This document provides an outline and overview of first aid and accident prevention for 4th year pharmacy students. It discusses principles of first aid including the aims of preserving life, preventing worsening conditions, and promoting recovery. Specific topics covered include cardio-pulmonary emergencies and basic life support, with sections on cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, and the BLS sequence of DRS-ABC. Chest compressions, rescue breathing, and ventilation with a bag-mask are described. The document also addresses injury prevention strategies, levels of consciousness, and includes sample quiz questions.

1. By: ASaminew H.( BSc, MSc in EMCCN)
First aid & accident prevention
For-4th Year pharmacy-students
2/18/2024
first aid.
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Outlines
 Principles of first aid and accident prevention
 Cardio-Respiratory Emergencies and BLS
 Specific injuries
 Bone and joint injuries
 Shock and sudden illness
 Burn
 Lifting and moving emergency patients.
 Disaster prevention and mgt
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CASE
Just imagine:
 A co-worker is hurt in an accident and blood is gushing from the wound.
 One of your friends chokes on a piece of food and can’t breathe.
 Someone goes into cardiac arrest right at his workstation.
 Any one of these things is possible, and it could happen any time. A few
critical minutes one way or the other could make the difference between
life and death.
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WHAT IS FIRST AID?
 It is a temporary and immediate care given to an
injured or suddenly ill person before the arrival of
emergency medical care
 Doesn't replace definitive care by professionals
 Only given for life-and-death situations
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First Aid………….
 It can be performed by a bystander or by victim
 First aid -can brings a difference between life & death.
 A first aider – is someone with a formal training or
first people on an emergency scene
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FIRST AID.
 It is immediate care a sick or injured person gets.
 In some cases, it may be the only care a person needs.
 In others, first aid is a way to prevent a person's condition from
worsening and keep them alive until paramedics arrive or they
are taken to the hospital
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FIRST AID
 Bystanders : are other people who are present at the scene/incident.
 They may be with or without any formal training to provide emergency
life saving interventions.
 Call and dispatch Centre: refers to the organization responsible for
receiving emergency calls and notifying the appropriate emergency
medical service providers of such calls for help, and assigning them to
respond to such calls.
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10. FIRSTAIDPOWERPOINT.ORG
The Aims of First Aid
Broadly, there are three main aims when
administering first aid:
Preserve life
Prevent worsening of the condition (if possible)
Promote recovery
For example, applying a plaster is preventing
the condition (a cut) from worsening by
stopping infection.
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Preserving life
 Control of bleeding
 Treating possible cause of shock
 Maintain airway in correct position
 Perform CPR when required ( no pulse and breathing)
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Preventing complication
 Dressing wound to prevent infection
 Place the casualty in comfortable position
 Provide comfort to casualty
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Promote recovery
 Relief casualty from anxiety
 Encourage confidence and trust
 Attempt to relief pain and discomfort
 Protect the casualty from cold and wet
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First aid principles.
 Keep victim warm &
comfortable.
 Do not touch open
wounds or burns with
fingers
 Keep NPO, for
unconscious victims
 Be calm and confident (safety first)
 Seek medical attention immediately
 Examine the victim gently and treat
the most urgent injuries 1st
 Do not move injured victim.
 Keep the victim lying down
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General directions to provide first aid
Basic plan of action are:
 Assure Safety - Keep yourself & others at scene safe.
 Assess the victim - Gain access to the victim, and determine
immediate threats to life.
 Activate the EMS system/ CALL for help.
 Provide basic life support to those whose lives are threatened
 Move the victims only if necessary
 Arrange for the transfer or transport of the casualty
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16. Roles and Responsibilities of a First Aider
A first aider has various roles and responsibilities. They should:
• Manage the incident and ensure the continuing safety of themselves, bystanders and the patient
• Assess victims and find out the nature & cause of their injuries
• Arrange for further medical help or other emergency services to attend
• If trained, prioritise casualties based upon medical need
• Provide appropriate first aid treatment as trained
• If able, make notes/observations of casualties
• Fill out any paperwork as required
• Provide a handover when further medical help arrives
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17. Calling for Emergency Help
In many first aid situations, help from the emergency services will be
required.
