1) Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids at rest (hydrostatics) and in motion (hydrodynamics). Fluids exert pressure that increases with depth according to hydrostatic pressure principles. 2) Bernoulli's principle states that the total pressure of a fluid remains constant as it flows through a pipe. Faster fluid speeds correspond to lower pressures and vice versa. 3) Heat transfer between objects occurs through conduction, convection, or radiation. Conduction involves molecular collisions within a material. Convection involves mass movement of warm material. Radiation involves electromagnetic wave energy transfer.

1. Fluid Mechanics Most Awesome Teachers EVAR!!!!

2. Overview Fluid: A substance that flows Usually a liquid or a gas Hydrostatics: the study of a fluid at rest Ex) Pressure at depth Hydrodynamics: the study of a fluid in motion Ex) Flow rate Ideal Liquid: Incompressible (so that density does not change) Maintain a steady flow rate Non-viscous Irrotational flow

3. Hydrostatic Pressure Measure of the pressure a fluid exerts on the walls of the container SI Units: Newton per meter squared : Aka the Pascal Sometimes measured in atmospheres (atm) 1 atm is the pressure exerted at sea level 1 atm = 1.013 x 105 Pa

4. Hydrostatic Pressure (cont) p1 p1 p1 h h h p2 p2 p2 p1 is at the surface and is 1 atm To find pressure at depth (p2): p2 is the absolute pressure the total static pressure at a certain depth in a fluid, including the pressure at the surface of the fluid Difference in pressure: Gauge pressure: the difference between the static pressure at a certain depth in a fluid and the pressure at the surface of the fluid Pressure at any depth does not depend of the shape of the container, only the pressure at some reference level (like the surface) and the vertical distance below that level

5. Buoyancy Buoyancy is the weight of the displaced fluid Archimedes’ Principlestates that a body wholly or partly immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces Buoyant Force: the force that pushes the object upwards

6. Fluid Flow Continuity Flow Rate Continuity: the volume or mass entering any point must also exit that point A = Area of the respective tube V = Fluid speed in the respective pipe Mass must be conserved, so mass in M1 = M2 A1 A2 v1 v2

7. Mass flow Rate: pAv Density of fluid x Area of tube x velocity of fluid in tube Equation of Continuity: the flow rate through tube 1 is the same as tube 2 so: 1 A1 v1 = 2 A2 v2 Volume flow rate: the density of the fluid is the same throughout the pipe A1 v1= A2 v2 A1 A2 v1 v2

8. Bernoulli’s Principle Bernoulli’s Principle: the total pressure of a fluid along any tube of flow remains constant y = height v = velocity of fluid If density of the fluid is p then: y1 y2 v2 v1

9. Fluid moving through a horizontal pipe (y1 = y2): This equation implies that the higher the pressure at a point in a fluid, the slower the speed, and vice-versa Continuity Principle and Bernoulli’s Principle used together to solve for pressure and fluid speed

10. Temperature and Heat Part the second of Chris, Baby, and Kevin’s epic PowerPoint series

11. Mechanical Equivalent of Heat States that heat and motion are virtually interchangeable and in any circumstance a given amount of work would produce a given amount of heat 1 calorie of heat = 4.1868 joules per calorie

12. Heat Transfer Heat Transfer: the movement of heat between two substances, occurs through conduction, convection, and radiation Conduction: heat transfer as the result of collisions between molecules in a material, or between material Since molecules in a solid are not free to move, this is accomplished through vibrational kinetic energy Convection: heat transfer as the result of mass movement of warm material from one region to another Radiation: energy transfer as the result of electromagnetic waves

13. Conduction Rate of heat flow through an object, as a result of conduction = heat transfer per unit time A = cross sectional area of an object = object’s thickness T = temperature K= the thermal conductivity of the object SI unit is kcal/(smC) : C = degrees Celsius

14. Radiation Stefan-Boltzmann’s Equation: calculates rate at which an object radiates electromagnetic energy = rate at which energy leaves the object A = object’s surface area T = object’s temperature in Kelvin e = emissivity of the material Perfect absorber is also a perfect emitter and e = 1