1. The document discusses the different growth stages of plants including juvenile, transitional, mature, reproductive, and senescence stages.
2. It provides details on the juvenile stage, including that plants are vegetative and unable to flower during this phase, and examples of morphological differences between juvenile and adult forms.
3. The transitional stage is described as having characteristics of both juvenile and mature tissue and involving the transition from vegetative to floral meristems.
ROLE OF JASMONIC ACID IN PLANT DEVELOPMENT &DEFENCE MECHANISMBHU,Varanasi, INDIA
jasmonic acid is a plant immune hormone whicch are imortant for plant defence mechanism and development..its have important role in root growth inhibition,tuber formation,trichome formation ,senescence,flower developmentand increasing arbasculer mycorrhizal activity in root plants,recently it has been reported in various development in rice crop like spikelet development etc.....in defence its play a crucial role against insect and pathogen resistance.Recent insights into the JAs mediated plant defense cascade and better knowledge of key regulation of plant growth and development processes will help us to design future crops with increased biotic stress resistance and better adaptability under changing climate
molecular and genetic analysis of floral induction is an integrated approach, taking into consideration various genes involved in the four major pathways of flowering process
flowering is perhaps the most important physiological phenomenon in the life-cycle of higher plants. it is a resultant of a range of internal and external factors, that leads to the activity of a plethora of genes, that leads to the development of flowers
ROLE OF JASMONIC ACID IN PLANT DEVELOPMENT &DEFENCE MECHANISMBHU,Varanasi, INDIA
jasmonic acid is a plant immune hormone whicch are imortant for plant defence mechanism and development..its have important role in root growth inhibition,tuber formation,trichome formation ,senescence,flower developmentand increasing arbasculer mycorrhizal activity in root plants,recently it has been reported in various development in rice crop like spikelet development etc.....in defence its play a crucial role against insect and pathogen resistance.Recent insights into the JAs mediated plant defense cascade and better knowledge of key regulation of plant growth and development processes will help us to design future crops with increased biotic stress resistance and better adaptability under changing climate
molecular and genetic analysis of floral induction is an integrated approach, taking into consideration various genes involved in the four major pathways of flowering process
flowering is perhaps the most important physiological phenomenon in the life-cycle of higher plants. it is a resultant of a range of internal and external factors, that leads to the activity of a plethora of genes, that leads to the development of flowers
By -
Avinash Darsimbe
Assistant Professor
Department of Botany
Shri Shivaji Science College, Amravati
Physiology of Senescence and Abscission
B.Sc. III (Sem - V)
BOTANY : PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY
Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University,Amravati
photoperiodism its discovery,significance,classifications,mechanism,critical day length,quality of light, night break phenomenon,phytochrome.florigen,floering genes, circadian rhythm
This presentation covers the details of floral development and its regulation. Aimed at the undergraduate and graduate students it helps easy understanding for the beginners.
intro-hostory and discovery-characteristics of phytochrome-chemical nature of phytochrome-mode of action-mechanism-phytochrome mediated physiological responses-phytochrome is a pigment system:some evidences-role of phytochrome
By -
Avinash Darsimbe
Assistant Professor
Department of Botany
Shri Shivaji Science College, Amravati
Physiology of Senescence and Abscission
B.Sc. III (Sem - V)
BOTANY : PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY
Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University,Amravati
photoperiodism its discovery,significance,classifications,mechanism,critical day length,quality of light, night break phenomenon,phytochrome.florigen,floering genes, circadian rhythm
This presentation covers the details of floral development and its regulation. Aimed at the undergraduate and graduate students it helps easy understanding for the beginners.
intro-hostory and discovery-characteristics of phytochrome-chemical nature of phytochrome-mode of action-mechanism-phytochrome mediated physiological responses-phytochrome is a pigment system:some evidences-role of phytochrome
FLOWERING PROCESS- A TRANSITION FROM VEGETATIVE TO REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN.pptx406SAKSHIPRIYA
Flowering involves the sequential action of two groups of genes: those that switch the fate of the meristem from vegetative to floral (floral meristem identity genes) and those that direct the formation of the various flower parts (organ identity genes.)
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
1. Dr. Mahmoud Abd El-Hakeem
Dept. of Horticulture
Fac. of Agriculture
Minia University
Flowering Physiology
HOR 660
Part I
2. A plant pass through its growth on different phases:
(1)juvenile– in which it will not flower
(2)Transitional stage Have both juvenile and mature
tissue
(3) Mature– in which appropriate environmental stimuli will
evoke flowering
(4) Reproductive– in which flowering actually takes place.
(5) Senescence stage The final stage in a plant’s life
cycle
Plant Growth Stages
3.