Ensure you know the best emergency service number to use.
– United Kingdom: 999
– United States: 911
– European Union: 112
– ETHIOPIA 939
– JIMMA 6238
– Other countries:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_emergency_telephone_nu
mbers
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18. Calling for Emergency Help
Give clear, precise information
about
– The exact location of the incident and any access problems
– The number of casualties / people involved
– The nature of their injuries
– The age of the victims
– Any hazards at the incident (e.g: spilt fuel, fire, electricity)
If the area is remote or difficult to access,
consider sending someone to meet the
emergency services. 2/18/2024
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19. Incident Management
Always conduct a risk assessment before
rushing into any situation. Look for any
potential hazards to yourself, bystanders
or the patient (e.g: moving traffic, fire &
smoke, electricity). Never put yourself or
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Injury prevention strategies
Strategies cover a variety of approaches, many of which
are classified as falling under the “3 E’s” of injury
prevention
“3 E’s” of injury prevention
Education,
Engineering modifications, and
Enforcement/enactment
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Level of consciousness
Recognition of any change of level of consciousness is important.
Full consciousness- the casualty is able to speak and answer questions
normally
Drowsiness- the casualty is easily aroused but lapses in to unconscious
state
Stupor –the casualty can be roused with difficulty, aware of painful
stimuli. E.g. pin prick, but not of other external elements like being
spoken to.
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CONT.
Coma - cannot be roused by any stimuli.
In general make full use of your senses to obtain maximum
information (Look, smell, listen and touch).
Action:-If the cause of the condition is still active, remove the cause.
E.g. -a lodging of wood on the causalities leg, contaminated clothing
or remove the causality from the cause, such as traffic, fire, water,
poisonous fumes
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GCS
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QUIZ
1. Define first aid? (2mark)
2. Describe at least three reason why first aid is given? (3mark)
3. What are the general direction to be followed while giving first aid at
least three?(3mark)
4. In the case of occurrence of an injury to a victim if the condition is still
active, remove the cause or the victim from the cause?
A/true b/false
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5. In stupor, the casualty can be aroused with difficulty without aware of
painful stimuli? A/true b/false
6. The client opens his eyes when he hears the nurse walks into the room,
however is confused and disoriented when talking with the nurse. He is
unable to localize pain but withdraws from painful stimuli.
Total score________
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CARDIO-PULMONARY EMERGENCIES AND BASIC LIFE
SUPPORT.
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Cardio-pulmonary Emergencies and BLS
• Respiratory arrest: Respiratory arrest is a condition where the
lungs cutting off the ability to breathe(cessation of normal
breathing)
• Mostly, this occurs after cardiac arrest, b/c blood fails to reach
the lungs
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Cont.
• However, can occur even when the heart is still functioning.
• This can occur due to nerve or neuromuscular disorders,
• drugs that inhibit respiratory drive (e.g., Opioids)
• crush injury to chest or cause upper or lower airway obstruction
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Cardiac Arrest
 Occurs when the heart stops beating or beats too ineffectively to
circulate blood to the brain and other vital organs
 The first organ to become affected by the lack of oxygen supply
is the brain, and as a result, the patient loses consciousness.
 In cardiac arrest, the electrical impulses become abnormal and
chaotic.
 This causes the heart to lose the ability to beat rhythmically, or
to stop beating altogether
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Causes of Cardiac Arrest – 6Hs and 5Ts
Hypovolemia Tension pneumothorax
Hypoglycemia Tamponade (cardiac)
Hypoxia Thrombosis (pulmonary)
Hydrogen ion (acidosis) Thrombosis (cardiac)
Hypo/Hyperkalemia Toxins
Hypothermia --
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Determinants of survival after cardiac arrest( adult)
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Determinants of survival after cardiac arrest( pediatric)
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Management of cardiopulmonary arrest
Basic Life Support /BLS
 is a sequences of procedures performed to restore the circulation
of oxygenated blood after a sudden pulmonary and/or cardiac
arrest
 Can be performed by anyone who knows how to do it, anywhere,
immediately, without any other equipment except using of
protective devices
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Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation /CPR
 is an emergency procedure consisting of external
cardiac massage and artificial respiration.
 is primarily performed to squeeze blood manually
out of the heart for victim’s with cardiac arrest and
provide oxygenated blood to the brain and heart.
