Fire sprinkler abcb reference document - automatice fire sprinkler system

ABCB Reference Document
AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLER
SYSTEMS
September 2008
This document includes material (including illustrations) based on Australian Standards AS 2118.1-
1999 and AS 2118 - 2006. The copyright owner, Standards Australia Limited, has consented to the
reproduction of that material in this document for the purpose of allowing it to be issued for public
review. However, Standards Australia Limited does not accept responsibility for the technical
content of this public review document.

PREFACE
This reference document was prepared by the Australian Building Codes Board. The
document has been prepared in consideration of the content of AS2118.1 (2006) ‘Automatic
Fire Sprinkler Systems’ with modifications as necessary to render it suitable for adoption
within the Building Code of Australia (BCA).
The document includes changes to AS2118 (1999) that reflect advances in technology and
also refines the content of AS2118 (1999) for clarity and conciseness.
The document also reflects the ABCB objective to include all public policy matters within
the BCA.
Changes to Sections 1 and 2
(a) Preface and Foreword amended to reflect the goals of the BCA
(b) Revised ‘Scope’ to reflect the requirements of the ABCB
(c) New definitions added for the terms ‘Appropriate Authority’, ‘Building Solution’ and
‘Required Duration’ and an amended definition for ‘Design Area’,
(d) General classifications of systems have been relocated to the BCA
(e) Required duration times have been relocated to the BCA
Changes to Sections 3, 5, 6, 8, 10 and 12
(a) Various editorial changes for consistency with the BCA
(b) Certain requirements for the operation of alarms have been relocated to the BCA
(c) Required duration times have been relocated to the BCA
(d) Permitted exceptions in Section 3 have been reduced to reflect safety and
compatibility issues.
(e) Tables for sprinkler clearances in Section 5 have been expanded to include Light
Hazard spray sprinklers.
(f) Concealed space protection has been revised to take into account potential changes
during the life of the building.
(g) Requirements for systems interface alarm signals have been added to Section 8 to
align with current practice.
(h) The design process for ordinary hazard in Section 10 has been simplified to align with
the previously adopted approach in Section 9 particularly in regard to the number of
sprinklers in operation.
(i) The principles for calculations in Section 12 remain unchanged; however, the
determination of the design area has been simplified. An appendix has been provided
to assist the designer with hydraulic calculations in preparing the graphical
representation of supply and demand curves and includes worked examples.
Changes to Section 4
The restructured Section 4 discards the principle of graded water supplies. Instead, it
accepts a single town main supply meeting prescribed criteria, including the capability of
simultaneously supplying specified hydrant flows, as the benchmark ‘reliable supply’.
Other acceptable sources of water supply are selected to equate to this reliability
benchmark. For example, when a town main supply requires boosting by automatic pumps
in order to meet the specified flow and pressure demand, two parallel-connected full
capacity pumps are required, one electric motor-driven and the other diesel engine-driven.

