This document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in the human body. It covers the following key points:
- Body fluids are divided into intracellular and extracellular spaces, with the extracellular space further divided into intravascular and interstitial fluid compartments.
- Electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are important chemicals in body fluids that must be tightly regulated.
- The kidneys, lungs, heart, and endocrine glands work together to maintain fluid and electrolyte homeostasis through mechanisms like osmosis and diffusion.
- Abnormalities in fluid volume or electrolyte levels can cause conditions like hypovolemia, hypervolemia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia
Basic Intravenous Therapy 3: Fluids And Electrolytes, Balance and Imbalance, ...Ronald Magbitang
Lecture Presentation in Basic Intravenous Therapy Seminar, discussion on Body Fluids and Electrolytes, Normal Values and the Imbalances, the symptomatology and treatment and precautions, and, finally the different types of commonly available, utilized IVF in clinics
Basic Intravenous Therapy 3: Fluids And Electrolytes, Balance and Imbalance, ...Ronald Magbitang
Lecture Presentation in Basic Intravenous Therapy Seminar, discussion on Body Fluids and Electrolytes, Normal Values and the Imbalances, the symptomatology and treatment and precautions, and, finally the different types of commonly available, utilized IVF in clinics
Intended Learning Outcomes:
Describe the physiology of human fluid dynamics.
Define Intravenous therapy.
List the aims of adult perioperative fluid therapy.
Recognize the commonly used fluid preparations.
Describe the properties and indications of widely used IV solutions.
Describe the side effects and precautions of widely used IV solutions.
Explain the (NICE) principles and protocols for intravenous fluid therapy.
Discuss the assessment and management of hydration and volume status of surgical patients.
Describe the type, rate, and volume of fluid administered to surgical patients.
Recognize the different types of venous access.
Explain the potential local complications of peripheral IV therapy.
Identify the universal equations used by nurses to calculate the IV flow rate and medication dosage.
The hypertensive encephalopathy is a syndrome consisting of a sudden elevation of arterial pressure usually preceded by severe headache and followed by convulsions, coma or a variety of transitory cerebral phenomena.
Intended Learning Outcomes:
Describe the physiology of human fluid dynamics.
Define Intravenous therapy.
List the aims of adult perioperative fluid therapy.
Recognize the commonly used fluid preparations.
Describe the properties and indications of widely used IV solutions.
Describe the side effects and precautions of widely used IV solutions.
Explain the (NICE) principles and protocols for intravenous fluid therapy.
Discuss the assessment and management of hydration and volume status of surgical patients.
Describe the type, rate, and volume of fluid administered to surgical patients.
Recognize the different types of venous access.
Explain the potential local complications of peripheral IV therapy.
Identify the universal equations used by nurses to calculate the IV flow rate and medication dosage.
The hypertensive encephalopathy is a syndrome consisting of a sudden elevation of arterial pressure usually preceded by severe headache and followed by convulsions, coma or a variety of transitory cerebral phenomena.
Sodium is necessary for the body to maintain fluid balance and is critical for normal body function. It also helps to regulate nerve function and muscle contraction.
Hyponatremia and Hyponatremia.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. Amount/Composition of Body Fluids
• 60% of body weight = fluid.
• Age, gender, body fat influence amount.
• Body fluid is divided into 2 compartments
• Intracellular space (2/3) – fluid in cells
• Extracellular space (1/3) – fluid outside of cells
• Intravascular space (fluid in blood vessels: plasma) 3.5L
• Interstitial space (lymph fluid) 10L
• Transcellular fluid spaces (cerebrospinal, pericardial, synovial, intraocular) 1L
4. Vocabulary
• Diffusion: The natural tendency of a substance to move from an area
of high concentration to one of lower concentration.
• Hydrostatic pressure: the pressure exerted by the fluid on the walls
of the blood pressure by the heart
• Oncotic pressure: Pressure exerted on the capillaries primarily by
albumin.
• Osmolality: The concentration of fluid that affects the movement of
water between fluid compartments by osmosis.
• Osmosis: The movement of water caused by a concentration
gradient.
• Tonicity: The ability of all solutes to cause an osmotic driving force
that promotes water movement from one compartment to another.