 CPR must be started immediately to be effective
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 Without oxygen, brain
damage can begin in
about 4 to 6 minutes,
and the damage can
become irreversible after
about 8 to 10 minutes
 Death occurs within a
matter of minutes if the
person does not receive
immediate care.
s/s of cardiac arrest
 Recognized by sudden collapse
 Unresponsiveness
 Not breathing or only gasping
 Absence of pulse
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36. BLS Sequence
D- danger
R- response
S- shout for help
C –circulation
A- airway
B- breathing
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37. BLS Sequence
D – Danger - safety first ( assess
the scene safety)
R
S
C
A
B
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BLS Sequence
R -responsiveness
C
A
B
Adult and child- Ask by are you ok? If no
response tap the shoulders to check it
Infant- Tap the sole of the feet to check for
responsiveness
If No Response- Shout for help(emergency call
as they bring AED too
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BLS Sequence
C - circulation
Check Carotid Pulse
– Check pulse no > 10
A seconds
B – If there is no
pulse start CPR
To palpate the carotid
pulse,
feel for the patient’s
trachea with your
fingers. Insert your
fingers into the groove
on one side of the
trachea, between the
trachea and neck muscle
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Chest Compressions
 Kneel centre of the victim’s shoulder
 Place the heel of one hand on the
sternum in the centre of the chest
between the nipples and then place the
heel of the second hand on top of the
first so that the hands are overlapped 2/18/2024
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Chest Compressions……….
Position shoulders over hands with
elbows locked and arms straight
Compress down and release pressure
smoothly, keeping hand contact with
chest at all times
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CPR
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Adult ≥12 years Child 1 - 12 years Infant < 1 year
Hand Position
Two hands in center of
chest
Two hands in center of
chest
Two fingers on center of
chest, just below the nipple
line
Chest Compressions
Compress at least 2
inches
Rate: 100–120
compressions/min
Compress about 2 inches
Rate: 100–120
compressions/min
Compress about 1½ inches
Rate: 100–120
compressions/min
Ratio
One rescuer -30:2 30:2 chest 30:2
Two rescuer -30:2 15:2 15:2
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BLS Sequence
A - airway
Open Airway: Head Tilt-Chin Lift
Jaw thrust – for injury suspected
B
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45. Jaw thrust maneuver
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46. check for breathing
 Check breathing
 listen and feel the patient’s breath a short distance from his/her face
 Look for the movement of the chest
 Are there any signs of breathing
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BLS Sequence
B - breathing
 Use barrier device if available
 Pinch nose shut
 Open your mouth wide, take a normal
breath, and make a tight seal around the
outside of victim’s mouth
 Give 2 full breaths (1 sec/ breath)
 Observe chest rise 2/18/2024
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BLS Sequence………
B – breathing
Mouth-to-mouth/nose rescue breathing
technique is preferred for infants
Your mouth should cover both the mouth
and nose of the infant, creating a tight seal.
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Artificial respiration
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B-breathing ……..
 Ventilation using a Bag-Mask(ambu-bag) :
If available, it must be preferred over mouth-to-mouth
resuscitation
The bag-mask device delivers 21% oxygen
This is higher than 17% oxygen found in exhaled air
The rescuer must stand at the head of the patient.
Use the E-C clamp technique to hold the
mask firmly in place
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B-breathing ……..
The thumb and index fingers of your dominant hand form a ‘C’,
which is placed on the side of the mask, to press it into place and
create a tight seal.
The remaining three fingers form an ‘E’, which is used to lift the
chin and open up the airway
Once the mask is firmly in place, squeezed the bag over one
second, using non-dominant hand
with each squeeze, watch for the patient’s chest to rise
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BLS Sequence….
