The document presents research on the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) slabs reinforced with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based carbon textile grids. Three one-way slab specimens were tested: a reference slab (SRC) with steel reinforcement only, and two slabs with additional internal layers of PAN textile grid - one layer (SRC+1T) and two layers (SRC+2T). The textile reinforcement was found to improve cracking load, ductility, deformability, and toughness compared to the reference slab. Specifically, material ductility increased by 41% for SRC+1T and 44% for SRC+2T, and deformability ratio was greater than 4 indicating ductile failure
Investigation of the use of textile carbon yarns as sustainable shear reinfor...Shakerqaidi
This document summarizes an investigation into using textile carbon yarns as sustainable shear reinforcement in concrete beams as an alternative to traditional steel stirrups. Eight concrete beams were tested with varying parameters of the carbon yarn reinforcement, including overlap length, spacing, inclination angle, and addition of steel fibers. The results showed that beams with 100% overlap length, 90mm spacing, 45° inclination angle, and addition of steel fibers had the highest shear capacity, deflection, and best cracking behavior compared to the reference beams and other test beams. This indicates that textile carbon yarns can effectively replace steel stirrups as shear reinforcement in concrete beams.
Precast construction techniques have gained huge popularity in the recent times
due to rapid construction, excellent quality control, lesser site labour costs and more
overall savings. In the current scenario, the most advanced type of prestressed
construction is the manufacture of prestressed hollow core slab construction, which
essentially consists of huge prestressed concrete panel units cast to the required slab
dimensions. The construction is associated with the requirement of huge machinery
for transportation, hoisting and placing operations. In the present study, a partially
prestressed slab of dimensions 4000 mm × 600 mm × 120 mm was designed and cast.
An RCC slab was also designed for comparing the behaviour of the prestressed
hollow slab. The present study discussed about the flexural behaviour of pretensioned
prestressed concrete hollow slab. The slab which was designed for this study
consisted of three hollow cores, each having a diameter of three centimeters. A
special mould was designed for casting, which was capable of withstanding huge
prestressing forces. The hollow core provided within the specimen is an excellent
method to improve material savings, thermal and sound insulation properties, besides
being a provision for mechanical runs. The slab was cast and experimentally tested by
subjecting it to uniformly distributed loads using sand bags to study the flexural
behaviour of the slab.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION ON THE PUNCHING BEHAVIOR OF RC FLAT SLABS STRENGTHENI...IAEME Publication
In this paper, the effectiveness of textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) and fiberreinforced
polymer (FRP), as a means of improving the punching behavior of
reinforced concrete flat slabs were numerically investigated. Finite element (FE)
model using ABAQUS computer program was developed to analyze eight half-scaled
slabs, in terms of load-carrying capacity, ductility, stiffness, and crack patterns. These
eight specimens were divided into two groups (G1 and G2) with four specimens for
each of them. Specimens of G1 was similar to that of G2 in all details but differ in the
eccentricity of the applied load. Specimens of G1 were tested with concentric load,
while these of G2 were tested with 150 mm eccentricity. For each group, one specimen
was built as control (unstrengthened), one was strengthened by FRP-sheet, and the
other two was strengthened by TRM-jacket with two different mesh opening (10 and
20 mm). The results obtained from FE analysis showed that the efficiency of TRM in
increasing the punching shear capacity of strengthened slabs was less than that of
FRP. In addition, the slabs strengthened by TRM showed stiffer behavior than that
strengthened by FRP, but lesser ductile. TRM effectiveness was sensitive to the mesh
size of the textile. When the mesh size decreased, stiffness was increased and ductility
was decreased.
Effect of Wire Mesh Orientation on Strength of Beams Retrofitted using Ferroc...CSCJournals
The document discusses an experimental study on the effect of wire mesh orientation in ferrocement jackets used to retrofit under-reinforced concrete beams. Eight prototype beams were tested, with two control beams and six beams stressed to 75% of the control capacity and then retrofitted. Ferrocement jackets with wire mesh at 0, 45, and 60 degrees were used. Testing found load capacity increased 45.87-52.29% for retrofitted beams. Beams with 45 degree wire mesh showed the highest increase in energy absorption, followed by 60 and 0 degrees. Ductility increased most for 0 degree wire mesh retrofitted beams. The 45 degree orientation provided the best balance of increased load capacity and energy absorption.
Reinforcement of Reinforced Concrete Beams using CFRP and GFRPijtsrd
Concrete, steel and masonry materials are the common materials used for housing, office buildings, bridges, power plant structures and these structures are being deteriorated with age. The deterioration of the structures is due to the design deficiency, materials deficiency, poor workmanship and extreme loads. Most of the investigation reports on strengthening of damaged RC structures are based on patch repairing and using FRP sheets for flexural, shear and compressive strengthening of members. This research work is mainly focused on retrofitting of RC beams using GFRP and CFRP sheets. In this study the flexural behaviour of M 20, 40and M60grade RC beams retrofitted with single, double and triple layers of GFRP sheets is done and all the beams are analysed using ANSYS modelling and compare with the experimental results. From the presence study, it is derived that strengthening of RC beams with GFRP and CFRP sheets can enhance the load carrying capacity of beams and at the same time deflections up to yield stage of loading is increased and further the deflections are reduced up to ultimate stage of loading. The RC beams strengthened with GFRP and CFRP sheets show a marked reduction in crack width at all stages of loading and substantial delay in the formation of first crack. Satrughan Singh | Puspendra Kushwaha "Reinforcement of Reinforced Concrete Beams using CFRP and GFRP" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52006.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/52006/reinforcement-of-reinforced-concrete-beams-using-cfrp-and-gfrp/satrughan-singh
Investigation of the use of textile carbon yarns as sustainable shear reinfor...Shakerqaidi
This document summarizes an investigation into using textile carbon yarns as sustainable shear reinforcement in concrete beams as an alternative to traditional steel stirrups. Eight concrete beams were tested with varying parameters of the carbon yarn reinforcement, including overlap length, spacing, inclination angle, and addition of steel fibers. The results showed that beams with 100% overlap length, 90mm spacing, 45° inclination angle, and addition of steel fibers had the highest shear capacity, deflection, and best cracking behavior compared to the reference beams and other test beams. This indicates that textile carbon yarns can effectively replace steel stirrups as shear reinforcement in concrete beams.
Precast construction techniques have gained huge popularity in the recent times
due to rapid construction, excellent quality control, lesser site labour costs and more
overall savings. In the current scenario, the most advanced type of prestressed
construction is the manufacture of prestressed hollow core slab construction, which
essentially consists of huge prestressed concrete panel units cast to the required slab
dimensions. The construction is associated with the requirement of huge machinery
for transportation, hoisting and placing operations. In the present study, a partially
prestressed slab of dimensions 4000 mm × 600 mm × 120 mm was designed and cast.
An RCC slab was also designed for comparing the behaviour of the prestressed
hollow slab. The present study discussed about the flexural behaviour of pretensioned
prestressed concrete hollow slab. The slab which was designed for this study
consisted of three hollow cores, each having a diameter of three centimeters. A
special mould was designed for casting, which was capable of withstanding huge
prestressing forces. The hollow core provided within the specimen is an excellent
method to improve material savings, thermal and sound insulation properties, besides
being a provision for mechanical runs. The slab was cast and experimentally tested by
subjecting it to uniformly distributed loads using sand bags to study the flexural
behaviour of the slab.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION ON THE PUNCHING BEHAVIOR OF RC FLAT SLABS STRENGTHENI...IAEME Publication
In this paper, the effectiveness of textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) and fiberreinforced
polymer (FRP), as a means of improving the punching behavior of
reinforced concrete flat slabs were numerically investigated. Finite element (FE)
model using ABAQUS computer program was developed to analyze eight half-scaled
slabs, in terms of load-carrying capacity, ductility, stiffness, and crack patterns. These
eight specimens were divided into two groups (G1 and G2) with four specimens for
each of them. Specimens of G1 was similar to that of G2 in all details but differ in the
eccentricity of the applied load. Specimens of G1 were tested with concentric load,
while these of G2 were tested with 150 mm eccentricity. For each group, one specimen
was built as control (unstrengthened), one was strengthened by FRP-sheet, and the
other two was strengthened by TRM-jacket with two different mesh opening (10 and
20 mm). The results obtained from FE analysis showed that the efficiency of TRM in
increasing the punching shear capacity of strengthened slabs was less than that of
FRP. In addition, the slabs strengthened by TRM showed stiffer behavior than that
strengthened by FRP, but lesser ductile. TRM effectiveness was sensitive to the mesh
size of the textile. When the mesh size decreased, stiffness was increased and ductility
was decreased.
