories of science featured on this website, but their
disciplines are indeed scientific in practice. As such, on this page
you will find “a scientist”, architects, civil engineers, economists,
inventors, ornithologists, photographers and surveyors whose work
relied upon scientific method and principles.
Other Fifers of Note—2
Calotype photograph by Adamson and Hill, Fish
wives baiting lines. This is a typical scene
championed by the partnership, with action and
local figures in Fife.
Born in Kirkcaldy, Nimmo was to be most influential in Ireland as a civil engineer. He
worked with Thomas Telford who was a valuable advocate. Nimmo published important
articles for the Edinburgh Encyclopedia on the theory of carpentry, bridges and inland
navigation. He settled in Dublin.
Alexander Nimmo
• 1783 - 1832, Kirkcaldy and University of St Andrews alumnus
• 16 June 1723 – 17 July 1790, Kirkcaldy
The author of the The Wealth of Nations and “father of economics” was born in Kirkcaldy,
where he attended a top secondary school. He then studied moral philosophy at the
University of Glasgow. Smith became a major figure of the Scottish Enlightenment whose
economic analyses and writings vision promoted liberty and reason.
Adam Smith
National Science and
Engineering Plaques
Committee
The term scientist was inspired by Somerville’s writings. So, in a sense, she was the first
scientist. When social conventions to family allowed, she wrote articles about science and
earned international acclaim. She and Caroline Herschel were the first two female
members of the Royal Astronomical Society, as such they were pioneers for women
scientists. Somerville College, Oxford, and a lunar crater are named in her honour.
Mary Somerville
• 1780-1872, Burntisland
Courtesy of
Oxford University,
11137632
Kosacki escaped his native Poland in 1939 and developed the Polish mine detector in St
Andrews in 1941. The mine detector was first used at the Second Battle of El Alamein and
rapidly increased the army’s ability to clear mines. The technology was used by the army until
1991.
Lieutenant Jozef Stanislaw Kosacki
• 1909–1990, St Andrews
Lawson is credited for designing some of New Zealand's most important historic buildings.
He was most influential in Dunedin, where he designed many churches in the Gothic
Revival and Classical styles. He emigrated from Scotland to Australia in 1854 then to New
Zealand in 1862.
Robert Arthur Lawson
• 1 Jan 1833 – 3 Dec 1902, Newburgh
Lindsay distinguished himself at St Andrews. In 1829 he became a lecturer at the Watt
Institution in Dundee. Allegedly he invented the incandescent light bulb, submarine telegraphy
and arc welding, but claims are not well documented though evidence remains that he
“demonstrated a constant electric light” in Dundee in July 1835, years before Thomas Edison.
James Bowman Lindsay
• 8 Sept 1799 - 29 June 1862, University of St Andrews alumnus
Rev Henry Liston
• 1771-1836, Aberdour
Liston was a minister by profession, but he had strong interests in music. He invented a
new organ, known as a Euharmonic Organ, which had 58 pitches within an octave. He also
patented an improved plow (1813), which was used locally and had a distinctive shape.
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The University of St Andrews is at the forefront of chemical
research, and several of its former graduates and lecturers have
become noted for their contributions in the field of chemistry. For a
link to the current research interests of staff, please click here.
Certainly, Burntisland has been a significant area in Fife for
advanced scientific research and is the current location of research
into nano-fibres by Dr. David Hepworth and Dr. Eric Whale who
have developed “Curran” made of nano-fibres from carrots. This is
a significant development because it is a renewable substance.
Traditionally, nano-fibres have been made from carbon-based
substances.
Chemistry
Sir James Dewar, ca. 1910
in his laboratory.
This image of the Japp-
Klingmann reaction
appears courtesy of the
GNU Free
Documentation License.
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• 14 April 1927 – 7 Feb 2007, University of St Andrews lecturer
MacDiarmid discovered and developed conductive polymers for which he and his
collaborators Hideki Shirakawa and Alan Heeger were awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize in
Chemistry. In other words, they developed plastics that could conduct electricity.
Alan Graham MacDiarmid
Japp was born in Dundee and graduated from St Andrews in 1868. Although he had studied
law, he decided to pursue chemistry and earned his PhD at the University of Heidelberg. He
is partially credited for the Japp-Klingemann reaction, discovered in 1887.
Francis Robert Japp
• 8 Feb 1848 – 1 Aug 1928, University of St Andrews alumnus
noted scientists,
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Sir Walter Norman Haworth
Sir Haworth was awarded the 1937 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his investigations on
carbohydrates and vitamin C", an interest in carbohydrates developed at St Andrews. He also
produced a simple method of representing three-dimensional sugars, known as the Haworth
projection.
