The document discusses various types and measures to control inflation. It defines inflation as a continuous rise in price levels and identifies different types including open inflation where no control measures are taken, suppressed inflation where prices are controlled, wartime inflation to fund war expenses, and creeping inflation where prices rise slowly. Measures to control inflation include monetary policies like controlling money supply and credit, and fiscal policies like decreasing expenditures, increasing taxes, and encouraging production, savings, and proper investment. The document concludes with an example of hyperinflation in Zimbabwe in 2008 that reached 355,000% and severely damaged the economy.

1. Project Report On Measures To Control Inflation

2. Meaning Inflation in general terms means expansion. In the context of prices inflation means continous rise in price level. Definition: According to Gregory,` it is an increase in the quantity of purchasing power`. Johnson defines inflation,` as the increase in the quantity of money faster than the national output is expanding`

3. Types of Inflation There are many types of inflation. It can be classified on the basis of the following : A- On the basis of the degree of government control :: Open inflation : Situation in which no steps are taken to control rising prices .

4. According to Milton, “ it is a process in which prices are allowed to rise without any attempt on part of government to control them. Under open inflation goods are distributed through price mechanism. Price mechanism is a situation in which , those people who have large money to spend, buy more goods.” Suppressed inflation- Situation in which rising prices are controlled through measures taken by the government .

5. According to FRIEDMAN, “ suppressed inflation is more dangerous than open inflation because of the corrupt officials responsible for administrating price control ,black market raises its ugly head”. B- On the basis of political conditions :: 1. War time inflation- In order to meet the war expenses government increases the supply of money. Large proportion of the production is bought by government itself. Relatively small proportion is left to the general public.

6. 2 . Peace time inflation- Underdeveloped countries need large resources for economic planning. In order to mobilize resources, government has to resort deficit financing .It leads to inflation which is known as peace time inflation. C- On the basis of the scope :: Sectoral inflation- When inflation affects only a particular part of the country or covers only one or two goods like pulses,petrol etc,it is called sectoral inflation . Comprehensive inflation- When inflation is not confined to a given part of the country or a few goods ,but comprise the entire country and all goods ,it is called comprehensive inflation

7. D- Some other general types of inflation are: Creeping inflation : In this inflation prices rise very slowly. Such an inflation is not only considered beneficial to the economy but is also considered essential to some extent. Some economists are of the view that 3% rise in prices can be called creeping inflation . Appropriate and desirable in the interest of national development . Running inflation: When there is rapid increase in prices in very short period of time it is called running inflation .In this case rate of inflation is between 80 and 100% over a decade. Such an inflation has adverse effect on poor and middle sections of the society.

8. Measures to control inflation:: 1. Monetary measures- Classical economists are of the view that inflation can be checked by controlling the supply of money. Some of the important monetary measures to check the inflation are as under: Control over money- It is suggested that to check inflation government should put strict restrictions on the issue of money by the central bank. Credit control- Central bank should pursue credit control policy .In order to control the credit it should increase the bank rate ,raise minimum cash reserve ratio etc. It can also issue notice to other banks in order to control credit

9. 2.Fiscal measures- Measures taken by the government to control inflation. A: Decrease in public expenditure- One of the main reasons of inflation is excess public expenditure like building of roads ,bridges etc. Government should drastically scale down its non essential expenditure . B-Delay in payment of old debts: Payment of old debts that fall due should be postponed for sometime so that people may not acquire extra purchasing power. C-Increase in taxes : Government should levy some new direct taxes and raise rates of old taxes. D-Over valuation of money : To control the over valuation of money it is essential to encourage imports and discourage exports

10. Other measures 1 Increase in the production- One of the major causes of the inflation is the excess of demand over supply ,so those goods should be produced more whose prices are likely to rise rapidly .In order to increase production public sector should be expanded and private sector should be given more incentives. 2 Proper commercial policy- Those goods which are in scarcity should be imported as much as possible from other countries and their export should be discouraged. 3 Encouragement to savings – During inflation government should come out with attractive saving schemes. It may issue 5 or 10 year bonds in order to attract savings.

11. 4 Proper investment policy- Investment in those industries should be increased wherein more production of goods can be generated over a short period of time .Less investment should be made in industries having long production period. 5 Marginal requirements- It is the difference between the value of security and loan advanced .

12. Inflation rates in India 2006-07 2007-08 Inflation 7.8 12.0 Food inflation 6.3 17.6 Non food inflation 10.2 6.8

13. Result of Inflation in Zimbabwe in 2008 Hyper Inflation Zimbabwe: 355,000%! The inflation in Zimbabwe for the month of March 2008 rose to 355,000%! Yes, 355,000 per cent! It more than doubled from the February figure of 165,000%..

14. Almost 80% of the nation is unemployed. The Zimbabwean central bank has introduced $500 million bearer cheques (or currency notes) for the public, and $5 billion, $25 billion, $50 billion agro-cheques for farmers. The nation had introduced $250 million bearer cheques

15. A sausage sandwich sells for Zimbabwean $50 million. A 15-kg bag of potatoes cost Zimbabwean $260 million. But then, Zimbabwean $50 million is roughly equal to US$ 1

16. Thanks Presented by: Ravi Inder Singh Tina Chopra Kulwinder Kaur