Effect of Wire Mesh Orientation on Strength of Beams Retrofitted using Ferroc...CSCJournals
The document discusses an experimental study on the effect of wire mesh orientation in ferrocement jackets used to retrofit under-reinforced concrete beams. Eight prototype beams were tested, with two control beams and six beams stressed to 75% of the control capacity and then retrofitted. Ferrocement jackets with wire mesh at 0, 45, and 60 degrees were used. Testing found load capacity increased 45.87-52.29% for retrofitted beams. Beams with 45 degree wire mesh showed the highest increase in energy absorption, followed by 60 and 0 degrees. Ductility increased most for 0 degree wire mesh retrofitted beams. The 45 degree orientation provided the best balance of increased load capacity and energy absorption.
Reinforcement of Reinforced Concrete Beams using CFRP and GFRPijtsrd
Concrete, steel and masonry materials are the common materials used for housing, office buildings, bridges, power plant structures and these structures are being deteriorated with age. The deterioration of the structures is due to the design deficiency, materials deficiency, poor workmanship and extreme loads. Most of the investigation reports on strengthening of damaged RC structures are based on patch repairing and using FRP sheets for flexural, shear and compressive strengthening of members. This research work is mainly focused on retrofitting of RC beams using GFRP and CFRP sheets. In this study the flexural behaviour of M 20, 40and M60grade RC beams retrofitted with single, double and triple layers of GFRP sheets is done and all the beams are analysed using ANSYS modelling and compare with the experimental results. From the presence study, it is derived that strengthening of RC beams with GFRP and CFRP sheets can enhance the load carrying capacity of beams and at the same time deflections up to yield stage of loading is increased and further the deflections are reduced up to ultimate stage of loading. The RC beams strengthened with GFRP and CFRP sheets show a marked reduction in crack width at all stages of loading and substantial delay in the formation of first crack. Satrughan Singh | Puspendra Kushwaha "Reinforcement of Reinforced Concrete Beams using CFRP and GFRP" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52006.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/52006/reinforcement-of-reinforced-concrete-beams-using-cfrp-and-gfrp/satrughan-singh
Finite element and analytical modelling of PVC-confined concrete columns unde...Shakerqaidi
The document discusses finite element and analytical modeling of PVC-confined concrete columns under axial compression. 44 concrete filled PVC pipe specimens were simulated in ABAQUS software to study the influence of parameters like concrete strength, PVC thickness, slenderness ratio, specimen size on failure load, stress-strain behavior. The study found that existing analytical models did not capture the effect of these parameters well, while the proposed FE models showed good agreement with experimental values. A model for confined concrete strain was also proposed based on the FE results.
Beam column joints in concrete framed structure have been identified as critical member for transferring forces and bending moments between beams and columns. The change of moments in beam and columns across the joint region, under loadings, induces high shear force and stresses as compared with other adjacent members. The shear failure caused is often brittle in nature which is not an acceptable structural performance. Retrofitting enhances the moment carrying capacity of joint. Often beam column joints need to be strengthened. Author proposes use of ferrocement for retrofitting as wrapping technique, cost effective alternative to costly FRP wrapping technique. In this present research study, modelling & comparison of Beam-Column joint with and without ferrocement jacket is carried out by finite element method using software ANSYS APDL. The comparison shows enhanced performance of the jacketed model over Non jacketed in terms of stresses, ultimate load carrying capacity.
Seismic response of frp strengthened rc frameiaemedu
This document discusses research on strengthening reinforced concrete (RC) frames with fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP). It summarizes previous studies on using FRP to strengthen beams and columns. However, few studies have analyzed FRP-strengthened RC frames as a whole system. The present study uses finite element analysis to model RC frames strengthened with varying FRP thicknesses and investigates their seismic response. Models of 2-bay, 3-story and 3-bay, 5-story frames are analyzed for different crack locations. The results are intended to help develop design criteria for seismic retrofitting of RC frames with FRP.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document presents an experimental and analytical study comparing the structural behavior of composite concrete slabs with profiled steel decking. 18 full-scale slab specimens were tested under different shear span lengths to evaluate the longitudinal shear bond strength between the concrete and steel deck. The experimental results were compared to analytical calculations using the m-k method and partial shear connection method from Eurocode 4. The m-k method was found to provide a more conservative estimate of load-carrying capacity than the partial shear connection method, with generally good agreement between experimental and analytical values.
Study of Materials Properties Made of Steel, Stainless Steel, Aluminium, and ...ijtsrd
The number of areas in units is currently reducing daily due to the large population. Earlier, when populations werent as large, they continued to employ the horizontal arrangement due to the large area available per person . However, individuals today choose the vertical system tall building due to scarcity of area . All of the forces acting on the structure, including its own weight and the grounds ability to support it, must be taken into consideration. STAAD PRO will facilitate the process. Static analysis, seismic analysis, and natural frequency are examples of problems that STAAD PRO can address with IS CODE. Mohammed Uvaish Mansoori | Rajesh Misra "Study of Materials Properties Made of Steel, Stainless Steel, Aluminium, and Concrete While Applying the Total Load to the Geometry" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52787.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/52787/study-of-materials-properties-made-of-steel-stainless-steel-aluminium-and-concrete-while-applying-the-total-load-to-the-geometry/mohammed-uvaish-mansoori
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Shear and flexural behavior of ferro cement deep beamseSAT Journals
Abstract
The recent application of Ferro cement includes prefabricated roofs elements, load bearing panels, bridge decks and others. However
there have been many structural applications in different parts of the world especially in eastern hemisphere considerable efforts have
been made by many individuals and research organization around the world to study the engineering of Ferro-cement. This present
study deals with the behavior of Ferro cement deep beams under central point load. A total of 27 rectangular deep beams have been
casted of dimension 125 x 250mm and the lengths of beams have been varied along with the variation of wire mesh and mortar
strength. Before testing, the top surfaces of these beams were white washed, to get a clear picture of crack pattern. Along with these
beams 27 cubes have been casted with the dimensions 7.06 cm x 7.06 cm x 7.06 cm. the compressive strength of mortar is determined.
Keywords: Admixture, Deep Beams, Ferro cement, Shear Span.
A comparative study on the influence of MWCNT, GO, and Al(OH)3 gel matrix mo...Adib Bin Rashid
The main objective of this paper was to identify the influence of different filler materials on the properties of hybrid composites. The hybrid composites were fabricated using randomly oriented glass fiber mats, needle punched jute fiber mats, and epoxy resin as the matrix material. Three different kinds of filler materials were studied: Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs), Graphene Oxide (GO), and Aluminum Hydroxide (AlOH)
nanoparticles. The secondary reinforcements were dispersed in the epoxy matrix through ultrasonication. The
composites were made by conventional hand lay-up followed by applying high pressure and temperature under a hydraulic press to effectively cure and minimize voids within the final composite. These were compared with the
properties of the unmodified composite containing no filler. The influence on mechanical properties was evaluated through tensile, flexural, and impact tests. Failure modes of the fractured tensile specimen were observed
through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis was done to observe
the changes in the chemical structure upon the addition of secondary reinforcements. Lastly, water absorption
behavior and flame retardancy were observed as well. The results showed that MWCNT resulted in the composite
exhibiting superior properties and GO, on the contrary, led to the deterioration of the properties. This could be
because an optimum concentration of MWCNT was used, whereas this was not the case for GO filler. The addition
of MWCNT resulted in a more substantial but brittle composite, while AlOH enhanced the ductility of the
composite by compromising the overall strength. Hence, it can be concluded that MWCNT resulted in the formation of composites with the most desired properties.
dding fibers to concrete helps enhance its tensile strength and ductility. Synthetic fibres
are preferable to steel ones which suffer from corrosion that reduces their functionality with time.