4. Vegetative growth and unable to flower even if plant grows an
environment for flowering
a physiological state of plant before flower differentiation
Flowering cannot be induced
plants often differ in appearance from the adult.
Phase length varies:
annual – shorter eg. Weed will be at juvenile stage 4-5 d after
germinated
perennial – longer at juvenile stage
eg. in certain trees up to 40 years
Morphologies:
Simple primary leaf to trifoliate leaves
beans: adult – compound leaf; juvenile – simple leaf
leaves lobe
rapid growth
Usually, the basal part of tree is juvenility and the top is mature or adult
in physiology.
Juvenile stage
5. 1. Long-day treatment - shorten the juvenility
form 5 ~ 10 year to 1 year of birch
2. Grafting- speed up flowering of fruit crops
in 2-3 year.
3. GAs treatments- can induce flowering in
juvenility of ivy, cypress and fir.
Methods to shorten juvenility
6. Have both juvenile and mature tissue
May revert back to juvenile if environmental
conditions are right.
Involves the transition of a vegetative
meristem, producing leaves and stems, into a
floral meristem, producing flowers.
Transitional stage
7.
8.
9. JUVENILE AND ADULT FORMS OF ENGLISH IVY
(Hedera helix)
ADULT
JUVENILE
(gibberellin
causes reversion
of adult form to
juvenile form in
english ivy)
10. Stage where plants are ready to flower.
Flowering - ultimate expression of mature state
Changes influence by environment
Environment serve as expression changes regulator
Changes in physiology and morphology
Transformation of primodium of stem, leaf or
vegetative part to primodium reproductive organ
One way transformation
Many plants produce flowers independent of
environmental conditions
Maturity or reproductive stage
11.
12.
13.
14. Flowering occurs as a result of a reprogramming of the
development of the SAM. Rather than initiating stems,
leaves and axillary buds, a reproductive (or floral) meristem
gives rise to an inflorescence, i.e. flowers The sharpness of the transitions between each phase, their
duration, and the extent to which these phases can coexist
within regions of a single plant vary very widely between
species
15. The final stage in a plant’s life cycle
a. May occur naturally or accelerated by environmental
conditions including pathogenic attack
b. Cell and tissues deteriorate
c. Partial senescence is when plant organs age and
eventually die
d. Complete senescence is when the whole plant dies.
Monocarpic plant – flowering and fruiting once
Polycarpic plant – many times/repeat
Senescens
17. Perennial plants
Able to flower and fruit for an indefinite number of growing seasons
- may be herbaceous or woody
-in deciduous plants all the leaves fall, and the tree is bare, at a
particular time of year
-in evergreen plants, the leaves drop throughout the year, and so
the plant is never completely bare
Annual plants
Grow, and flower and typically die within one growing season
- usually herbaceous
Biennial plants
Have two-year life cycles
-they store energy the first year and flower the second year
In relation to flowering and fruiting or duration of plant life,
plants are group into:
18. THE CONTROL OF FLOWERING
Plants flower at different times of the year.Plants flower at different times of the year.
How do plants keep track of the seasons?How do plants keep track of the seasons?
Which environmental signals control flowering?Which environmental signals control flowering?
How do environmental signals bring about theHow do environmental signals bring about the
transition to flowering?transition to flowering?
Floral induction is regulated by different endogenous and
environmental signals which, together, cause flowering at
an appropriate time.
19. Irreversible change in which bud (meristem)
changes from growing vegetative tissue to
reproductive tissue
Improper conditions can cause flower buds to
abort
1. High temp
2. Moisture stress
Flowers can be induced naturally or through
PGR (plant growth regulators)
Flower Initiation and Development
23. The terminology of floral evocation
The events occurring in the shoot apex that specifically
commit the apical meristem to produce flowers
Floral evocation: The processes whereby events in a shoot meristem
are altered in such a way to produce flowers as opposed to leaves.
Floral induction: The actual signal that results in evocation.
Flower initiation: Formation of flower buds after induction.
Flower development: The process after flower initiation until anthesis.
Anthesis: The shedding of pollen by the stamen.
It should be noted that flower opening (petal unfolding) can occur prior
to, during, or after anthesis.
24. Competent: A meristem can respond, in the expected manner, when
given an appropriate developmental signal to flower.
Determined: If a meristem follows the same developmental program
even after it is removed from a source of environmental or
biochemical stimulus
In some cases the ‘expression’ of flowering can be delayed until a
second developmental signal is received.
Some species require a cold temperature treatment followed by a
specific photoperiod for successful evocation.
26. Time transition to flowering so that reproduction occurs at
appropriate time of year.