Where a higher degree of water supply reliability is required (in the case, for example, of a
high-rise apartment building), Section 4 introduces the concept of ‘dual’ water supplies.
‘Dual’ water supplies are not ‘duplicate’ supplies, but are considered to be more reliable
than single supplies. This is illustrated in the case of pump suction tanks which, as single
supplies, may be 2/3 capacity (if provided with adequate automatic inflow) and supply two
automatic full capacity pumps, one electric motor-driven and the other diesel engine-driven.
The corresponding dual water supply arrangement would involve two-pump suction tanks
(each 2/3 capacity and not requiring automatic inflow) supplying two automatic full
capacity pumps, one electric motor-driven and the other diesel engine-driven.
Changes to Sections 7 and 13
AS 2118.8, AS 2118.9 and AS 2118.10 have been included in this Standard, consistent with
consolidating the AS 2118 sprinkler suite of Standards.
Section 14
Consistent with the elements comprising design, installation and commissioning of
automatic fire sprinkler systems, Section 14 addresses commissioning and acceptance
testing of sprinklers and covers the hydrostatic pressure test, pre-test equipment checks,
equipment tests and water supply tests. Personnel involved in the commissioning process
have a commissioning check list to follow to ensure that, when complete, the system is
ready for operation.
Appendices A and B have been deleted in accordance with the ABCB Protocol for
Development of Reference Documents
Appendix C ‘Graphic representation of hydraulic characteristics’ is new and should be of
assistance when interpreting the requirements of Sections 4 and 12.
Appendix D has been deleted
The suite of sprinkler installation systems and components, when completed, will
incorporate the current AS 4118 series and will comprise two sets, all within the AS 2118
designation, as follows:
AS 2118 Automatic fire sprinkler—Systems
Part 1: General systems requirements
Part 2: Drenchers
Part 3: Deluge
Part 4: Residential
Part 5: Home (Supersedes ‘Domestic’)
Part 6: Combined sprinklers and hydrants
AS 4118 Automatic fire sprinkler—Components
Part 1.1: Sprinklers and sprayers
Part 1.2: Alarm valves (wet)
Part 1.3: Water motor alarms
Part 1.4: Valve monitors
Part 1.5: Deluge and pre-action valves
Part 1.6: Stop valves and non-return valves
Part 1.7: Alarm valves (dry)
Part 1.8: Pressure reducing valves
Part 2.1: Piping—General
The terms ‘normative’ and ‘informative’ have been used in this Standard to define the
application of the appendix to which they apply. A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral part
of a Standard, whereas an ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and guidance.

This Standard incorporates commentary on some of the clauses. The commentary
directly follows the relevant clause, is designated by ‘C’ preceding the clause number
and is printed in italics in a panel. The commentary is for information only and does not
need to be followed for compliance with the Standard.

CONTENTS
PREFACE 2
FOREWORD 14
SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL 15
1.1 SCOPE................................................................................................................................ 15
1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS.......................................................................................... 15
1.3 DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................................... 16
1.3.1 Alarm signalling equipment (ASE) ............................................................................... 16
1.3.2 Alarm valve................................................................................................................... 16
1.3.3 Appropriate Authority ................................................................................................... 16
1.3.4 Automatic inflow........................................................................................................... 16
1.3.5 Building owner.............................................................................................................. 16
1.3.6 Building Solution .......................................................................................................... 16
1.3.7 Compartment................................................................................................................. 16
1.3.8 Design area.................................................................................................................... 17
1.3.9 Design density............................................................................................................... 17
1.3.10 Designated building entry point (DBEP) ..................................................................... 17
1.3.11 Designated site entry point (DSEP) ............................................................................. 17
1.3.12 Effective height ........................................................................................................... 17
1.3.13 Fire and draft stop ....................................................................................................... 17
1.3.14 High-rise ..................................................................................................................... 17
1.3.15 Installation................................................................................................................... 17
1.3.16 K factor (nominal) .......................................................................................................17
1.3.17 Listed .......................................................................................................................... 18
1.3.18 Maximum flow rate of the system (Qmax.).................................................................... 18
1.3.19 Monitoring centre........................................................................................................ 18
1.3.20 Multiple controls ......................................................................................................... 18
1.3.21 Multistorey.................................................................................................................. 18
1.3.22 Net positive suction head (NPSH) ............................................................................... 18
1.3.23 Open joists and exposed common rafters..................................................................... 18
1.3.24 Post or box pallet......................................................................................................... 18
1.3.25 Required duration of operation.................................................................................... 18
1.3.26 Special sprinkler.......................................................................................................... 18
1.3.27 Special sprinkler system .............................................................................................. 19
1.3.28 Sprayer ........................................................................................................................ 19
1.3.29 Sprinkler-protected building........................................................................................ 20
1.3.30 Sprinkler system.......................................................................................................... 20
1.3.31 Standard sprinkler........................................................................................................ 20
1.3.32 Standard sprinkler system............................................................................................ 22
1.3.33 Thermal sensitivity...................................................................................................... 22
SECTION 2 SPRINKLER SYSTEM DESIGN DATA 23
2.1 TYPES OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS AND AREA LIMITATIONS .................................. 23
2.1.1 General.......................................................................................................................... 23
2.1.2 Standard sprinkler system.............................................................................................. 23
2.1.3 Special sprinkler systems............................................................................................... 27