Compression-only CPR:
 Outcome is better than outcome of No CPR
 Lay rescuers should do compression-only if they
are unwilling or unable to provide rescue breaths
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BLS Sequence
Important Points to Remember
 Ratio - 30 compressions:2 breaths
 Rate - Approx. 100-120 compressions/min
 Depth – 2-2.4 inches for adult, 1.5 inches for infants
 1 cycle = 30 compressions and 2 breaths
 Five cycles should take no more than 2 minutes
 Reassess the victim every two minutes
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High quality CPR
Compression rate of 100-120/min
Compression depth of at least 2 inches
Allow chest recoil
Minimize interruption
Avoid excessive ventilation
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Pediatric cardiac arrest algorithm
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Phase 1: Assessment of the external situation
Prior to attempting rescue, determines whether the environment is
safe
Check for responsiveness by saying “are you ok?” or
 by tapping the child’s/adult’s shoulder
 For infants, tapping the heel of the foot
Call for help, and activate emergency services as appropriate &
procure an AED 2/18/2024
first aid.
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Phase 2: Assessment of the patient
Briefly check if the patient is breathing (by looking for the rise
and fall of the chest)
Simultaneously, feel for a carotid pulse
However, the carotid pulse may not be felt easily in infants and
some children
o For infants, the brachial pulse
o For older children, the femoral pulse may be palpated
This must not exceed 10 seconds
 Gasps do not count as breathing 2/18/2024
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If the patient is breathing and a pulse can be detected:
 Monitor the breathing and pulse periodically, and check for
responsiveness at intervals
 This must be continued till emergency services arrive
If a pulse is definitely detected, but breathing is absent:
Deliver one breath over 1 second, every 5 to 6 sec.
For paediatrics: deliver rescue breaths over 1 sec., every 2 to 3
sec., totalling about 20 to 30 breaths /min
Phase 3 : Definitive rescue phase
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Phase 3 : Definitive rescue phase…………..
Continue to monitor the pulse every 2 min.
In infants if the pulse falls below 60 beats:
 Start chest compressions immediately
If both pulse and respiration are absent:
 Immediately start delivering 30:2 chest compressions, rescue
breaths ratio
 If two rescuer in infants & child deliver 15:2 ratio
 Chest compressions must be delivered at a rate of 100 to
120/min. 2/18/2024
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Phase 3 : Definitive rescue phase…………..
 Chest Compressions in Children:
 For small children, One handed compressions
may be used
 Ensure that you are able to achieve the required
depth of 5 cm with single handed compressions
 If this is not achieved, the rescuer may switch
over to two handed compressions
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Phase 3 : Definitive rescue phase…………..
 Chest Compressions in Infants:
A single rescuer uses the ‘two-finger’ technique
Two rescuers may use the ‘two thumb encircling hands’
technique
Site of chest compression:
below the nipple line at
the centre of the chest
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Phase 3 : Definitive rescue phase…………..
Once the AED is available, the second rescuer can allow the AED to
analyse the rhythm
Resume CPR immediately after shock (or after rhythm assessment if no
shock is needed)
Rescuers can switch roles while the rhythm is being analyzed
Reassess rhythm every 2 min until the patient recovers, or ALS
providers take over care of the patient
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When to Stop CPR
S- Spontaneous breathing
T -Trained personnel arrived
O-Operator exhausted
P-Physician assumes responsibility
S-Scene become unsafe 2/18/2024
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Foreign body airway obstruction( choking)
 Is physical obstruction in their upper respiratory tract
 Is a serious medical emergency
 Children are more likely to swallow objects other than food, and
foreign objects such as coins or small toys
 Adoption of appropriate techniques can relieve choking in 70 to
80% of all cases.
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S/S of FBAO
 Universal signal for choking:
 patient has both hands wrapped around the base of their
throat
 With complete airway obstruction, the child is unable
to speak, cry, or provide any sounds of respiration.