More consideration is given to synthetic fibres as they can be sourced from waste plastics and their
incorporation in concrete is considered a new recycling pathway
SIMULATION AND PREDICTIVE ANALYSIS OF IMPACT BARRIER FOR THE REPLACEMENT OF H...Ijripublishers Ijri
Textile honeycomb composites, with an array of hexagonal cells in the cross section, is a type of textile composites
having the advantage of being light weight and energy absorbent over the solid composite materials. The aim of
this project is to investigate the influence of the geometric parameters on textile honeycomb composites on their
mechanical performances under low velocity impact, which can be used to help designer control over the textile
honeycomb composites.
The 3D honeycomb fabrics are successfully manufactured and converted into textile honeycomb composites. It
was found through the finite element analysis (FEA) that changes in geometric and structural parameters of
the textile honeycombcomposites have noted influences on the energy absorption, force attenuation and damage
process of the structure.
tA composite material can be defined as a combination of two or more materials that gives better properties than those of the individual components used alone. In contrast to metal-lic alloys, each material retains its separate chemical, physical, and mechanical properties.The two constituents are reinforcement and a matrix. The main advantages of compositematerials are their high strength and stiffness combined with low density when comparedto classical materials. Micromechanical approach is found to be more suitable for the anal-ysis of composite materials because it studies the volume proportions of the constituentsfor the desired lamina stiffness and strength.It is found that the manufacturing processes are responsible of many defects which mayarise in fibers, matrix and lamina. These defects, if they exist include misalignment of fibers,cracks in matrix, non uniform distribution of the fibers in the matrix, voids in fibers andmatrix, delaminated regions, and initial stress in the lamina as a result of its manufactureand further treatment.The above mentioned defects tend to propagate as the lamina is loaded causing an accel-erated rate of failure. The experimental and theoretical results in this case tend to differ.Hence, due to the limitations necessary in the idealization of the lamina components, estimated should be proved experimentally.
This document provides a review of using steel fiber as a reinforcement material in concrete. It discusses how steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) has improved properties over plain concrete such as higher tensile strength, flexural strength, impact resistance, and ductility. The document reviews several studies that have shown increases in compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of concrete when adding steel fibers at volumes of 0.5-1.5%. A relationship was derived to predict the split tensile strength of SFRC based on its compressive strength and fiber reinforcement index. SFRC has applications in floors, housing, precast construction, and other areas due to its strength and toughness.
Because of the excellent strength of concrete reinforced with fibers pulled in the
consideration of researchers throughout the most recent decades. The proposed
technique manages the experimental investigation to determine the properties of
Ternary Blended Fiber Reinforced Concrete (TBFRC) with the assistance of soft
computing methodology performed in MATLAB software. In the present experimental
examination a mix design of M50 is tried at utilizing ternary blend of Ground
Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), Fly Ash (FA) and Metakaolin (MK) as
partial replacement by weight of concrete at different mixing rates running between
0% – 30% with extra steel and polypropylene fibers. Here, the mechanical properties,
for example, compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength, are
anticipated by utilizing Deep Learning Neural Network (DNN) strategy with various
fiber rate. The input factors for the neural network depict the materials and different
mix extents of concrete. In this network structure, the weights are enhanced by
utilizing Adaptive Crow Search Algorithm (ACSA). Additionally by utilizing this
system of ternary blended fiber reinforced concrete is delivered at a sensible cost than
that of traditional concrete. In addition, the Optimal DNN predicted the mechanical
properties optimally for all curing days (28, 56, and 90 days) compared with
experimental and existing strategies (ANN).
The document describes an experimental and theoretical study on strengthening large-scale reinforced concrete slabs with textile-reinforced concrete (TRC). Five reinforced concrete slabs measuring 7.00 m × 1.00 m × 0.23 m were tested, with one unreinforced reference slab and four slabs strengthened with one to four layers of carbon fabric TRC reinforcement. The strengthened slabs showed significant increases in load-bearing capacity compared to the reference slab. Calculations using a simplified model matched the experimental load capacities, and finite element modeling also accurately predicted deformations. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of TRC strengthening for large reinforced concrete components under bending stresses.
Study of the Effect of Optimized Hybrid Fiber on the Strength Characteristics...ijtsrd
To determine the ideal dosage amount of hybrid fibre in concrete mixtures, the strength properties including cube compressive strength, cylinder compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength were examined. By casting a beam for every mix proportion, the structural behaviour and structural performance of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete are determined. Compared to control reinforced concrete, the hybrid fibre addition with 0.75 steel fibre and 0.25 PVA fibre shown good strength characteristics and structural behaviour, according to the experimental examination. For hybrid fibre reinforced concrete, the relationship between several parameters in strength characteristics, structural behaviour, and structural performance is derived by regression analysis. Sanjeev Suman | Gourav Tiwari | Abhay Kumar Jha "Study of the Effect of Optimized Hybrid Fiber on the Strength Characteristics and Structural Performance of the Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52833.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/52833/study-of-the-effect-of-optimized-hybrid-fiber-on-the-strength-characteristics-and-structural-performance-of-the-concrete/sanjeev-suman
This document summarizes an experimental study on the flexural strengthening of continuous two-span unbonded post-tensioned concrete beams with end-anchored CFRP laminates. Five full-scale beams were tested: one control beam and four beams strengthened with CFRP laminates of varying widths and end anchorage configurations. The study found that CFRP strengthening increased the service load capacity more than the ultimate capacity. Proper end anchorage and installation of the CFRP laminates was important to achieve effective load transfer and prevent premature debonding failures. The strengthened beams exhibited higher stiffness and load capacity compared to the control beam.
Study Of High Strength Fibre Reinforced Concrete Beams With Fibre Reinforced ...IRJET Journal
1) The document studies the use of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates to strengthen steel fiber reinforced high strength concrete beams.
2) Previous research has found that FRP sheets can increase the fatigue life and load capacity of reinforced concrete beams.
3) This study aims to examine how FRP laminates impact the flexural capacity, deformation characteristics, and ductility of steel fiber reinforced high strength concrete beams under loading. Tests will be conducted on concrete cubes, cylinders and prisms to determine material properties.
Finite element and analytical modelling of PVC-confined concrete columns unde...Shakerqaidi
The document discusses finite element and analytical modeling of PVC-confined concrete columns under axial compression. 44 concrete filled PVC pipe specimens were simulated in ABAQUS software to study the influence of parameters like concrete strength, PVC thickness, slenderness ratio, specimen size on failure load, stress-strain behavior. The study found that existing analytical models did not capture the effect of these parameters well, while the proposed FE models showed good agreement with experimental values. A model for confined concrete strain was also proposed based on the FE results.
Beam column joints in concrete framed structure have been identified as critical member for transferring forces and bending moments between beams and columns. The change of moments in beam and columns across the joint region, under loadings, induces high shear force and stresses as compared with other adjacent members. The shear failure caused is often brittle in nature which is not an acceptable structural performance. Retrofitting enhances the moment carrying capacity of joint. Often beam column joints need to be strengthened. Author proposes use of ferrocement for retrofitting as wrapping technique, cost effective alternative to costly FRP wrapping technique. In this present research study, modelling & comparison of Beam-Column joint with and without ferrocement jacket is carried out by finite element method using software ANSYS APDL. The comparison shows enhanced performance of the jacketed model over Non jacketed in terms of stresses, ultimate load carrying capacity.
Seismic response of frp strengthened rc frameiaemedu
This document discusses research on strengthening reinforced concrete (RC) frames with fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP). It summarizes previous studies on using FRP to strengthen beams and columns. However, few studies have analyzed FRP-strengthened RC frames as a whole system. The present study uses finite element analysis to model RC frames strengthened with varying FRP thicknesses and investigates their seismic response. Models of 2-bay, 3-story and 3-bay, 5-story frames are analyzed for different crack locations. The results are intended to help develop design criteria for seismic retrofitting of RC frames with FRP.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document presents an experimental and analytical study comparing the structural behavior of composite concrete slabs with profiled steel decking. 18 full-scale slab specimens were tested under different shear span lengths to evaluate the longitudinal shear bond strength between the concrete and steel deck. The experimental results were compared to analytical calculations using the m-k method and partial shear connection method from Eurocode 4. The m-k method was found to provide a more conservative estimate of load-carrying capacity than the partial shear connection method, with generally good agreement between experimental and analytical values.