• 19 March 1883 – 19 March 1950, University of St Andrews lecturer
Sir James Dewar
Dewar specialized in chemistry and physics. He was the first Britain to earn a Lavoisier
Medal in 1904. His principle contributions to science involved liquid oxygen and liquid
hydrogen, and he invented the Dewar flask, which is like a thermos, and cordite, a
smokeless explosive.
• 20 Sept 1842 – 27 Mar 1923, born in Kincardine-on-Forth
• Living, Burntisland
Curran is the name brand of nano-fibres derived from carrots. Dr. Hepworth and Dr Eric
Whale’s invention is pioneering and significant, since carrots are sustainable whereas
carbon fibres are derived from oil.
Dr David Hepworth
• 1877-1952, University of St Andrews Alumnus, Professor & Principal
Irvine earned a BSc in 1898 and a DSc in 1903, both from St Andrews. At St Andrews he
was Professor of Chemistry from 1909 to 1920 and Dean of Science from 1912 to 1920. He
later became Principal of the University of St Andrews in 1921. He earned a CBE in 1921, a
Kt in 1925 and a KBE in 1948. His main contributions to chemistry involved carbohydrates.
Professor Sir James Colquhoun Irvine, FRS
Bruce specializes in materials chemistry, especially as it relates to clean energy.
Internationally known for his work with lithium batteries and a new “ultra high energy density
storage device”, Bruce is the Wardlaw Professor of Chemistry at St Andrews.
Professor Peter Bruce, FRS
• Living, University of St Andrews Professor, St Andrews

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The University of St Andrews is at the forefront of chemical
research, and several of its former graduates and lecturers have
become noted for their contributions in the field of chemistry. For a
link to the current research interests of staff, please click here.
Certainly, Burntisland has been a significant area in Fife for
advanced scientific research and is the current location of research
into nano-fibres by Dr. David Hepworth and Dr. Eric Whale who
have developed “Curran” made of nano-fibres from carrots. This is
a significant development because it is a renewable substance.
Traditionally, nano-fibres have been made from carbon-based
substances.
Chemistry—Part Two
Sir James Dewar, ca. 1910
in his laboratory.
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Later in life the Lord Playfair distinguished himself in politics, but was Professor of Chemistry at
the Royal Manchester Institution and was chemist to the Geological Survey. He also was an MP
for the Universities of St Andrews and Edinburgh from 1868-1885 and promoted the Playfair
cipher.
Lyon Playfair, 1st Baron Playfair, GCB, PC, FRS
noted scientists,
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Martin was the Executive Secretary of The Royal Society from 1947 to 1976.
Sir David Martin
• 1914-1976, born in Fife
After studying the classics, mathematics and natural philosophy at St Andrews, he studied
medicine at Edinburgh, earning his degree there in 1799. Even so, Thomson focused upon
chemistry. His writings led to the promotion of Dalton’s atomic theory. In 1820 he identified a
new zeolite mineral, named thomsonite in his honour.
Thomas Thomson FRS
• 12 Apr 1773 – 2 July 1852, University of St Andrews alumnus
Dr Eric Whale
• Living, Burntisland
With Dr Hepworth, Whale has developed nano-fibres from carrots, which have a unique set
of characteristics—strength, flexibility and lightness. They currently have used the curran
material for fishing rods but project that the material may have numerous applications,
including battleships.
Robertson was HM Government’s chemist from 1921 to 1936. He was awarded the Royal
Society's Davy Medal for his work “on explosives, analytical methods, the internal structure
of diamond, and infra-red absorption spectra".
Sir Robert Robertson KBE FRS
• 1869-1949, born in Cupar
• 1818—1898, St Andrews

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The star cluster Messier 69 in the
constellation Sagittarius was
photographed by the Hubble telescope.
The image appears courtesy of NASA
and ESA.
Did you know
that the University of
St Andrews’s 37”
refracting Schmidt-
Cassegrain telescope
was the largest in the
world when it was
constructed?
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Scientists utilise their knowledge of many aspects of
mathematics and science in their work. It was common,
certainly up to the 20th century, for scientists to make
advances in several departments, as such some Fife
figures may be associated with more than one discipline.
Physics & Astronomy
• 17 Feb 1916 - 9 May 2008, Cupar
A specialist in radar, Atkinson worked to develop infra-red wave detectors for guided missile
systems. Later in charge of the nuclear reactor at DOUNREAY. His work during World War
II was significant at the chain home radar stations.
James Robert Atkinson,MA, FInstP, FRSE, FRMetS
Archibald "Archie" Howie
Gregory’s knowledge led to his placement as the first Regius Chair for Mathematics at St
Andrews by Charles II. There he described the first reflecting telescope. As he lacked the skill to
manufacture his design, it was a decade before the first Gregorian telescope was produced by
Robert Hooke.