 The patient may be confused, weak, or cyanotic
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69. Choking
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Treating severe choking
 3 effective methods for conscious victim
 Back slaps - initial
 Obstruction relieving maneuvers
 (Abdominal thrusts or Heimlich maneuver, Chest thrusts)
 Finger sweep
 is a first step if foreign body can be visualized
Unconscious victim
 lying down and provide CPR
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71. Choking
Infant
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First Aid for Choking
When an adult or child is choking, give a combination of
5 back blows (blows between the shoulder blades)
Followed by 5 abdominal thrusts (inward and upward
thrusts just above the navel)
 Continue giving sets of back blows and
abdominal thrusts until the person can
cough forcefully, speak, cry,
or breathe, or the person becomes
unresponsive. 72

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Choking infant mgt
Position the patient:
Lay infant’s face and torso down on forearm (prone) with chest being
supported by your palm and their head and neck by your fingers.
Interventional Back Blows:
Provide 5 rapid forceful blows using a flat palm on the
infant’s back between the two scapula.
Interventional Chest Thrusts:
Provide 5 rapid compressions with your two fingers on the
centre of the infant’s sternum immediately below the nipple line.
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74. SUMMARY
 First aid is the immediate care given to
a person who has been injured or
suddenly taken ill.
 Advantages of first aid
 To preserve life.
 To prevent complications
 To promote healing and recovery
• Responsibility of a first –
aider(Assessment, diagnosis and
treatment process) first aid.
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75. summary cont..
First line treatment for life threatening
conditions involves
◦ Maintain clear air way (A)
◦ Correct the breathing (B)
◦ Control circulation (c)
 Stop bleeding
 Treat shock
◦ Check the disability (D)
◦ Expose the patient (E)
◦ Reassure the patient and make him in
conformable position
first aid.
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76. CHAPTER THREE
WOUNDS AND BLEEDING
first aid.
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77. Wound
Definition:
A wound is a break in the continuity of the tissue of the body
either internal or external
Common Causes:
Accidental falls
Handling of Sharp objects
Machinery
Weapons
first aid.
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78. Classifications of Wound
• 1. Open wound - a break in the skin or the mucus membrane
• 2. Closed wound - injury to underlying tissues without a
break in the skin or mucus membrane
Types of open wounds
 Abrasions
Damage in outer layer of the skin
Bleeding is limited
Danger of contamination &
infection is high
Abrasion
first aid.
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79. Types of open wounds…
Incision: is a break in skin caused by
sharp instruments (knife, broken glass or
blade)
 May damage muscles, tendons, &
nerves.
Laceration - is jagged or irregular tear.
Usually causes when great force is
exerted against the body
Bleeding may be rapid & extensive.
Incision
first aid.
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80. Puncture a small hole produced by an
object piercing skin layers.
External bleeding is usually quite
limited
Internal bleeding may occur
Risk of infection is high
Avulsion is type of wound cxd by the
tearing away or separation of part of the
body.
 Heavy & rapid bleeding may occur
Avulsed body part may be reattached to a
victim's body by a surgeon.
Puncture
Avulsion
first aid.
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81. Closed wound
 Closed wounds have fewer categories, but are just as
dangerous as open wounds. The types of closed wounds are:
• Hematomas, also called a blood tumor, caused by damage to
a blood vessel that in turn causes blood to collect under
the skin.
– Hematomas that originate from internal blood vessel
pathology are purpura petechiae, and ecchymosis. The
different classifications are based on size.
– Hematomas that originate from an external source of
trauma are contusions, also commonly called bruises.
first aid.
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82. Bleeding
• Bleeding: is loss of blood, usually through disease, injury, or other
physical conditions.
• Three Main Types of Bleeding
 Capillary Bleeding
– Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in your body; they are about as
thin as the hairs on your head.
– Capillary bleeding usually occurs in superficial wounds, such
as abrasions, the bleeding is almost always very slow and small in
quantity.
– Your body's natural clotting mechanism is able to stop most cases of
capillary bleeding within seconds to minutes.
first aid.
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83. • Venous Bleeding
– Deep cuts have the potential to cut veins. A cut vein
typically results in a steady but relatively slow flow of
dark red blood.
– The best way to stop most cases of venous bleeding is to
put direct pressure on the wound.
• Arterial Bleeding
– This is the least common and most dangerous type of
bleeding.
– It involves bright red blood that comes out in large
volume, and in spurts that correspond with each beat of
your heart.
– In most cases of arterial bleeding, direct and extremely
firm pressure on the wound is the best way of stopping it
first aid.