Study of Materials Properties Made of Steel, Stainless Steel, Aluminium, and ...ijtsrd
The number of areas in units is currently reducing daily due to the large population. Earlier, when populations werent as large, they continued to employ the horizontal arrangement due to the large area available per person . However, individuals today choose the vertical system tall building due to scarcity of area . All of the forces acting on the structure, including its own weight and the grounds ability to support it, must be taken into consideration. STAAD PRO will facilitate the process. Static analysis, seismic analysis, and natural frequency are examples of problems that STAAD PRO can address with IS CODE. Mohammed Uvaish Mansoori | Rajesh Misra "Study of Materials Properties Made of Steel, Stainless Steel, Aluminium, and Concrete While Applying the Total Load to the Geometry" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52787.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/52787/study-of-materials-properties-made-of-steel-stainless-steel-aluminium-and-concrete-while-applying-the-total-load-to-the-geometry/mohammed-uvaish-mansoori
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Shear and flexural behavior of ferro cement deep beamseSAT Journals
Abstract
The recent application of Ferro cement includes prefabricated roofs elements, load bearing panels, bridge decks and others. However
there have been many structural applications in different parts of the world especially in eastern hemisphere considerable efforts have
been made by many individuals and research organization around the world to study the engineering of Ferro-cement. This present
study deals with the behavior of Ferro cement deep beams under central point load. A total of 27 rectangular deep beams have been
casted of dimension 125 x 250mm and the lengths of beams have been varied along with the variation of wire mesh and mortar
strength. Before testing, the top surfaces of these beams were white washed, to get a clear picture of crack pattern. Along with these
beams 27 cubes have been casted with the dimensions 7.06 cm x 7.06 cm x 7.06 cm. the compressive strength of mortar is determined.
Keywords: Admixture, Deep Beams, Ferro cement, Shear Span.
A comparative study on the influence of MWCNT, GO, and Al(OH)3 gel matrix mo...Adib Bin Rashid
The main objective of this paper was to identify the influence of different filler materials on the properties of hybrid composites. The hybrid composites were fabricated using randomly oriented glass fiber mats, needle punched jute fiber mats, and epoxy resin as the matrix material. Three different kinds of filler materials were studied: Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs), Graphene Oxide (GO), and Aluminum Hydroxide (AlOH)
nanoparticles. The secondary reinforcements were dispersed in the epoxy matrix through ultrasonication. The
composites were made by conventional hand lay-up followed by applying high pressure and temperature under a hydraulic press to effectively cure and minimize voids within the final composite. These were compared with the
properties of the unmodified composite containing no filler. The influence on mechanical properties was evaluated through tensile, flexural, and impact tests. Failure modes of the fractured tensile specimen were observed
through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis was done to observe
the changes in the chemical structure upon the addition of secondary reinforcements. Lastly, water absorption
behavior and flame retardancy were observed as well. The results showed that MWCNT resulted in the composite
exhibiting superior properties and GO, on the contrary, led to the deterioration of the properties. This could be
because an optimum concentration of MWCNT was used, whereas this was not the case for GO filler. The addition
of MWCNT resulted in a more substantial but brittle composite, while AlOH enhanced the ductility of the
composite by compromising the overall strength. Hence, it can be concluded that MWCNT resulted in the formation of composites with the most desired properties.
dding fibers to concrete helps enhance its tensile strength and ductility. Synthetic fibres
are preferable to steel ones which suffer from corrosion that reduces their functionality with time.
More consideration is given to synthetic fibres as they can be sourced from waste plastics and their
incorporation in concrete is considered a new recycling pathway
SIMULATION AND PREDICTIVE ANALYSIS OF IMPACT BARRIER FOR THE REPLACEMENT OF H...Ijripublishers Ijri
Textile honeycomb composites, with an array of hexagonal cells in the cross section, is a type of textile composites
having the advantage of being light weight and energy absorbent over the solid composite materials. The aim of
this project is to investigate the influence of the geometric parameters on textile honeycomb composites on their
mechanical performances under low velocity impact, which can be used to help designer control over the textile
honeycomb composites.
The 3D honeycomb fabrics are successfully manufactured and converted into textile honeycomb composites. It
was found through the finite element analysis (FEA) that changes in geometric and structural parameters of
the textile honeycombcomposites have noted influences on the energy absorption, force attenuation and damage
process of the structure.
tA composite material can be defined as a combination of two or more materials that gives better properties than those of the individual components used alone. In contrast to metal-lic alloys, each material retains its separate chemical, physical, and mechanical properties.The two constituents are reinforcement and a matrix. The main advantages of compositematerials are their high strength and stiffness combined with low density when comparedto classical materials. Micromechanical approach is found to be more suitable for the anal-ysis of composite materials because it studies the volume proportions of the constituentsfor the desired lamina stiffness and strength.It is found that the manufacturing processes are responsible of many defects which mayarise in fibers, matrix and lamina. These defects, if they exist include misalignment of fibers,cracks in matrix, non uniform distribution of the fibers in the matrix, voids in fibers andmatrix, delaminated regions, and initial stress in the lamina as a result of its manufactureand further treatment.The above mentioned defects tend to propagate as the lamina is loaded causing an accel-erated rate of failure. The experimental and theoretical results in this case tend to differ.Hence, due to the limitations necessary in the idealization of the lamina components, estimated should be proved experimentally.
This document provides a review of using steel fiber as a reinforcement material in concrete. It discusses how steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) has improved properties over plain concrete such as higher tensile strength, flexural strength, impact resistance, and ductility. The document reviews several studies that have shown increases in compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of concrete when adding steel fibers at volumes of 0.5-1.5%. A relationship was derived to predict the split tensile strength of SFRC based on its compressive strength and fiber reinforcement index. SFRC has applications in floors, housing, precast construction, and other areas due to its strength and toughness.
Because of the excellent strength of concrete reinforced with fibers pulled in the
consideration of researchers throughout the most recent decades. The proposed
technique manages the experimental investigation to determine the properties of
Ternary Blended Fiber Reinforced Concrete (TBFRC) with the assistance of soft
computing methodology performed in MATLAB software. In the present experimental
examination a mix design of M50 is tried at utilizing ternary blend of Ground
Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), Fly Ash (FA) and Metakaolin (MK) as
partial replacement by weight of concrete at different mixing rates running between
0% – 30% with extra steel and polypropylene fibers. Here, the mechanical properties,
for example, compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength, are
anticipated by utilizing Deep Learning Neural Network (DNN) strategy with various
fiber rate. The input factors for the neural network depict the materials and different
mix extents of concrete. In this network structure, the weights are enhanced by
utilizing Adaptive Crow Search Algorithm (ACSA). Additionally by utilizing this
system of ternary blended fiber reinforced concrete is delivered at a sensible cost than
that of traditional concrete. In addition, the Optimal DNN predicted the mechanical
properties optimally for all curing days (28, 56, and 90 days) compared with
experimental and existing strategies (ANN).
The document describes an experimental and theoretical study on strengthening large-scale reinforced concrete slabs with textile-reinforced concrete (TRC). Five reinforced concrete slabs measuring 7.00 m × 1.00 m × 0.23 m were tested, with one unreinforced reference slab and four slabs strengthened with one to four layers of carbon fabric TRC reinforcement. The strengthened slabs showed significant increases in load-bearing capacity compared to the reference slab. Calculations using a simplified model matched the experimental load capacities, and finite element modeling also accurately predicted deformations. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of TRC strengthening for large reinforced concrete components under bending stresses.