2.1.4 Sprinkler compatibility.................................................................................................. 29
SECTION 3 EXTENT OF PROTECTION AND SYSTEM MONITORING 30
3.1 PROTECTION AGAINST EXPOSURE HAZARDS ......................................................... 30
3.1.1 General.......................................................................................................................... 30
3.1.2 Sprinklers ...................................................................................................................... 30
3.1.3 Shielding ....................................................................................................................... 30
3.1.4 Sprinkler spacing and location....................................................................................... 30
3.1.5 Piping............................................................................................................................ 35
3.1.6 Performance .................................................................................................................. 35
3.1.7 Water supply ................................................................................................................. 35
3.2 ALARM SIGNALLING ..................................................................................................... 35
3.2.1 General.......................................................................................................................... 35
3.2.2 Integrity and marking requirements—Electrical wiring................................................. 35
3.3 SYSTEM COMPONENT FAULT MONITORING............................................................ 35
3.3.1 General.......................................................................................................................... 35
3.3.2 Fault monitoring devices ............................................................................................... 35
3.3.3 Systems to be monitored................................................................................................ 36
3.3.4 Components to be monitored......................................................................................... 36
3.3.5 Installation..................................................................................................................... 36
SECTION 4 WATER SUPPLIES 37
4.1 SUPPLY ............................................................................................................................. 37
4.1.1 General.......................................................................................................................... 37
4.1.2 Reliable water supply .................................................................................................... 37
4.1.3 Acceptable sources of water supply............................................................................... 37
4.2 DUAL WATER SUPPLIES................................................................................................ 37
4.2.1 General.......................................................................................................................... 37
4.2.2 Acceptable arrangements............................................................................................... 38
4.3 GENERAL WATER SUPPLY PROVISIONS.................................................................... 40
4.3.1 General.......................................................................................................................... 40
4.3.2 Town main water supply ............................................................................................... 40
4.3.3 Private system water supply .......................................................................................... 41
4.3.4 Pump suction tank water supply .................................................................................... 42
4.3.5 Supply from natural source............................................................................................ 45
4.3.6 Gravity tank water supply.............................................................................................. 48
4.3.7 Pressure tank water supply ............................................................................................ 49
4.3.8 Pump system design and installation ............................................................................. 50
4.3.9 Pumpsets ....................................................................................................................... 54
4.4 PROVING OF WATER SUPPLIES ................................................................................... 55
4.5 CONNECTIONS FOR OTHER SERVICES....................................................................... 55
4.5.1 General.......................................................................................................................... 55
4.5.2 Combined sprinkler and hydrant water supply............................................................... 55
4.5.3 Fire hose reel connections ............................................................................................. 56
4.5.4 Fire brigade booster connection..................................................................................... 57
SECTION 5 SPACING AND LOCATION OF SPRINKLERS 58