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84.  Internal bleeding
– is bleeding inside body cavity.
– Bleeding inside body cavity may follow an injury, such as
a fracture or a penetrating wounds, but can also occur
spontaneously for example, bleeding from a stomach ulcer.
– The main risk from internal bleeding is shock. In addition,
blood can build up around organs such as the lungs or
brain and exert damaging pressure on them.
– You should suspect internal bleeding if a casualty develops
signs of shock without obvious blood loss. Check for any
bleeding from body openings (orifices) such as the ear,
mouth, urethra, or anus.
first aid.
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85. • How to recognize internal bleeding
– Initially, pale, cold skin. If bleeding continues, skin may
turn blue (cyanosis).
– Rapid, weak pulse
– Thirst
– Rapid , shallow breathing
– Confusion, restlessness, and irritability.
– unconsciousness
– Bleeding from body openings (orifices)
– Pain
first aid.
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86. First Aid Treatment for Open Wounds
• Open wounds can compromise the health of a person.
• It can lead to health problems such as infection and loss of
blood due to bleeding.
• Therefore, it is important that you are able to provide
immediate, proper first aid treatment to avoid potential health
problems.
first aid.
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87. . Control bleeding
– Apply direct pressure over the wound and elevate
affected part.
– Use a sterile dressing or clean sheet to cover the wound
then apply pressure. Tourniquet is not recommended for
controlling bleeding but may be used in cases of severe
bleeding.
first aid.
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88. Techniques to stop sever bleeding
. Apply direct pressure
– Apply direct pressure by placing the palm of the hand over a
thick pad directly on the entire area of an open wound;
– In case of very severe bleeding, manual pressure over the main
artery, nearest to the bleeding point, should be applied as well
as direct pressure over the wound itself.
– Apply the pressure bandage, maintain a steady pull on the
bandage, and then tie the bandage directly over the pad.
first aid.
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89. 1 Apply direct pressure…
Pressure on the supplying artery
• Brachial artery for arm wound
• Femoral artery for leg wound
first aid.
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90. first aid.
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91. . Elevation
– Elevate the hand, neck, or leg above the victim's heart
unless there is evidence of a fracture, a severely bleeding
open wound of the hand, neck, arm or leg
– Should be elevated above the level of the victim’s heart.
– Elevation uses the force of gravity to help reduce blood
pressure in the injured area and slows down the loss of
blood through the wound, however, it should be aided by
direct pressure.
Techniques to stop sever bleeding…
first aid.
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92. Elevation
first aid.
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93. Techniques to stop sever bleeding…
3.3. Tourniquet
– Another method of achieving constriction of the supplying
artery is the use of a tourniquet .
– a tightly tied band which goes around a limb to restrict blood
flow
– Pressure is applied circumferentially upon the skin and
underlying tissues of a limb
– Use of a tourniquet is dangerous and the tourniquet should be
used only for a severe life threatening hemorrhage that can not
be controlled by other means.
– Precaution: release the tourniquet every 15 minutes
first aid.
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94. Tourniquet
first aid.
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95. . Clotting agents
– Some protocols call for the use of clotting accelerating
agents, which can be either externally applied as a powder
or gel, or pre-dosed in a dressing or as an intravenous
injection.
– These may be particularly useful in situations where the
wound is not clotting, which can be due to external factors,
such as size of wound,
Techniques to stop sever bleeding…
first aid.
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96. . Cleaning an Open Wound
• Once bleeding has been controlled, the open wound should be
cleaned with mild soap and water .
• Saline solution is better for cleaning wounds and eyes.
• Cleaning an open wound can sometimes cause bleeding to
return. The bleeding will be minor and should be easily
stopped with direct pressure using a sterile - or at least clean -
dressing.
first aid.
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97. . Cleaning an Open …
– Wash your hands with soap & water
– Wash the wound from inside to outer side to remove
bacteria and other foreign materials .
– Rinse the wound thoroughly by flushing with clean
water
– Dry with sterile gauze/clean cloth
– Apply a dry clean dressing and secure it firmly in place.
– Inform the victim to seek health care if evidence of
infection appears
first aid.