Spring/Summer-type annuals:
vernalization has no effect.
Winter-type annuals: vernalization
decreases time to flowering.
Biennials: require vernalization to
flower.
27. Whatever combination of environmental cues and
internal signals is necessary for flowering to occur,
the outcome is the transition of a bud’s meristem
from a vegetative state to a flowering state.
This requires that meristem-identity genes that specify
that the bud will form a flower must be switched on.
Then, organ-identity genes that specify the spatial
organization of floral organs - sepals, petals, stamens,
and carpels - are activated in the appropriate regions of
the meristem.
Identification of the genes and the internal and external
signals that regulate them are active areas of research.
28.
29. Factors influence transformation of the juvenile
into the mature:
1.Temperature – Vernalization
2.Photoperiodism
3.Light intensity
4.Drought stress
5.Low fertility levels (especially N)
30. Klebs (1918) – ratio of carbohydrate with inorganic
nutrient esp N (C:N) high – will promote flowering
Kraus & Kraybill (US) – flowering on tomato plants was
controlled by CHO:N level
CHO:N low – delay flowering & less flower (N high)
CHO low, N low – less vegetative part, less flower
CHO:N high – faster and no of flower increase
there is no C:N critical for flowering
Nutrition
32. 33
Flower Production
Flowering Signal
Four genetically regulated pathways to flowering
have been identified
1.The light-dependent pathway
2.The temperature-dependent pathway
3.The gibberellin-dependent pathway
4.The autonomous (environment/endogenous
pathway
Plants can rely primarily on one pathway, but all
four pathways can be present
33. Floral stimulus production
Following inducing signal flowering
switch to turn on florigen
Site of flowering
commitment
shoot apex: require sufficient
amount of floral stimulus for
continuous flower production
leaf: commit to continuously
34.
35. Many species do not require a precise set of environmental stimuli
and will flower under almost any conditions compatible with
continuing growth
36. Plant size and flowering
Variation in the ages at which species first flower can be
attributed to differences in the length of the juvenile
period.
Many plants which grow at lower latitudes (seasonal
variation in day length and temperature is much less
marked), flower only once they have attained a certain
size.
In many varieties of tobacco the SAM becomes
committed to flowering only once a certain number of
phytomers (internodes with their leaves) have been
produced.
The precise number depends upon the variety examined
but is typically near 35.
37. If the top of the tobacco plant is removed and re-rooted prior to this
point, it will continue to grow in a vegetative manner until the
appropriate number of nodes have been produced.
The SAM is said to be indeterminate, as the fate of the cells within
it is not fixed. It can, be maintained in the vegetative state
indefinitely if continually removed rerooted.
Once the plant has attained a certain size, the SAM becomes
committed to flower and its fate is now determined.
If the top of the plant is removed and re-rooted only a few
vegetative nodes will be produced prior to flowering.
The signals which cause this reprogramming of SAM development
are not known but include transmissible signals produced in the
leaves.
38. Juvenile period lengths (leaf number at which plants
become competent to flower) for various herbaceous
plants
39. 40
Autonomous Pathway--Plants Can Count
-Tobacco plants produce a uniform number of nodes before flowering
Upper axillary buds of flowering tobacco remember their
position if rooted or grafted
40. Shoot removed here
Shoot Florally Determined Shoot Not Florally Determined
a. b.
Intact plant
Shoot
removed
Rooted shoot Flowering
rooted shoot
Intact plant
Shoot
removed
Rooted shoot Flowering
rooted shoot
Autonomous Pathway--Plants Can Remember
Shoot removed here
Not-Florally Determined Plants are said not to remember...Florally
Determined plants are said to remember
41. Commitment to flowering in tobacco Wisconsin 38 is controlled by the
number of phytomers. The plant becomes committed to flowering only
once a specific number of phytomers have been produced. If the top of
the plant is removed and re-rooted before this number is reached (A),
vegetative growth continues. If the procedure occurs after this threshold
has been exceeded (B), a few further vegetative phytomers develop and
then flowering occurs.
42. A fate map of the maize (Zea mays)
shoot meristem at the mature embryo
stage. (A) A diagram of the maize shoot
meristem. At this stage leaf 6 is just
about to be initiated and leaf 5 is a
small primordium. There are no clearly
defined boundaries within upper tassel
the shoot, hence the domains tassel
branches indicated are only
approximate.
Nodes to which cells in each domain
typically contribute are indicated.
(B) A mature maize plant showing 5
leaves and tassels.
43. In maize the fate of the cells within the SAM is determined
during embryogenesis.
The SAM is formed together with 4–5 embryonic vegetative
leaves.