5.1 SPACING OF SPRINKLERS............................................................................................. 58
5.1.1 Standard sprinkler spacing............................................................................................. 58
5.1.2 Special sprinkler spacing............................................................................................... 58
5.1.3 Staggered spacing.......................................................................................................... 58
5.2 MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN SPRINKLERS ......................................................... 58
5.3 LOCATION OF SPRINKLERS (OTHER THAN SIDEWALL SPRINKLERS) ................ 58
5.3.1 General.......................................................................................................................... 58
5.3.2 Walls and partitions....................................................................................................... 58
5.3.3 Ceilings, roofs and underside of stairs........................................................................... 60
5.4 SPACING AND LOCATION OF SIDEWALL SPRINKLERS.......................................... 61
5.4.1 General.......................................................................................................................... 61
5.4.2 Spacing of special sidewall sprinklers ........................................................................... 61
5.4.3 Maximum spacing of sidewall sprinklers ...................................................................... 61
5.4.4 Distance between rows of sprinklers ............................................................................. 61
5.5 OBSTRUCTIONS TO SPRINKLER DISCHARGE........................................................... 61
5.5.1 General.......................................................................................................................... 61
5.5.2 Standard upright and pendent sprinklers........................................................................ 61
5.5.3 Standard sidewall sprinklers.......................................................................................... 63
5.5.4 Standard upright and pendent sprinklers near columns.................................................. 65
5.5.5 Standard sidewall sprinklers near columns .................................................................... 66
5.5.6 Roof trusses................................................................................................................... 66
5.5.7 Clear space below sprinklers ......................................................................................... 67
5.5.8 Obstructions in clear space............................................................................................ 67
5.5.9 Obstructions under sprinklers........................................................................................ 67
5.6 CONCEALED SPACES..................................................................................................... 68
5.6.1 General.......................................................................................................................... 68
5.6.2 Protection criteria .......................................................................................................... 69
5.6.3 Hydraulic design—concealed spaces............................................................................. 69
5.6.4 Deformable ceilings ...................................................................................................... 69
5.7 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS (SUPPLEMENTARY PROTECTION) FOR REQUIRED
SPRINKLER SYSTEMS.......................................................................................................... 69
5.7.1 Machinery pits and production lines.............................................................................. 69
5.7.2 Hoists, lift shafts, building services shafts and enclosed chutes..................................... 69
5.7.3 Elevators, rope or strap races, exhaust ducts, gearing boxes and dust receivers............. 70
5.7.4 Corn, rice, provender and oil mills ................................................................................ 70
5.7.5 Bins and silos ................................................................................................................ 71
5.7.6 Escalators ...................................................................................................................... 71
5.7.7 Canopies........................................................................................................................ 71
5.7.8 Roof overhang............................................................................................................... 71
5.7.9 Exterior docks and platforms......................................................................................... 71
5.7.10 Covered balconies ....................................................................................................... 71
5.7.11 Enclosed paint lines, drying ovens, drying enclosures................................................. 71
5.7.12 Spray booths................................................................................................................ 72
5.7.13 Oil and flammable liquid hazards................................................................................ 72
5.7.14 Commercial type cooking equipment and associated ventilation systems.................... 72
5.7.15 Air-handling plant ....................................................................................................... 75
5.7.16 Computer and other electronic equipment areas .......................................................... 75
5.7.17 Cupboards and wardrobes............................................................................................ 75
5.7.18 Film and television production studios ........................................................................ 75