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98. Prevention of contamination & infection while dealing with
the wound
• Open wounds are subject to contamination and infection.
This danger can be prevented or minimized by appropriate
first aid measures,
• Contamination is the act or process of making something
impure by touching it or by adding something to it
• Infection is introduction and proliferation of
microorganisms within the body
first aid.
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99. . Keep patient lying still
• Unnecessary, forceful movements can increase
blood circulation potentially restarting
bleeding
first aid.
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100. Chapter Four
Dressing and Bandages
first aid.
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101. DRESSING & BANDAGES
Definition of Dressing
– is a sterile pad applied to a wound to promote healing and/or
prevent further harm. A dressing is designed to be in direct
contact with the wound, as distinguished from a bandage,
which is most often used to hold a dressing in place.
– Sterile dressings are those which are free from germs are
preferable to use.
first aid.
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102. Purpose of Dressings
• To assist in the control of bleeding
• To absorb the blood & wound secretions
• To prevent contamination
• To relieve pain
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103. Types of dressing
1. Adhesive dressing
– Is sticky dressing used for cover small cuts and grazes.
They consist of a gauze and an adhesive backing.
2. Non adhesive dressing
– is a type of dressing used to dress large size area wound
unlike that of adhesive dressing.
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104. Adhesive dressing None adhesive dressing
first aid.
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105. Dressing procedure
To apply clean dressing materials at home,
Wash your hand
 Boil the dressing materials for 15 minutes
 Dry the dressing materials with out contamination
Apply the dressing
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106. CONT.
• If clean dressing is available, the inner surface of a folded cloth
can be used for immediate use. Do not touch or breathe or
cough on the surface of a dressing that is to be placed next to
wound.
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107. • Bandages
– A bandage is a long narrow piece of cloth used to hold a
wound dressing or splint in place. It helps to immobilize,
support and protect an injured part of the body.
Gauze bandage Elastic bandage
first aid.
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108. • Functions of bandages
– To assist in the control of bleeding
– To absorb blood and wound secretion
– To prevent additional contamination
– To ease pain
– Control or reduce swelling
– Lift and transport casualty
– Secure dressing and splint in position
– Assist in immobilization
first aid.
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109. Bandages cont…
• Kinds of Bandages
– Gauze bandages
– Elastic bandages
– Triangular bandages
– Combinations of dressing and bandages
first aid.
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110. • Gauze bandages
– Most common type of bandage is the gauze bandage
– A gauze bandage can come in any number of widths and
lengths, and can be used for almost any bandage
application
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111. Gauze Bandages…
• Gauze Bandages can be used on any part of the body in
different ways
• Circular bandages
• Spiral bandages
• Figure of eight (joint areas)
• Fingertip bandages (recurrent)
first aid.
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112. • Figure of eight bandage
– A bandage applied alternately to two parts, usually two seg
ments of a limb above and below the joint, in such a way t
hat the turns describe the figure 8.
– used for treatment of fractures of the clavicle,etc
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113. • An elastic bandage
– is a "stretchable bandage used to create localized pressure.
– Elastic bandages are commonly used to treat muscle
sprains and strains by reducing the flow of blood to a
particular area by the application of even stable pressure
which can restrict swelling at the place of injury.
– Elastic Bandages Are expensive, Can be laundered &
used repeatedly.
– Do not stretch too tightly (interfere with circulation).
first aid.
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114. Elastic Bandages
first aid.
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115. Triangular Bandage
• Is a right-angled triangle bandage
• Used as an emergency cover for large areas. Such a bandage
also is used as a sling for fracture or other injury of the arm or
hand
• It can be used to cover
– The entire scalp
– Foot or any large areas.
– Used as a sling for fracture of the arm.
– Folded as a normal bandage,
• The triangular bandage can be used as a circular, spiral or
figure of eight bandage
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116. Triangular Bandage
Arm Sling
first aid.
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117. Making triangular bandage
• To prepare triangular bandage
1. Find a suitably-sized square of cloth.
2. Fold the cloth in half diagonally to
make a triangle.
first aid.
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118. Application of Bandages
• for Injury of
– Arm
– hand and wrist
– forehead
– Ear
– Eyes
– Cheek
– Ear
– Etc…
first aid.