• Nov 1638 – Oct 1675, University of St Andrews professor
Leslie gave the first modern account of capillary action in 1802 and froze water using an air-pump in
1810, the first artificial production of ice. In 1804, he experimented with radiant heat using a cubical
vessel filled with boiling water, showing that that radiation was greatest from the black side and
negligible from the polished side. The apparatus is known as a Leslie cube.
James Gregory
Known for his pioneering work on the interpretation of transmission electron microscope
images of crystals, Howie began his education in Kirkcaldy, attending Kirkcaldy High
School then the University of Edinburgh. See Electron Microscopy of Thin Crystals,
published in 1977.
Sir John Leslie
• Born 1934, Kirkcaldy
• 10 Apr 1766 – 3 Nov 1832, Largo, Leven and University of St Andrews alumnus
Forbes worked extensively on the conduction of heat, seismology and glaciology. He was
the first to describe mathematically the behaviour of a seismic instrument in an
"earthquake". A series of earthquakes in Comrie, Perthshire led to his invention of a
seismometer in 1844.
James David Forbes, FRS
• 20 April 1809 – 31 Dec 1868, University of St Andrews Principal
Gray worked primarily on electromagnetism, dynamics and Bessel functions. He taught at
the newly formed University College of North Wales and then assumed the chair held by
Lord Kelvin, the Professor of Natural Philosophy at Glasgow, until 1923.
Andrew Gray
• 1847– 10 Oct 1925, Born in Lochgelly
Anneila Sargent
Sargent specializes in star formations and won the NASA Public Service Medal in 1998.
Sargent studied physics at Edinburgh before emigrating to the United States. She is currently
the Benjamin M. Rosen Professor of Astronomy at Caltech and has served as director of the
Owens Valley Radio Observatory.
• Born 1945, Burntisland, Kirkcaldy High School
• Living, University of St Andrews Professor
Wilson Sibbett, FRS
Sibbett is a pioneer of ultra-fast lasers, which are rapid pulses of light that last only a few
femtoseconds and which have important applications for medicine. Sibbett was Scotland’s first
chief advisor on science and remains the Wardlaw Professor of Physics at the University of St
Andrews. Sibbett was awarded a CBE in 2000.
Watson-Watt is most noted for developing radar [radio detection and ranging] at Bawdsey
Manor. Born in Brechin, he studied at University College in Dundee, then part of the University
of St Andrews. Professor William Peddie encouraged Watson-Watt to study wireless
telegraphy, which is how radio was then known.
Sir Robert Alexander Watson-Watt, KCB, FRS, FRAeS
• 13 Apr 1892 – 5 Dec 1973, University of St Andrews alumnus
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• 11 Dec 1781 to 10 Feb 1868, University of St Andrews Principal 1838-59
Brewster invented the kaleidoscope and was interested in the polarization of light. His
description of the “Brewster Angle” contributes significantly to current research on laser
optics. He also was a key figure in early photography like John Adamson (q.v.). He was
awarded all three major Royal Society medals for his scientific research.
Sir David Brewster, FRS, FRSE

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Does your group seek a programme? Events and lectures
will be held throughout Fife and in Dundee until December
2010. Contact us about organising an event. You can use an
online form found here or contact us via the address below.
We seek to celebrate Fife’s accomplishments with Fifers of
all ages and scientific interests.
All events and programmes are free, courtesy of the
generous funding from the Scottish Government, Fife
Council and the other partner organisations who are working
together to provide special programmes and Fun Days for
those in the Kingdom of Fife. Events are being hosted by
Adam Smith College, Carnegie College, GeoHeritage Fife,
Sensation Dundee and the University of St Andrews.
By post:
Folk Fae Fife
Paul Gardner
School of Psychology
St Andrews, Fife
KY16 9JP
By email:
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Drawing of apparatus by
John Leslie, 1816.
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Scientific discoveries and developments continue to be made in Fife and by Fife scientists, as such this
page will report news related to science in Fife. This page also seeks to offer suggestions for further
information produced by others. Regular updates will be made as and when they become known.
Do you have news about science in Fife? Email us.
The Royal Society
Founded in 1660, The Royal Society is dedicated to the
advancement of scientific enquiry and discoveries. Its
Fellows are elected for life and are identified by the use of
FRS after their names.
Giant Scorpion Fossil Discovered
The Telegraph reports that this Fife fossil is “largest known
walking trackway of a eurypterid or any invertebrate
animal.” Richard Batchelor of GeoHeritage Fife and the
University of St Andrews cautions that the rock is in danger
of falling apart. The discovery was made by Dr. Martin
Whyte of the University of Sheffield while walking.
Lasers for Medicine & Agriculture
OPTICAL TRANSFECTING The University of St Andrews
announced on 13 May 2010 that St Andrews & Dundee
scientists received a £1 million grant to study further the
application and use of lasers upon cells. The potential for
contributions to stem cell research and agriculture is
significant.