5.7.19 Theatres and music halls (protection on the stage side of the proscenium wall) ..........75
5.7.20 Cold chambers............................................................................................................. 76
SECTION 6 SPRINKLERS, SPRAYERS AND MULTIPLE CONTROLS 78
6.1 GENERAL.......................................................................................................................... 78
6.2 TYPES OF SPRINKLERS, SPRAYERS AND MULTIPLE CONTROLS......................... 78
6.2.1 Standard sprinklers........................................................................................................ 78
6.2.2 Special sprinklers .......................................................................................................... 78
6.2.3 Sprayers......................................................................................................................... 78
6.2.4 Multiple controls ........................................................................................................... 79
6.3 HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF STANDARD SPRINKLERS ............................ 79
6.4 APPLICATION OF SPRINKLER TYPES ......................................................................... 79
6.5 TEMPERATURE RATINGS.............................................................................................. 80
6.6 COLOUR CODING............................................................................................................ 80
6.7 ANTI-CORROSION TREATMENT OF SPRINKLERS.................................................... 80
6.8 SPRINKLER GUARDS...................................................................................................... 80
6.9 ESCUTCHEON PLATE ASSEMBLIES ............................................................................ 80
6.10 PROTECTION AGAINST FROST .................................................................................. 81
SECTION 7 PIPING 82
7.1 PIPE AND PIPE FITTINGS............................................................................................... 82
7.2 HYDRAULIC TEST PRESSURE ...................................................................................... 82
7.3 PIPING IN NON-SPRINKLER-PROTECTED BUILDINGS............................................. 82
7.4 DRAINAGE ....................................................................................................................... 82
7.4.1 Wet system piping......................................................................................................... 82
7.4.2 Dry or alternate wet and dry system piping ................................................................... 82
7.5 FLEXIBLE TUBE ASSEMBLIES ..................................................................................... 82
7.6 ORIFICE PLATES ............................................................................................................. 83
7.7 SUPPORT OF SPRINKLER PIPING................................................................................. 83
7.7.1 General.......................................................................................................................... 83
7.7.2 Design ........................................................................................................................... 83
7.7.3 Corrosion protection of pipe supports............................................................................ 83
7.7.4 Requirements for pipe support components (see Figures 7.7.8.1(A) and (B))................ 84
7.7.5 Fixing of pipe supports.................................................................................................. 85
7.7.6 Spacing of supports ....................................................................................................... 86
7.7.7 Location of supports...................................................................................................... 87
7.7.8 Verification of design.................................................................................................... 88
7.8 INSTALLATION—GENERAL ......................................................................................... 91

7.8.1 Pipe and pipe fitting specifications................................................................................ 91
7.8.2 Welding of piping.......................................................................................................... 92
7.8.3 Hydrostatic pressure test................................................................................................ 92
7.8.4 Pneumatic leak test........................................................................................................ 92
7.8.5 Embedding of piping ..................................................................................................... 92
7.8.6 Corrosion protection of piping....................................................................................... 92
7.8.7 Protection of piping against mechanical damage ........................................................... 92
7.8.8 Facilities for flushing piping.......................................................................................... 92
7.8.9 Prohibited use of piping................................................................................................. 92
7.8.10 Pipe sizes..................................................................................................................... 93
7.8.11 Spacing of brackets and clips ...................................................................................... 93
7.9 INSTALLATION—STEEL PIPING .................................................................................. 93
7.9.1 Pipe and pipe fitting specifications................................................................................ 93
7.9.2 Pipes.............................................................................................................................. 93
7.9.3 Pipe jointing .................................................................................................................. 93
7.10 INSTALLATION—LIGHT WALL STEEL PIPING........................................................ 94
7.10.1 Pipe and pipe fitting specifications.............................................................................. 94
7.10.2 Pipes............................................................................................................................ 94
7.10.3 Pipe jointing ................................................................................................................ 94
7.11 INSTALLATION—COPPER PIPING ............................................................................. 94
7.11.1 General........................................................................................................................ 94
7.11.2 Pipes............................................................................................................................ 94
7.11.3 Pipe jointing ................................................................................................................ 95
7.11.4 Pipe bending................................................................................................................ 95
7.12 INSTALLATION—PLASTIC PIPING ............................................................................ 95
7.12.1 Pipe and pipe fitting specifications.............................................................................. 95
7.12.2 Pipe and fittings—Jointing .......................................................................................... 96
7.12.3 Corrosion protection of piping..................................................................................... 96
SECTION 8 VALVES AND ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT 97
8.1 CONTROL ASSEMBLIES................................................................................................. 97
8.1.1 General.......................................................................................................................... 97
8.1.2 Designated site and building entry points ...................................................................... 97
8.2 STOP VALVES.................................................................................................................. 97
8.2.1 General.......................................................................................................................... 97
8.2.2 Main stop valves............................................................................................................ 98
8.2.3 Stop valves controlling water supplies........................................................................... 98
8.2.4 Subsidiary stop valves ................................................................................................... 98
8.3 BLOCK PLAN ................................................................................................................... 98
8.4 ‘SPRINKLER STOP VALVE INSIDE’ PLATE................................................................. 99
8.5 EMERGENCY INSTRUCTIONS..................................................................................... 100
8.6 PRESSURE GAUGE SCHEDULE................................................................................... 100
8.7 SYSTEM INTERFACE DIAGRAM................................................................................. 102
8.8 STOP, DRAIN AND TEST VALVES, AND ALARM COCKS....................................... 102