Study of the Effect of Optimized Hybrid Fiber on the Strength Characteristics...ijtsrd
To determine the ideal dosage amount of hybrid fibre in concrete mixtures, the strength properties including cube compressive strength, cylinder compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength were examined. By casting a beam for every mix proportion, the structural behaviour and structural performance of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete are determined. Compared to control reinforced concrete, the hybrid fibre addition with 0.75 steel fibre and 0.25 PVA fibre shown good strength characteristics and structural behaviour, according to the experimental examination. For hybrid fibre reinforced concrete, the relationship between several parameters in strength characteristics, structural behaviour, and structural performance is derived by regression analysis. Sanjeev Suman | Gourav Tiwari | Abhay Kumar Jha "Study of the Effect of Optimized Hybrid Fiber on the Strength Characteristics and Structural Performance of the Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52833.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/52833/study-of-the-effect-of-optimized-hybrid-fiber-on-the-strength-characteristics-and-structural-performance-of-the-concrete/sanjeev-suman
This document summarizes an experimental study on the flexural strengthening of continuous two-span unbonded post-tensioned concrete beams with end-anchored CFRP laminates. Five full-scale beams were tested: one control beam and four beams strengthened with CFRP laminates of varying widths and end anchorage configurations. The study found that CFRP strengthening increased the service load capacity more than the ultimate capacity. Proper end anchorage and installation of the CFRP laminates was important to achieve effective load transfer and prevent premature debonding failures. The strengthened beams exhibited higher stiffness and load capacity compared to the control beam.
Study Of High Strength Fibre Reinforced Concrete Beams With Fibre Reinforced ...IRJET Journal
1) The document studies the use of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates to strengthen steel fiber reinforced high strength concrete beams.
2) Previous research has found that FRP sheets can increase the fatigue life and load capacity of reinforced concrete beams.
3) This study aims to examine how FRP laminates impact the flexural capacity, deformation characteristics, and ductility of steel fiber reinforced high strength concrete beams under loading. Tests will be conducted on concrete cubes, cylinders and prisms to determine material properties.
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2. mortar (TRM) and steel reinforced grout (SRG) have emerged for
upgrading the civil engineering structures (Xie et al., 2022; Liu et al.,
2023; Sadrolodabaee et al., 2023). Among these TRM gained great
recognition as strengthening material for existing structures. Based on
a similar approach Textile reinforced concrete (TRC) was developed and
emerged to be an innovative construction technique for new age
buildings. TRM is mainly used for strengthening of existing structural
members whereas, on the other hand TRC is a technology implied for new
structural members for enhanced structural behaviour (Taerwe and
Matthys, 2013; Dong et al., 2021; Dong et al., 2022).
TRC is “a unique composite material made by inserting continuous
textile fabric with fine-grained concrete, which is composed of a cement
binder and fine particles. Textile reinforcement materials are made up of
continuous length yarns, which are made up of hundreds, thousands, or
tens of thousands of filaments. The filaments in the yarn are classified as
exterior (sleeve) and internal (core). Because the sleeve filaments are only
in full interface with the surrounding matrix, tensile stresses are
transferred from the matrix to the yarn sleeve filaments through
adhesive, while the core filaments, which are in less contact with the
matrix, act on friction” (Hussein et al., 2022). TRC are well suited for
situations where strain hardening is necessary, and steel reinforcing can be
omitted, or for buildings exposed to seismic stresses and requiring high
ductility (Torres et al., 2015; Saeed et al., 2022a; Qaidi et al., 2022b).
In international literature, there are a substantial amount of
research articles on the strengthening effect of TRM in reinforced
concrete (RC) beams (Loreto et al., 2015; Qaidi et al., 2022a;
Bencardino and Nisticò, 2022). Loreto et al. (2015) evaluated the
performance of RC beams strengthened using Fabric reinforced
cementitious matrix (FRCM) in shear zone in the form of
U-wraps. The experimental and analytical results indicated that
increase in the shear capacity of the FRCM strengthened beam was
not proportionally to the number of placed fabric layers and FRCM
failure modes were found to be dependent on the amount of external
reinforcement. Similarly, Bencardino and Nisticò (2022) also
investigated the behaviour of different Steel-FRCM beams in direct
shear and flexure. Two different unidirectional steel fibres were used
namely, stainless steel and galvanized high strength steel. Debonding
between the matrix–fibre interface (mode C) and Steel-FRCM
composite (mode B) was witnessed, confirming the non-
involvement of the concrete substrates. Ombres (2011) reported an
increase in bearing capacity of RC beams strengthened using one to
three layers of PBO (Polypara-phenylene-benzo-bisthiazole) fabric
mesh by 16%, 33% and 40% respectively, compared to an un-
strengthened RC beam. Ebead et al. (2019) observed that RC
beams strengthened using one or two layers of PBO fabric failed to
fabric slippage whereas, failed due to delamination of layers when
three layers of strengthening were adopted. This similar phenomenon
was also observed by Elsanadedy et al. (2013); Bencardino and Nisticò
(2022). Besides Elsanadedy et al. (2013) also compared the ductility
response of FRP and TRM (basalt-based textile) strengthened RC
beams wherein the ductility of TRM strengthened beam was found to
be superior to the FRP strengthened beam. Therefore, strengthening of
RC beams using different types of textile reinforcement systems has
shown a potential enhancement in flexural capacity accompanied by a
reduction in deflection magnitude as well as crack width (Bencardino
and Nisticò, 2022).
Consequently, research on the strengthening of RC slabs using the
TRM, are rather limited in the open literature (Loreto et al., 2014;
Koutas and Bournas, 2017; Althoey et al., 2022; Çelik et al., 2022). Loreto
et al. (2014) studied the behavior of an RC slab with an externally
reinforced fabric (PBO) reinforced cementitious matrix layer on the
tension face. When the number of fabric layers was increased, the load
capacity of the slab improved. TRM (uncoated/dry carbon and glass
fiber rovings) strengthening of two-way slab enhanced pre-cracking and
post-cracking stiffness, as well as cracking load, according to Koutas and
Bournas (2017); Zhang et al. (2022) investigated the flexural behavior of
one-way RC slabs reinforced with textile-reinforced geopolymer mortar
(TRGM) and textile-reinforced polymer mortar (TRPM). The findings
revealed that TRGM reinforced slabs had greater flexural capacity and
better fracture control than TRPM strengthened slabs. Furthermore, it
was discovered that increasing the number of layers and lowering the
gap between the lateral textiles increased the flexural capacity of slabs
(Papanicolaou et al., 2009; Ahmed et al., 2021; Tayeh et al., 2022; Unis
Ahmed et al., 2022).
And only one research article has been reported till date on the
manufacturing of one-way RC slabs using TRC technology (Schladitz
et al., 2012). Schladitz et al. (2012) found that one-way RC slabs
reinforced with one to four layers of Polymer-coated fabric composed
of carbon rovings had a considerable improvement in load-bearing
capacity and a reduction in slab deflection when compared to a
reference RC slab with no textile layer.
Despite the available research findings on TRC slabs, experimental
investigation considering different combinations of textile and the
cementitious matrix is further required. The objective of the present
study is to investigate the four-point flexural bending behaviour of
textile reinforced RC slab with a thickness of 50 mm, having one and
two internal layers of an innovative Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based
carbon textile grid. An extensive discussion of results has been
presented in terms of; load-deflection curve, failure mode, cracking
pattern, strain profile and moment-curvature relation of the slabs. A
total of three one-way slabs were fabricated; reference/steel reinforced
concrete (SRC) slab having only steel reinforcement, steel reinforced
concrete slab having one layer of textile grid (SRC + 1T) and steel
reinforced concrete slab having two layers of textile grid (SRC + 2T).
2 Experimental study
2.1 Materials
Fine grain concrete was prepared using Iraqi Portland cement
(Grade-43) confirming the Iraqi specification (Specification I. S.,
1984), and fine anti-slip sand having a maximum size of 1.18 mm,
graded as per (Specification I., 1984) was used. The average cylinder
compressive strength, split tensile strength and modulus of elasticity
were experimentally determined in the laboratory according to ASTM
C-496 (Designation, 1996). The corresponding values 51 MPa,
4.14 MPa and 31528 MPa were observed.
The primary and secondary steel reinforcing bars were both
deformed and hot-rolled to 4.45 mm in diameter. According to
ASTM A615 (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM),
2000), the average yield strength was 390 MPa, the yield strain was
0.002, the ultimate strength was 464.7 MPa, and the modulus of
elasticity was 195000 MPa.