D’arcy Wentworth Thompson
D’Arcy 150: Celebrations about this naturalist are
ongoing in 2010 to celebrate 150 years since his birth.
This is a joint University of Dundee, University of St
Andrews and the Royal Society project.
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THE
ROYAL
SOCIETY

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What have you learned?
Here are some questions about Fife’s scientists and innovators. All of the answers may be found on the
pages of this website. This being said, the answer sheet may be found at the bottom of this page.
1. Who is the first person to be called a scientist?
2. Who invented the incandescent light bulb?
3. Who is the father of immunology?
4. Who invented algorithms?
5. Who is called the father of Scottish photography?
6. Who is the first woman licensed to practice medicine in Britain?
7. Who is credited with Christiaan Huygens for inventing the pendulum clock?
8. Which Markinch-born man has saved millions of asthma sufferers world-wide?
9. Who was the first to produce ice artificially?
10. Who invented the first horse-powered harvesting machine?
11. Who received a Nobel Prize for determining the structure of DNA with James Watson & Francis
Crick?
12. Who is responsible for the Simson line?
13. What St Andrews Professor designed the reflecting telescope first made by Robert Hooke?
14. What Burntisland astronomer earned a NASA service medal in 1998?
15. What St Andrews Professor was influential in creating one of Fife’s hidden gems with 18 acres of
botanic garden?
16. Who invented the kaleidoscope?
17. Whose work on the HMS Challenger contributed to the formal study of oceanography?
18. What does RADAR stand for and who invented it?
19. Which Fifer patented a tunneling shield with Marc Isambard Brunel in 1818, which Brunel and his
son used to construct the Thames Tunnel?
20. Who invented the Polish mine detector in St Andrews in 1941?
Answer Sheet
1. Mary Somerville
2. Thomas Edison is credited with the invention, but James Lindsay demonstrated such a light bulb in
Dundee in 1835.
3. Edward Jenner
4. John Napier
5. John Adamson
6. Elizabeth Anderson
7. Alexander Bruce, 2nd Earl of Kincardine
8. Sir James W. Black
9. John Leslie
10. Rev Patrick Bell
11. Maurice Wilkins
12. William Wallace
13. James Gregory, it is known as the Gregorian telescope
14. Anneila Sargent
15. Professor William Carmichael M’Intosh
16. Professor Sir David Brewster
17. Professor George Stewardson Brady
18. Radio Detection and Ranging—Sir Robert Watson Watt
19. Admiral Thomas Cochrane, Lord Dundonald
20. Lieutenant Josef Kozacki
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Copyright
The content (content being images, text, sound and video files, programs and scripts) of this website is copyright ©
The University of St Andrews, 2010. All rights expressly reserved. You agree to abide by all copyright notices and
restrictions attached to the content and not to remove or alter any such notice or restriction.
All images on this website are believed to be in the public domain
unless otherwise cited. We are grateful to the following individuals
and organisations for permitting the use of their images.
Photo of Culross Palace by Lyall Duffus appears under a
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license.
Photo of Archie Howe, Cambridge, 2007 by RAFALDB.
Photo of Mary Somerville, Oxford University, 11137632.
Photo of the bust of Alexander Nimmo, courtesy of the
National Science and Engineering Plaques Committee.
Sir Sandford Fleming, portrait, courtesy of the
Library and Archives of Canada, acc no 1951-566-1.
Surveyor’s Tools. Getty Images. Item number 92846467.
This image of the Japp-Klingmann reaction appears
courtesy of the GNU Free Documentation License.
Photo of jacquard punch card appears courtesy of Dr.
Nick Gessler of Duke University.
Medications. Photo by Ware Petznick.
Particular thanks is extended to Marc Boulay of the University of St Andrews Photographic Collection
for his kind permission to use numerous images from that extensive collection. As many images
stem from this archive, hyperlinks direct one from the image reproduced to the appropriate record
page on the University of
St Andrews Photographic Collection.
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The partial map of Fife that is reproduced in the header of each webpage was published
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Dr John Adamson
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
Sir David Brewster
Sir David Brewster
Professor George Day
Professor William Fischer
Principal James David Forbes
Principal James David Forbes
Professor Matthew Foster Heddle
Principal James Colquhoun Irvine
Sir Hugh Lyon Playfair (left) & Prof Wm Macdonald
Dr William Carmichael M’Intosh
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This website was written and designed by Dr. Ware Petznick under the supervision of Mr. Paul Gardner of
the School of Psychology, University of St Andrews.
Future citation of this site should be:
Dr. L.W.S. Petznick, University of St Andrews, www.folkfaefife.org.uk
© University of St Andrews, 2010.
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The first woman to be licensed to
practice medicine in Britain
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