5. Average Daily I & O (Adult)
Average Intake = 2600 ml/day
• Oral Liquids = 1300 ml
• Solid Foods = 1000 ml
• Oxidation = 300 ml
Average Output = 2600 ml/day
• Kidneys (urine) = 1500
• Skin (perspiration) = 600
• Lungs (respiration) = 400
• GI Tract (feces) = 100
6. Sensible vs. Insensible Loss
Sensible Loss:
Fluid loss that can be measured
• Urination
• Defecation
• Bleeding
• Wound drainage
• Gastric drainage
• Vomiting
Insensible Loss:
Fluid loss that cannot be measured
• Perspiration
• Respiration
• Changes in humidity levels,
respiratory rate and depth, and
fever affect insensible loss
8. Hypovolemia
(fluid volume deficit)
• FVD occurs when loss of ECF exceeds intake of fluid.
• Hypovolemia or FVD ≠ dehydration - Dehydration is loss of H2O only!!
• Causes:
• Vomiting/Diarrhea
• GI suctioning
• Sweating
• Decreased intake
• Risk Factors:
• Diabetes insipidus
• Adrenal insufficiency
• Osmotic diuresis
• Hemorrhage
• 3rd spacing
• Coma
9. Hypovolemia
(fluid volume deficit)
• Signs (Manifestations):
• Acute weight loss
• Decreased skin turgor
• Oliguria
• Concentrated urine w/high specific gravity
• Weak rapid pulse
• Flattened neck veins
• Decreased central venous pressure
• Elevated BUN out of proportion to creatinine (>20:1)
10. Hypervolemia
(fluid volume excess)
• Isotonic expansion of the ECF caused by:
• Abnormal retention of water AND sodium. (proportionately)
• Occurs secondary to retention of Na+
• Causes:
• Fluid overload
• Diminished function of homeostatic mechanisms
• Cirrhosis, heart/renal failure
• Excessive table salt
20. Calcium (9.0 – 10.5 mg/dL)
Hypocalcemia
• Treatment:
• PO or IV calcium replacement
(depends on severity of symptoms
or deficiency)
• Vitamin D supplement
• Encourage foods high in calcium
Hypercalcemia
• Treatment:
• Hydration
• Increased Salt Intake
• Diuretics
• Dialysis (renal failure)
• Glucocorticoids
22. Phosphorus (2.5 – 4.5 mg/dL)
Hypomagnesemia
Causes:
• Use of nutritional supplements
(enteral or parenteral feedings)
• s/sx: neuro/muscular symptoms
• Treatment:
• Phosphorus supplementation
Hypermagnesemia
Causes:
• Renal failure (asymptomatic)
• Treatment focuses on underlying
disorder
23. Chloride (97-107 mEq/L)
Hypochloremia
Rarely occurs in the absence of
other abnormalities.
• S/Sx: associated with:
• Hyponatremia
• Hypokalemia
• Metabolic alkalosis.
• Treatment: Correct the cause.
Hyperchloremia
Causes r/t :
• Hypernatremia
• Bicarbonate loss
• Metabolic acidosis
Treatment: correct the cause.
*Restore fluid, lytes, & acid-base
balance.
24. Acid–Base Balance
• Homeostatic mechanisms keep pH within a normal range (7.35 to
7.45)
• Buffer systems prevent major changes in the pH of body fluids by
removing or releasing H+
• The major extracellular buffer system is the bicarbonate–carbonic acid
buffer system
• The kidneys regulate the bicarbonate level in the ECF
• The lungs, under the control of the medulla, regulate the CO2 and the
carbonic acid content of the ECF
25. Metabolic Acidosis (Base Bicarbonate Deficit)
• pH is >7.45 and PaCO2 is <35 mm Hg
• Always caused by hyperventilation
• Signs consist of lightheadedness due to vasoconstriction and
decreased cerebral blood flow, inability to concentrate, numbness
and tingling from decreased calcium ionization, tinnitus, and
sometimes loss of consciousness
• Treatment depends on the underlying cause of respiratory alkalosis
26. Arterial Blood Gases:
Blood gas analysis is often used to identify the
specific acid–base disturbance and the degree
of compensation that has occurred