A woven and balanced PAN based carbon textile grid (as shown in
Figure 1) was used in this study. The mechanical properties of the PAN
textile provided by the manufacturer (Jiaxing Newtex Composites) are
summarized in Table 1. The nominal size of the PAN grids was 20 × 25
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Abd et al. 10.3389/fmats.2023.1070457
3. (mm2
). The equivalent thickness of the textile was 0.2 mm with the
cross-sectional area of each yarn 0.4–0.6 mm2
in both warp and weft
directions. The tensile strength of the textile was 3530 MPa in both
orthogonal directions.
For enhancing the bond between the cement matrix and PAN grid,
a special mortar was used to cast the textile-reinforced slabs having
one and two layers of PAN textile. The mortar matrix consists of
Portland cement (PC-43), fine anti-slip sand (max. size ≤ 1.18 mm),
silica fume and water in the proportion 650: 1,215: 65: 250 by weight
(kg/m3
). The water/cement ratio (w/c) was taken as 0.36 and 15.37 kg/
m3
of super-plasticizer was added to the matrix.
2.2 Preparation of test specimen
Herein, three slabs having dimensions 1,500 × 500 × 50 (mm3
) were
cast using the hands layup procedure. All the slabs were cast in the
plywood mould. Before the cast, strain gauges were fixed, one on the
central longitudinal steel bar and another was attached to the middle
yarn of each PAN grid with the help of a strong adhesive. Also, these
strain gauges were coated with a thin resin coating for protection against
susceptible moisture and damage. In the reference slab- SRC,
longitudinal and transverse steel bars (Φ4.45 mm) were placed
@115 mm and @240 mm c/c respectively and casting was done
using fine grain concrete. A clear cover of 10 mm was provided. The
cross-sectional view of the SRC slab is shown in Figure 2A. Textile-
reinforced slab SRC+1T, was cast using polymer cement matrix. A
10 mm thick layer of polymer cement matrix was poured into the mould
above which a 0.2 mm thick layer of PAN grid was placed. Again, a
4–5 mm thick cement layer was placed, above which the longitudinal
and transverse steel bars (Φ4.45 mm) were placed in a similar pattern as
in SRC. The detailed cross-sectional view of SRC + 1T is illustrated in
Figure 2B. In slab SRC + 2T, one more layer of PAN textile was
introduced into the cement matrix above the steel reinforcement.
Following the similar steps of slab cast as in SRC + 1T, after the
placement of steel bars, a 4–5 mm thick polymer cement layer was
poured, above which the second layer of PAN grid was placed, see
Figure 2C. The slabs were removed from the mould after 48 h and cured
in large basins for a period of 28 days in the laboratory environment.
Later, the slabs were painted to give it a final finishing touch prior to
testing. Also, at this stage, an external strain gauge was placed using
adhesive, on the upper face of each slab as shown in Figure 2.
2.3 Test setup
The flexural behaviour of three slab specimens was verified using a
four-point bending test in the department of Civil engineering, College
of Engineering, Diyala University, Iraq. The test setup is as shown in
Figure 3. Each slab specimen was placed simply supported over a clear
span of 1,400 mm with a 50 mm overhang on both ends. Two
concentrated loads 300 mm apart were applied at the mid span of
the slab through a hydraulic system. The deflection of the slab was
measured using three dial gauges. An electronic dial gauge was placed
under the mid span of the slab. The other two mechanical dial gauges
were placed under the slab at a distance of 400 mm from each support.
The embedded strain gauges were connected to a Data logger (TDC-
530) to measure the corresponding strain in the PAN grid, steel
reinforcement and concrete. The load was applied and the readings
for the strain and deflection were reported for every 0.1–1 kN
increment. Upon the failure of the specimen, the crack width was
measured using a micro crack meter.
3 Discussion of the experimental results
The results pertaining to the flexural behaviour of slabs; SRC, SRC
+ 1T and SRC + 2T subjected to a four-point bending test have been
summarized in Table A1 in appendix. Also, the results have been
compared with the similar studies existing in literature.
FIGURE 1
PAN based carbon textile grid.
TABLE 1 Properties of PAN textile reinforcement provided by the manufacturer.
Weight (kg/m2
) Thickness (mm) Mesh size (mm × mm) Tensile strength (MPa) Elastic modulus (MPa)
0.16 ± 0.01 0.2 20 × 25 3530 230000
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4. 3.1 Load-deflection curve
Figure 4 depicts the load-deflection curve for the three tested slab
specimens. For describing the flexural behaviour of the slabs, the load-
deflection curve has been divided into four regions: uncracked (OA),
crack development (AB), crack stabilization (BC) and fully cracked/
failure (CD). The values of the characteristic points: cracking, yield
and ultimate are summarized and compared with the existing studies
in Table A1 (Col. 11–17).
The region OA clear indicates the elastic region where load and
deflection linearly increase to arrive at the cracking point. This region
is principally governed by the stiffness of the concrete matrix. In slab
SRC the first cracking was observed at 1.2 kN load (Pcr), deflecting the
slab by 0.83 mm (Δcr). In SRC+1T, the same was witnessed at 2.09 kN
causing a deflection of 1.31 mm in the slab. And, in slab SRC+2T, Pcr
and corresponding Δcr were observed as 3.48 kN and 2.07 mm
respectively. Hence, Pcr in SRC + 1T and SRC + 2T were increased
by about 74.2% and 190% respectively compared with the SRC first
crack load. In the region AB, a perceptible jump in load was noticed
with minimal increase in the magnitude as well as, consecutive crack
formation. Here, the tensile load was absorbed by the steel and textile
reinforcement and subsequently, steel reinforcement reaches the yield
point. For the slabs SRC, SRC + 1T, and SRC + 2T; the capacity at yield
point (Py) was marked at 4.20 kN, 7.05 kN and 8.55 kN respectively.
The load at the yield of the steel reinforcement was increased in SRC +
1T and SRC + 2T by about 115% and 91.5% respectively compared to
the SRC yield load, due to the contribution of textile reinforcement in
bearing the load. Also, the corresponding yield deflections (Δy) of
15.20 mm, 19.17 mm and 19.63 mm respectively were recorded for
SRC, SRC + 1T and SRC + 2T. Following the yielding of steel bars, in
FIGURE 2
Details of the slab specimen (A) SRC (B) SRC + 1T (C) SRC + 2T.
FIGURE 3
Laboratory setup for the four-point bending test of the slab specimens.
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5. the region BC, the additional load was further afforded by the PAN
textile reinforcement until the ultimate point was reached. The cracks
in this region were stabilized, which may be attributed to the textile
reinforcement effect in bridging the micro cracks. Then the load
rapidly drops off marking the failure of the textile reinforcement layer
(region CD). The region BC represents a gain in stiffness (Orosz et al.,
2010) of textile reinforcement known as deformation hardening in
flexure (Williams Portal et al., 2017; Qaidi et al., 2022f; Qaidi et al.,
2022g). The ultimate capacity (Pu) for the slabs SRC, SRC + 1T and
SRC + 2T was observed as 5.50 kN, 9.31 kN and 11.17 kN;
contributing to an ultimate deflection (Δu) of 26.04 mm,
46.03 mm and 48.28 mm respectively. In the case of slab SRC,
region BC was not pragmatic, due to the nonexistence of textile
reinforcement layer and failure of steel reinforcement after the first
cracking.
3.2 Cracking pattern and mode of failure
Table 2 illustrates the crack details for the three tested slabs.
The cracking load to the ultimate load ratio (Pcr/Pu) was observed
to be 0.218, 0.229 and 0.311 in slabs; SRC, SRC + 1T and SRC + 2T
respectively. The increase in this ratio ascribes a delay in the first
crack occurrence in the case of textile-reinforced slabs since it
inhibits the micro-cracks extension. The textile-reinforced
composite reaches a multiple cracking stage by transferring the
tensile stresses to the closest uncracked mortar. When the concrete
reaches its ultimate tensile strength, the crack appears, and the
stresses are transferred to the next adjacent point in the same zone
till it is also cracked. This contribution of tensioned concrete
between the cracks is defined as tension stiffening (Torres et al.,
2015). The spacing between the previous and the new cracks
depends on the bond strength. The spacing between the two
closest cracks in SR was found to be ~30 mm whereas; in case
of SRC + 1T and SRC+2T, this was ~20 mm and ~10 mm
respectively. Also, the widths of the crack were measured as
0.340 mm, 0.241 mm and 0.238 mm respectively. Yin et al.