8.9 NON-RETURN (BACK-PRESSURE) VALVES ............................................................. 102
8.10 ALARM VALVES ......................................................................................................... 103
8.10.1 Wet............................................................................................................................ 103
8.10.2 Dry ............................................................................................................................ 103
8.10.3 Composite alarm valves............................................................................................. 103
8.10.4 Accelerators or exhausters for alarm valves (dry system).......................................... 103
8.10.5 Identification of control assemblies and water motor alarms ..................................... 103
8.11 PRESSURE-REDUCING VALVE STATIONS ............................................................. 103
8.12 DELUGE AND PRE-ACTION VALVES ...................................................................... 104
8.12.1 Deluge valves............................................................................................................ 104
8.12.2 Pre-action valves ....................................................................................................... 104
8.13 ALARM DEVICES ........................................................................................................ 104
8.13.1 General...................................................................................................................... 104
8.13.2 Prevention of false alarms ......................................................................................... 104
8.13.3 Water motor alarms ................................................................................................... 105
8.13.4 Fire alarm signal........................................................................................................ 106
8.13.5 System interface alarm signal.................................................................................... 106
8.13.6 Lock-open valve........................................................................................................ 106
8.13.7 Testing of alarm devices............................................................................................ 106
8.14 REMOTE TEST VALVES ............................................................................................. 106
8.15 PRESSURE GAUGES.................................................................................................... 107
SECTION 9 LIGHT HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS 109
9.1 GENERAL........................................................................................................................ 109
9.2 DESIGN DATA................................................................................................................ 109
9.3 WATER SUPPLY ............................................................................................................ 109
9.3.1 Flow and pressure requirements .................................................................................. 109
9.3.2 Water storage capacity ................................................................................................ 109
9.3.3 Additional storage capacity ......................................................................................... 110
9.3.4 Pump suction tanks...................................................................................................... 110
9.3.5 Pressure tanks.............................................................................................................. 110
9.3.6 Pumpsets ..................................................................................................................... 110
9.3.7 Proving of water supplies ............................................................................................ 110
9.4 SPRINKLERS .................................................................................................................. 110
9.4.1 Size and type ............................................................................................................... 110
9.4.2 Maximum area coverage per sprinkler......................................................................... 110
9.4.3 Reduced coverage........................................................................................................ 110
9.4.4 Maximum spacing ....................................................................................................... 111
9.4.5 Special sprinklers ........................................................................................................ 111
9.5 PIPING ............................................................................................................................. 111
9.5.1 Pipe types.................................................................................................................... 111
9.5.2 Pipe sizes..................................................................................................................... 111
9.5.3 Hydraulic calculations................................................................................................. 111
9.5.4 Concealed spaces......................................................................................................... 111