As the plant develops it will produce between 16 and 22
nodes (depending upon the variety) before a tassel is
produced.
44. The tassel consists of hundreds of closely packed nodes
bearing clusters of flowers.
It is possible to map the fate of different regions of the SAM
whilst still within the embryo, although the fate of individual
cells is not fixed.
It is possible to make a maize plant produce twice as many
vegetative nodes by removing the shoot apices and growing
them in culture for a time.
This extra vegetative growth results from cells in the upper
region of the SAM, which would normally develop as the base
of the tassel, now developing as vegetative nodes.
There has been no extra production of nodes, rather the fate of
a few existing nodes has been altered.
45. 46
Autonomous Pathway
The autonomous pathway does not depend on
external cues except for basic nutrition
It allows day-neutral plants to “count” nodes and
“remember” node location
51. The ABC model of floral development and homeotic mutations of
Arabidopsis flowers wild-type and single-gene homeotic mutations.
52. The ABC model accurately predicts the pattern of organs observed in double
and triple mutants. In the absence of A, B and C activities, whorls of leaf-like
organs are produced.
Homeotic mutants
)homeo = like(
54. Quadruple mutant (ap1, ap2, ap3/pi, ag) results in the production of
leaf-like structures in place of floral organs
55.
56. In the vegetative period, the internodes of Arabidopsis are very
short, leading to the rosette growth habit.
During early reproductive development, the SAM becomes an
inflorescence meristem which produces a few cauline leaves
and phytomers with much longer internodes.
Floral meristems are borne on the flanks of the inflorescence
meristem and develop to form the flowers.
Later, secondary inflorescences develop which also bear
flowers. The regulation of inflorescence and floral development
is controlled by a complex network of interacting genes.
The development of the inflorescence
57. (A) The plant produces leaves in a
rosette during vegetative
growth. When reproductive
growth is initiated, the
internodes elongate to form
the stem of the primary
inflorescence on which
secondary inflorescences
develop.
(B) Cauline leaves and flowers are
borne on the inflorescence.
(B) A close-up of the apex of an
inflorescence. Flowers at
different stages of
development can be seen at
the apex. Arabidopsis thaliana in flower
59. In the wild-type plant a primary inflorescence, bearing cauline leaves and
flowers, emerges from the rosette. Secondary inflorescences also develop.
In the leafy mutant more secondary inflorescences develop and flowers are
leaf-like.
The leafy apetala1 double mutant produces few or no flowers and all the
axillary buds on the primary inflorescence develop as secondary
inflorescences. In the terminal flower mutant, inflorescence development is
limited as the meristems differentiate to produce flowers
Mutations affecting
reproductive development
in Arabidopsis thaliana
60. The falsiflora mutant of tomato
(A and B) wild-type tomato, flowers develop on inflorescences, I,
borne on the main stem and leaves, L, continue to be produced.
(C) In the falsiflora mutant, flowers are replaced by secondary
inflorescence shoots and leaves; arrows indicate where some shoots
have been removed for clarity.
(D) A close-up of an inflorescence of the falsiflora mutant, showing
the conversion of flowers into shoots and leaves; secondary
inflorescence shoots, IS, have been removed for clarity.
In the accompanying diagrams, shoots which will continue to
produce leaves are shown as lines with arrowheads; flowers are
shown as circles. From
61. The falsiflora mutant of tomato
)A and B( wild-type tomato,
flowers are replaced by
secondary inflorescence
conversion of flowers into shoots and leaves
62. Inflorescence and flowers
of Antirrhinum majus.
(A)Flowers are borne on
an inflorescence.
(B)The wild-type flower
exhibits bilateral
symmetry.
(C) Mutations in the
cycloidea variety result in
the development of
radially symmetrical
flowers.
63. he model to ABC)DE( in which D function controls ovule developmen
and E function ) SEP ,EPALLATA family genes( encodes co-factors
of A, B, and C floral organ identity genes
64. flowers of Vinca minor . )A, B( Wild-type. )C–F( Spectrum of floral phenotypes of the
flore pleno variety )C, E and F photographed after transplantation into a garden( with an
extra )inner( whorl of petals visible in )D( and )E(. In )F(, a stalked second flower arises
from within the flower. Abbreviations: s , sepal; p, petal; ip, extra )inner( petals; if, stalked
flower within flowe
65. Floral diagram of V. minor wild-type )A( and flore pleno )B( flowers. Note that the
diagram of the mutant flower is just one example among the range of phenotypes
detected. Sepals are shown in dark green; petals in blue and purple, respectively;
stamens in yellow and the gynoecium in pale green. Stamens that are partly
transformed into petals are shown in purple that runs into yellow