(2014) also reported a comparable reduction in crack width in
the case of textile-reinforced RC beams compared to conventional
RC beam. Additionally, it was also verified that crack formation
and textile reinforcement ratio are inversely related. The deflection
at first cracking (Δcr) in SRC + 1T and SRC + 2T was increased by
63.8% and 158.8% respectively. This similar behaviour of increase
in Δcr with the increase in the number of textile layers was also
reported by Dong et al. (2021). However, the results contradict the
observations of the uniaxial tensile test of TRM (Yang et al., 2019).
The reason can be credited to the dissimilar stress states of tension
and bending (Dong et al., 2021; Qaidi et al., 2022d; Qaidi et al.,
2022e; Ibrahim et al., 2022). On the other hand, Δy of the three slab
specimens was almost at the same level (between 15.2 and
19.63 mm) which confirms, that the yield point is primarily
governed by the longitudinal steel reinforcement.
Further, to have an insight into the mode of failure in the slab
specimen, two parameters are of interest: deformability factor and
ductility ratio. The deformability factor, according to the Canadian
Standards Association (Association, 2012), is the product of the
strength and deflection factors provided by Eqs 1, 2:
Stength factor
Pu
P0.001
, (1)
Deflection factor
Δu
Δ0.001
, (2)
where P0.001 and Δ0.001 represents the load and deflection
corresponding to strain = 0.001 respectively. The deformability
factor for SRC cannot be obtained since the steel and concrete
failed even before reaching the strain = 0.001 which corresponds to
the brittle failure of the slab. The same for the slabs SRC + 1T and SRC
+ 2T was obtained as 5.78 and 5.04 respectively. Since these values are
greater than 4, clearly indicate the ductile failure of slabs (Association,
2012).
Further, the member ductility ratio is calculated from the
following relation given in Eq. 3:
Γ
Δu
Δy
. (3)
Concerning, Δy of the three slabs are at the same level, Γ will
principally be controlled by Δu. For the slabs, a larger deflection was
observed after the yield point, while the change in load was quite
subordinate. This behaviour represents the strain hardening phase
where the tensile reinforcement is forced outside the yield stage and
reaches up to the hardening stage (Qaidi et al., 2021; Qaidi et al., 2022c;
Emad et al., 2022; Faraj et al., 2022). The Γ of slabs SRC, SRC + 1T and
SRC + 2T were 1.71, 2.41 and 2.46 respectively. The increase in Γ,
confirms an improved ductile behaviour offered by the textile
reinforcement. The failure and crack pattern of the three slab
specimens is depicted in Figure 5.
3.3 Strain profile at mid span
The strain gauge readings of the slabs; SRC, SRC + 1T, and SRC
+ 2T were shown at various load levels in Figures 6–8 based on data
logger observations. During the elastic state, the change in strain in
relation to the position of the gauge was found to be linear.
However, after cracking, the tension in the textile layer
increased rapidly. Also, as seen in Figure 9, the depth of the
compression zone (x/d) decreases fast with increasing load,
which may be ascribed to the steel reinforcement’s steadily
developing strain. In the case of SRC + 1T and SRC + 2T,
however, the curves decrease more slowly than the SRC curve.
This illustrates the nature of the textile reinforcement’s
contribution to stress bearing (Akeed et al., 2022; Al-Tayeb
et al., 2022; Almeshal et al., 2022). This cooperative
contribution seems to be uniform in the case of SRC + 2T,
which may explain for its larger textile reinforcement ratio as
compared to SRC + 1T.
3.4 Toughness
Material toughness can be defined as the ability of the material to
absorb energy in the plastic region. The area under the force-
deformation curve or the stress-strain curve of the tested specimen
under flexure is denoted as the toughness of the material.
Mathematically, it can be defined as in Eq. 4.
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Abd et al. 10.3389/fmats.2023.1070457
6. UΔ
Δ
0
P x
( ).dx. (4)
This area (UΔ) represents the energy per unit volume, which the
material can acquire till rupture (Carneiro et al., 2005). ‘x’ is the
deflection in the slab, Δ is the mid span deflection corresponding to the
load P. The toughness of the tested slabs was calculated by two
methods; Method one- numerical integration by trapezoidal rule
and, Method two- integration of the load-deflection curve equation
obtained from the curve fitting in Microsoft Excel. Figure 10 compares
the toughness of the three tested slabs calculated by the two methods.
The absorbed energy (toughness) in SRC, SRC + 1T and SRC + 2T,
evaluated using Method one are 99.44, 314.58 and 397.21 kJ/m3
whereas, while using Method 2, the same were calculated as 100.82,
312.72 and 396.51 kJ/m3
respectively. The toughness evaluated using
both the methods is satisfactorily correlated having COV = 0.9%, 0.4%
and 0.1% for the three slabs. Moreover, textile reinforcement in SRC
+1 T and SRC + 2T has enhanced the toughness by 210% and 293%
respectively compared to SRC.
3.5 Experimental moment-curvature relation
For the slab specimen subjected to four-point bending test (refer,
Figure 11), the forces responsible for maximum bending moment will
be; the self-weight of the slab (concrete + steel + strengthening) and
the incoming external load P). Therefore, the equation for maximum
flexural moment is given by [refer, Eq. 5],
M
WpLeff
2
8
+
WRCLeff
2
8
+
P
4
L′ − Leff
. (5)
The notations used in Eq. (5) are indicated in Figure 11. Wp and
WRC are the self-weight of PAN grid and RC slab respectively.
These self-weights are computed as a line load (Schladitz et al.,
2012) and, moment was calculated for different magnitudes of load
acting on the slab. The density of concrete was assumed as
25 kN/m3
.
The curvature at each load is derived from the equilibrium and
strain compatibility equation (Torres et al., 2015) and is given as in
Eq. 6,
φ
ϵc
xeq
ϵr
d − xeq
, (6)
where d is the effective depth of the section (here, d = 40 mm), xeq is
the position of equivalent neutral axis, ϵc and ϵr are the maximum
strain in the concrete and reinforcement respectively.
The moment curvature plot obtained from the experimental
observations has been plotted in Figure 12. The curvature of the
three-slab specimen remained comparable till 0.33 kNm, which is also
the experimental cracking moment (Mcr) of the slab SRC. At 1 kNm
moment, the curvature in the reference was identified as
~60 × 10−6
/mm whereas, at the same moment the curvature in
textile-reinforced slabs; SRC + 1T and SRC + 2T was observed as
25 and 15 (× 10−6
/mm) respectively. This decrease in curvature can be
directly correlated to the tension stiffing effect of the textile
reinforcement. The ultimate moment (Mu) in the slabs SRC, SRC
+ 1T and SRC + 2T was obtained at 1.4 kNm, 2.5 kNm and 3.1 kNm
with corresponding curvature 100, 126 and 162 (× 10−6
/mm)
respectievly.
3.6 Predicted moment-curvature relation
EN 1992-1-1 (generally referred as Eurocode 2 (Institution,
2004)) deals with the rules and concepts required for designing
concrete, reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete structures.
Suitability of moment curvature prediction using Eurocode 2 has
been widely accepted (Torres et al., 2015) for steel reinforced
concrete and fibre reinforced concrete elements. Eurocode two
interpolates the moment curvature between the fully cracked and
FIGURE 4
Comparison of load-deflection curve for the three slab specimens.
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7. uncracked states, classically represented as in Figure 13. The
bending and deformation behaviour of reinforced concrete
typically has two states: state 1, uncracked and, state 2, fully
cracked. The state one is governed by the linear elastic
behaviour in both concrete and reinforcement. While, state 2,
exhibits a nonlinear behaviour where, the reinforcement takes
up all the tensile stresses acting on the member after cracking.
The following Eq. 7 expresses the average curvature as:
φ 1 − ξ
( )φ1 + ξφ2. (7)
Here, φ1 and φ2 represents the curvatures corresponding to state 1
(uncracked) and state 2 (fully cracked) respectively. The coefficient ξ
indicates the vicinity of the stress-strain state to the cracking. Its value
approaches to zero at the cracking and reaches unity with the loading
advancement (Institution, 2004).