SECTION 10 ORDINARY HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS 112
10.1 GENERAL...................................................................................................................... 112
10.2 DESIGN DATA.............................................................................................................. 112
10.2.1 General...................................................................................................................... 112
10.2.2 Sprinklers under flat roofs and ceilings ..................................................................... 112
10.2.3 Sprinklers under sloping roofs and in bays ................................................................ 112
10.3 WATER SUPPLY .......................................................................................................... 113
10.3.1 Flow and pressure requirements ................................................................................ 113
10.3.2 Water storage capacity .............................................................................................. 113
10.3.3 Additional storage capacity ....................................................................................... 113
10.3.4 Pump suction tanks.................................................................................................... 113
10.3.5 Pressure tanks............................................................................................................ 114
10.3.6 Pumpsets ................................................................................................................... 114
10.3.7 Proving of water supplies .......................................................................................... 114
10.4 SPRINKLERS ................................................................................................................ 114
10.4.1 Size and type ............................................................................................................. 114
10.4.2 Maximum area coverage per sprinkler....................................................................... 114
10.4.3 Reduced coverage...................................................................................................... 114
10.4.4 Maximum spacing ..................................................................................................... 114
10.4.5 Maximum distance from walls and partitions (see also Clause 5.3.2)........................ 115
10.4.6 Special sprinklers ...................................................................................................... 115
10.5 PIPING ........................................................................................................................... 115
10.5.1 Pipe types .................................................................................................................. 115
10.5.2 Pipe sizes................................................................................................................... 115
10.5.3 Hydraulic calculations............................................................................................... 115
10.5.4 Concealed spaces....................................................................................................... 115
SECTION 11 HIGH HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS 116
11.1 DESIGN DATA.............................................................................................................. 116
11.1.1 General...................................................................................................................... 116
11.1.2 Process risks.............................................................................................................. 116
11.1.3 High piled storage risks............................................................................................. 116
11.1.4 Type of system .......................................................................................................... 122
11.2 WATER SUPPLIES ....................................................................................................... 127
11.2.1 Pressure and flow requirements................................................................................. 127
11.2.2 Minimum capacity of water supplies......................................................................... 128
11.2.3 Pumps........................................................................................................................ 130
11.2.4 Proving of water supplies .......................................................................................... 130
11.3 SPACING OF STANDARD SPRINKLERS................................................................... 130
11.3.1 Maximum area coverage per sprinkler....................................................................... 130
11.3.2 Maximum distance between sprinklers on range pipes and between adjacent rows of
sprinklers ................................................................................................................. 130
11.3.3 Maximum distance from walls and partitions ............................................................ 130
11.4 SYSTEM COMPONENTS ............................................................................................. 130
11.4.1 Sprinklers .................................................................................................................. 130
11.4.2 Piping ........................................................................................................................ 131

SECTION 12 HYDRAULIC CALCULATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS 140
12.1 GENERAL...................................................................................................................... 140
12.2 DESIGN AREAS (ASSUMED AREAS OF OPERATION) ........................................... 140
12.3 SPRINKLERS IN SIMULTANEOUS OPERATION ..................................................... 141
12.4 SPRINKLER DISCHARGE FLOW RATES .................................................................. 141
12.4.1 Light Hazard and Ordinary Hazard class systems...................................................... 141
12.4.2 High Hazard class systems ........................................................................................ 141
12.5 POSITION OF DESIGN AREAS ................................................................................... 142
12.5.1 Hydraulically most unfavourable areas of operation.................................................. 142
12.5.2 Hydraulically most favourable areas of operation .................................................. 147
12.6 SHAPE OF DESIGN AREAS......................................................................................... 147
12.6.1 Hydraulically most unfavourable areas of operation.................................................. 147
12.6.2 Hydraulically most favourable areas of operation...................................................... 148
12.7 SUPPLY-DEMAND GRAPH......................................................................................... 149
12.7.1 General...................................................................................................................... 149
12.7.2 Supply characteristics................................................................................................ 149
12.7.3 Demand characteristics.............................................................................................. 149
12.8 WATER SUPPLIES ....................................................................................................... 150
12.9 PUMPSETS.................................................................................................................... 150
12.9.1 General...................................................................................................................... 150
12.9.2 Maximum flow rate of the system (Qmax.).................................................................. 150
12.10 CALCULATION OF PRESSURE LOSS IN PIPES ..................................................... 150
12.11 PRESSURE LOSSES.................................................................................................... 153
12.11.1 Fittings and valves................................................................................................... 153
12.11.2 Dry pendent (or upright) sprinklers ......................................................................... 153
12.12 ACCURACY OF CALCULATIONS............................................................................ 153
12.13 MINIMUM SPRINKLER DISCHARGE PRESSURE (HIGH HAZARD ONLY)........ 153
12.14 MINIMUM PIPE SIZES............................................................................................... 154
12.15 VELOCITY LIMITATION .......................................................................................... 154
12.16 VELOCITY PRESSURE .............................................................................................. 154
12.17 IDENTIFICATION OF FULLY HYDRAULICALLY CALCULATED SYSTEMS............. 154
APPENDIX A ORIFICE PLATES 156
A1 GENERAL...................................................................................................................... 156
A2 REQUIREMENTS.......................................................................................................... 156
A3 NOTES ON THE USE OF TABLES A1 AND A2 ......................................................... 156