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119. General principles:
– A bandage should be snug (not too loose and not too tight)
– Leave the fingertips or toes exposed.
– Watch for swelling, changes of color & temperature of the
tips of fingers or toes indicating interference with
circulation.
– If the victim complains of numbness or tingling sensation,
loosen the bandages immediately
– Never apply a tight circular bandage about a neck.
first aid.
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120. Arm Sling
1. Arm Sling (Supporting bandage)
• The purpose of an arm sling is to immobilize and protect an
injured arm .
• Though, broken arms are a common reason for wearing a sling,
you don't necessarily have to have a broken bone to wear one -
contusions, sprains, and dislocations can also require a sling.
Arm Sling
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121. Making an Arm Sling
– Prepare triangular bandage or get a triangular bandage
– Place one end of the bandage over the shoulder of un
injured arm and let the other end hang down in front of the
chest
– Carry the point behind the elbow of the injured arm
– Carry the second end of the bandage up over the shoulder
and tie the two ends together at the side of the neck.
– Make sure the end of the fingers extend just beyond the
base for observation
– Adjust the sling so that the hand elevated 10 - 12 cm
above the level of the elbow
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122. Making Arm Sling…
first aid.
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123. Cravat bandage for forehead, ear & eyes
• Cravat bandage is bandage made by bringing the point of a
triangular bandage to the middle of the base and then folding
lengthwise to the desired width.
Making cravat bandage
• Start with square piece of material.
• Fold diagonally
• Cut along diagonal fold.
• The square makes two triangular bandages.
• Fold the square corner to the triangle to the center of the long
side. Fold twice again parallel to the first fold.
Cravat bandage
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124. Cravat bandage for forehead
– Place the center of cravat over the compress(dressing) that
covers the wound.
– Carry the ends around to the opposite side & cross them.
– Bring them back to the starting point.
first aid.
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125. 3 Cravat Bandage for cheek or ear
– Start with the middle of the cravat over the dressing that
covers the cheek or ear.
– Use a wide cravat.
– Carry one end over the top of the head and the other &
under the chin.
– Cross the ends at the opposite side, brining the short end
back around the forehead and the long end around the back
of the head.
first aid.
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126. 5. Triangular Bandage for the scalp & forehead
• Fold a hem about 5 cm wide along the base.
• Put dressing and place compress in place with the
hem on the out side.
• Place the bandage on the head so that the middle of
the base lies on forehead
first aid.
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127. • Triangular Bandage for the Scalp and Fore
Head
first aid.
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128. Figure of eight bandage
first aid.
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129. Figure of eight bandage for hand and wrist
• Anchor the bandage with one or two turns around the palm of
the hand.
• Carry it diagonally across the front of the wrist and around the
wrist.
• Again carry it diagonally across the front of the wrist and
back to the palm. It is repeated as many times as necessary to
fix the dressing properly.
• Complete it by tying off.
first aid.
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130. First Aid kits & Supplies
• The International Organization for standardization (ISO) sets a
standard for first aid kits of being green, with a white cross, in
order to make them easily recognizable to anyone requiring
first aid.
first aid.
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131. First Aid kits & Supplies…
• The common kits mostly found in the homes may contain:
Alcohol, Cotton Balls, Cotton Swabs, Iodine,
Bandage, Hydrogen Peroxide.
• Trauma injuries, such as bleeding, bone fractures or burns, are
usually the main focus of most first aid kits, kit should
includes
– Bandages
– Dressings (sterile, applied directly to the wound)
– Saline-used for cleaning wounds or washing out foreign
bodies from eyes
– Soap - used with water to clean superficial wounds once
bleeding is stopped
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132. – Antiseptic wipes or sprays for reducing the risk of
infection in abrasions or around wounds. Dirty wounds
must be cleaned for antiseptics to be effective.
– Burn dressing, which is usually a sterile pad soaked in a
cooling gel
– Adhesive tape
– Haemostatic agents may be included in first aid kits,
especially military or tactical kits, to promote clotting for
severe bleeding.
Continued
first aid.
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133. 133
End
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