ξ 1 − βμ2
. (8)
The β coefficient in Eq. 8 accounts for the impact and duration of
loading (taken as, one for short-term loading and 0.5 for sustained or
repeated loading). μ represents the cracking moment to applied
moment ratio, (i.e., μ Mcr/M).
Further, using the classical relation of ‘strength of materials’, the
curvature φ1 and φ2 for the member can be calculated as given in Eq. 9
below:
φ1 2
( )
M
EcI1 2
( )
. (9)
TABLE 2 Details of the crack pattern and failure mode.
Slab symbol (Pcr/Pu) Crack width (in
mm) at
Spacing
between the
crack (mm)
~No. Of cracks Deformability factor Mode of failure
Pcr 0.9Pu Min Max
SRC 0.218 0.06 0.340 30 70 15 - Brittle
SRC + 1T 0.229 0.02 0.241 20 30 26 5.78 Ductile
SRC + 2T 0.311 0.02 0.238 10 30 24 5.04 Ductile
FIGURE 5
Flexural failure of slabs; (A) SRC (B) SRC + 1T (C) SRC + 2T.
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8. Here, Ec is the modulus of elasticity of concrete. I1 and I2
corresponds to the moment of inertia of uncracked and fully
cracked sections, respectively.
The cracking moment of the reinforced concrete section is given as:
Mcr σc
t .Z1. (10)
In Eq. 10, σc
t is the tensile strength of concrete and Z1 is the section
modulus in uncracked state 1. Now, considering the case of short-term
loading (β 1) and using Eqs 3, 4, equivalent flexural stiffness in terms
of equivalent moment of inertia can be derived [refer, Eq. 11];
Ieq
I1I2
I2μ2 + I1 1 − μ2
, (11)
where I1 and I2 represents the moment of inertia of uncracked and
fully cracked states respectively.
On the other hand, the equivalent moment of inertia for the
cracked section derived using inverse relation (Torres et al.,
2015) is given in Eq. 12,
Ieq
M
φEc
1
2
bd3 xeq
d
2
1 −
1
3
xeq
d
, (12)
where d and b are the effective depth and width of the cross-section.
Ratio (
xeq
d ) is referred to as the relative depth of the compression zone.
On equating Eqs 11, 12, equation for the relative depth of the
compression zone is subsequently obtained.
FIGURE 6
Strain profile of slab SRC.
FIGURE 7
Strain profile of slab SRC+1T.
FIGURE 8
Strain profile of slab SRC + 2T.
FIGURE 9
Variation of the depth of compression zone (x/d) with respect to the
applied load.
FIGURE 10
Comparison of toughness between the slab specimens.
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9. xeq
d
2
1 −
1
3
xeq
d
I2 I1
6 d
D
3
μ2I2 I1 + 1 − μ2
. (13)
The above Eq. 13 indicates that (
xeq
d ) is dependent on the relative
effective depth of the section (d
D) and on the ratio I2/I1. The latter can
be expressed as Eq. 14,
I2 I1
1
2
bdx2
1 − x
3d
1
12
bD3
6
x
d
2
1 −
1
3
x
d
d
D
2
, (14)
where I2 can be calculated from Eq. 11 applied to a fully cracked
section and, the normalized depth of neutral axis (x
d) can be evaluated
by using Eq. 15 (Taerwe and Matthys, 2013);
x
d
−ƞρ +
ƞρ
2
+ 2ƞρ
, (15)
where x represents the depth of neutral axis for the fully cracked
section and, ƞ denotes the modular ratio of the modulus of elasticity of
the bare bar and concrete. Consequently, the ratio (I2/I1) in Eq. 10 and
(
xeq
d ) in Eq. 9, depends only on ƞρ and (d
D).
The moment curvature curve for the uncracked state, fully
cracked states and the interpolated curve (as per (Institution,
2004)) has been plotted in Figure 14. The experimental and
Eurocode two curve have also been compared. For slab SRC and
SRC + 2T (refer, Figures 13A, C), corresponding to 1kNm moment,
the experimental and predicted (Eurocode 2) curvatures were
found to be equivalent 55 × 10−6
/mm (SRC) and 12 × 10−6
/mm
(SRC + 2T). In case of SRC + 1T (refer, Figure 13B), at moment
1kNm, the experimental and predicted curvature are ~11 and
21 (× 10−6
/mm) respectively (Coefficient of variation, COV =
0.4). Therefore, all the three slabs reflect a good correlation
between the experimental and the predicted curve.
4 Conclusion
In the present study three slabs, reference slab SRC and two
textile reinforced slabs having one (SRC + 1T) and two (SRC + 2T)
textile layers placed internally with the concrete matrix were tested
under four-point flexure machine. The effect of the improved
textile reinforced RC slabs has been discussed in terms of load-
deflection curve, cracking pattern, failure mode, strain profile,
moment curvature relation and toughness with respect to the
reference slab. Also, based on the test results, the moment-
curvature relation was developed and compared with the
predicted curve derived using Eurocode 2. The following
conclusions have been summarized below.
FIGURE 11
(A) Flexural test of slab (B) Cross-sectional stress and strain distribution.
FIGURE 12
Experimentally obtained moment-curvature variation for the slab
specimens.
FIGURE 13
Moment-curvature relation as per Eurocode 2 (redrawn from
(Institution, 2004)).
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10. • The textile reinforcing layer has shown to be effective,
especially in terms of increasing cracking load. The load
capacity of the textile reinforced slabs at the cracking,
yield, and ultimate points was increased by 74%, 68%, and
66%, respectively, in SRC + 1T, and by 190%, 104%, and
103%, respectively, in SRC+2T.
• Themid span deflectionsofthetextile-reinforced slabswereenhanced
by 64–159% at the cracking point and, deflection at ultimate point
were increased by 77–85%. On the other hand, at the yield point, the
mid span deflections were approximately at the same level.
• The spacing between the two closest cracks in SRC was found to
be 30 mm whereas; in case of SRC + 1T and SRC + 2T it was
FIGURE. 14
Comparison of experimental and predicted moment-curvature curve for (A) SRC (B) SRC + 1T (C) SRC + 2T.
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11. 20 mm and 10 mm respectively. Also, the widths of the crack were
found to be ~0.340 mm, ~0.241 mm and ~0.238 mm respectively.
• The addition of textile reinforcement has been confirmed to be
efficient by improving the material ductility of SRC + 1T and SRC +
2T slabs by 41% and 44%. Also, the deformability ratio was found to
be greater than 4, indicating a ductile failure of textile-reinforced
slabs. Moreover, textile reinforcement enhanced the toughness by
210% and 293% respectively compared to SRC.
• Based on the obtained load-deflection relation and strain values,
moment-curvature curve was developed. A predicted curve
based on the formulation of Eurocode two was also
evaluated. In all the three slabs a good agreement was
exhibited between the experiment and predicted curve.
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in
the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to
the corresponding authors.
Author contributions
Conceptualization, SS, OH, AI, SA, SQ, HN, YÖ, and MS;
methodology, OH, AI, SA, HN, YÖ, MS; software, SS OH, AI, SQ,
SA, HN, YÖ, and MS; validation, OH, AI, SS, SA, HN, YÖ, and MS;
formal analysis, SS, OH, AI, SA, HN, and MS; investigation, OH, AI,
SA, HN, YÖ, and MS; resources, OH, AI, SA, HN, YÖ, and MS; data
curation, SS, OH, AI, SA, HN, YÖ, and MS; writing—original draft
preparation, OH, AI, and SA; writing—review and editing, OH, AI,
SA, HN, YÖ, MS, and SS; visualization, OH, AI, SA, HN, YÖ, MS, and
SQ; supervision, AI and SA; project administration, MS; funding
acquisition, MS. All authors have read and agreed to the published
version of the manuscript.
Funding
The research is partially funded by the Ministry of Science and
Higher Education of the Russian Federation under the strategic
academic leadership program ‘Priority 2030’ (Agreement 075-15-
2021-1333 dated 30 September 2021).
Acknowledgments
The authors extend their thanks to the Ministry of Science and
Higher Edu-cation of the Russian Federation for funding this work.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the
absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be
construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors
and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated
organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the
reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or
claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or
endorsed by the publisher.
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