The document introduces flora and fauna, defining them as the plant and animal life of a particular region. It notes that flora refers collectively to plant life, while fauna refers to animal life. The document then provides more details on the meanings and classifications of flora and fauna, including examples of different types of each from the Pachmarhi biosphere reserve in India.

1. ⦿ Introduction to Flora and Fauna
The ecosystem is a complex, interconnected network comprising biotic and
abiotic elements. Biotic elements include all living organisms such as plants,
animals and microorganisms. Abiotic components, on the other hand, include
non-living entities that are vital for the survival of life and these include soil,
water, climate, etc. Among all biotic elements, Flora and Fauna are the most
fascinating ones
*The Figure representing the Flora and Fauna Meaning

2. In a nutshell, the term flora relates to all plant life and the term fauna
represents all animal life. Let us dive deeper into these terms,
exploring their origins and etymologies
➣FLORA MEANING
The term flora in Latin means “Goddess of the Flower.” Flora is a
collective term for a group of plant life found in a particular region.
The whole plant kingdom is represented by this name.
Flora is classified and differentiated based on many factors. The best
one among them is the area in which they grow or are found. Some
grow in desert regions or in water, some are found in hilly areas while
some are endemic to a specific geographic location.
According to the place at which they grow, they have adaptations also.
For example, Cactus plants are naturally seen in deserts. They have
adaptations like modified leaves or prickles to preserve water and
protect themselves from predators.
The agricultural flora consists of plants cultivated by men for their
use. Horticulture is the practice of growing ornamental and
decorative flowers, which are also known as garden flora

3. • More details about Flora
As we know there are four types of flora. Thus, we will look
at what they are. Native flora refers to the plants belonging
to a specific region. Further, agricultural flora is the plant
grown on purpose by humans to meet their needs.
Moreover, horticultural flora is a garden flora. Humans
grow it for the purpose of decoration. Finally, weed flora is
one that grows along with the main plants. They are often
termed as unwanted plants.
Some Examples of Flora : The flora of Pachmarhi consists
of sal , teak , wild mango , jamun , silver ferns etc.

4. Some pictures of Flora of Pachmarhi biosphere reserve:

5. ➣Fauna meaning
Fauna represents the animal life indigenous to a region. There
are many explanations regarding the origin of the word. As per
Roman mythology, Fauna or “Faunus” is the name of the
goddess of fertility. Another source is “Fauns” which means
“Forest spirits.“
Animal kingdom comprises a variety of animal life forms.
Hence, the classification of fauna is much more complex than
the floral division. Therefore, for ease of classification;
1.)Birds are categorized under the name Avifauna.
2.)Fishes under Pisci Fauna.
3.)Microorganisms including bacteria and virus are generally considered
under animal kingdom, they are known as Microfauna.
4.)All unknown and undiscovered animals are named as cryptofauna.
Since time immemorial, there have been accounts of animals
that have been thought to exist but have eluded the scientific
community, thereby classifying them as cryptofauna or cryptids

6. Most of these reports are just tall tales but until recently, a few
have documented through actual physical evidence and
scientific scrutiny. One such example is the colossal squid. This
cryptid has been allegedly been sighted since the 17th and 18th
century, often being cited in the diaries and logbooks of sailors.
It wasn’t until the 21st century when conclusive proof was found
in the form of a live specimen being entangled in a fishing net.
It was taken in and studied by scientists who concluded that it
was a new species of squid. Since then, there has been
undisputed confirmation about the existence of giant squids.
The earth is beautiful because of all these life forms. Other life
forms depend on them for various resources and exploit them.
Conservation of flora and fauna is thus necessary for future
survival. Biosphere reserves, national parks, zoos and
sanctuaries are a few instances of the measures taken by the
government for conservation of flora and fauna. Another
example is the Tiger project launched by the Government of
India with the goal of saving the tigers in the country from
extinction

7. • More details about Fauna
Cryofauna is animal present in cold places. Further,
cryptofauna are organisms that are protected in concealed
microhabitats. Further, infauna refers to organisms that
are present in the bottom-most part of a water body,
mainly in the oceanic sediments.
In addition, epifauna is aquatic animals present at the
bottom of a water body. After that, megafauna is the large
animals present in a particular region. Finally, microfauna
is the organism which are quite small in size.
Some Examples of Fauna : The fauna of pachmarhi consist
of wild dog , cheetal , leapord , chinkara , wolf , blue bull ,
barking deer etc.

8. Some pictures of Fauna of Pachmarhi biosphere reserve :

9. • Importance of Flora & Fauna
The flora and fauna are important for the following reasons:
Maintains Ecological Balance
Flora and fauna are very important for human existence. The
flora liberates oxygen that is consumed by the fauna for
respiratory activities. Fauna, in turn, liberates carbon dioxide
consumed by the flora for photosynthesis.
Flora and fauna hugely benefit mankind through its medicinal
and food offerings. Animals maintain the equilibrium by
predating on different plants and animals to balance their
population on earth.
Animal droppings are a source of fertilizer. The dead animals
decay and act as supplement minerals for other animals.

10. • Aesthetic Value
The flora and fauna spread across the earth contribute to the
aesthetic value of the earth. People visit several biosphere
reserves, national parks and zoos, forests, botanical gardens, etc
to enjoy the beauty of landmarks. This explains the significance
of flora and fauna in our day to day lives.
•Expansion of Local Economies
Flora and Fauna contribute to the local economies through
tourism. The flora and fauna of Amazon forests attract tourists
and scientists which contributes to about 50 million dollars to
the Brazilian economy.
Caribbean, Indonesia, Panama are other tourist locations that
attract millions of people due to its widespread flora and fauna.

11. •Flora and Fauna of India
The flora and fauna in India are diverse with a variety of
plants and animal varieties. The popular fauna of India
includes 500 different varieties of mammals, 2000 species
of birds, 30.000 types of insects and several varieties of
fish, amphibians and reptiles. Elephants, Royal Bengal
Tiger, rhinos, bison, lions are some common fauna found
in the country.
India also contains a variety of flora that includes the
Alpines, temperate forests, deciduous forests, evergreen
forests, oaks, rhododendrons, pine, spruce, deodar, laurels,
maples, bamboos and tall grasses.

12. •Difference Between Flora and Fauna
The difference Between Flora and Fauna is quite obvious, but there are various life
forms that posses and display characteristics of both. Organisms such as Euglena can
behave like plants- as in make their own food and also eat- like how animals eat.
Below are the most important differences between flora and fauna:

14. ⦿ वनस्पतियों और जीवों का पररचय
पाररस्स्ितिकी िंत्र एक जटिल, परस्पर जुडा नेिवक
क है स्जसमें
जैववक और अजैववक ित्व शाममल हैं। जैववक ित्वों में सभी जीववि
जीव जैसे पौधे, जानवर और सूक्ष्मजीव शाममल हैं। दूसरी ओर,
अजैववक घिकों में तनजीव ित्व शाममल हैं जो जीवन क
े अस्स्ित्व
क
े मलए महत्वपूर्क हैं और इनमें ममट्िी, पानी, जलवायु आटद
शाममल हैं। सभी जैववक ित्वों में, वनस्पति और जीव सबसे
आकर्कक हैं