APPENDIX B WATER SUPPLY ARRANGEMENTS 159
APPENDIX C GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF HYDRAULIC
CHARACTERISTICS 163
C1 GENERAL...................................................................................................................... 163
C2 THE SUPPLY-DEMAND GRAPH................................................................................. 163
C3 STATIC PRESSURE AND DEMAND CURVES........................................................... 164
C4 SINGLE TOWN MAIN SUPPLY................................................................................... 165
C5 PUMPS DRAWING DIRECT FROM A SINGLE TOWN MAIN SUPPLY................... 168
C6 DUAL TOWN MAIN SUPPLIES................................................................................... 176
C7 HIGH-RISE SYSTEMS WITH BOOSTED TOWN MAIN SUPPLIES.......................... 183
C8 PUMPS DRAWING FROM PUMP SUCTION TANKS ................................................ 189

FOREWORD
Automatic fire sprinklers can provide a level of fire safety for the occupants of buildings, and
fire service personnel engaged in search, rescue and firefighting operations whilst providing a
level of fire protection for buildings and structures.
The scope of property protection provided through compliance with this document is
deemed to be consistent with the respective performance requirements of the BCA.
Compliance with other applicable legislation should not be assumed.
When designing a sprinkler system there is a need to consider how other fire safety systems
may impact on the function and operation of a sprinkler system. Other active fire safety
systems that can either interface or integrate with a fire sprinkler system, include; fire
automatic heat and smoke detection systems, emergency warning and intercommunication
systems and smoke management systems.

15
S E C T I O N 1 S C O P E A N D G E N E R A L
1.1 SCOPE
This Standard specifies a deemed-to-satisfy Building Solution for the design and
installation of automatic fire sprinkler systems in buildings and structures listed in BCA
Table E1.5.
1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
The following documents are referred to in this Standard:
AS
1074 Steel tubes and tubulars for ordinary service
1281 Cement mortar lining of steel pipes and fittings
1349 Bourdon tube pressure and vacuum gauges
1432 Copper tubes for plumbing, gasfitting and drainage applications
1516 The cement mortar lining of pipelines in situ
1579 Arc-welded steel pipes and fittings for water and waste-water
1650 Galvanized coatings on ferrous articles Metric Units
1670 Fire detection, warning, control and intercom systems—System design,
installation and commissioning
1670.1 Part 1: Fire
1674.1 Safety in Welding and Allied Processes Part 1 – Fire Precautions
1724 Cast grey iron pressure pipes and fittings with bolted gland joints
1735 Lifts, escalators and moving walks
1834 Material for soldering Part 1 – Solder Alloys
1873 Powder-actuated (PA) hand-held fastening tools
2118 Automatic fire sprinkler systems
2118.1 Part 1: General requirements
Part 2 Not referenced in 06 code except in approval section
2118.3 Part 3: Deluge
2118.6 Part 6: Combined sprinkler and hydrant
2201 Intruder alarm systems
2201.2 Part 2: Monitoring centres
2419.1 Part 1: Fire hydrant installations - System design, installation and
commissioning
2544 Grey iron pressure fittings
2941 Fixed fire protection installations—Pumpset systems
3688 Water supply—Metallic fittings and end connectors
4041 Pressure piping
4118 Fire sprinkler systems
4118.1.1 Part 1.1: Components—Sprinklers and sprayers
4118.1.2 Part 1.2: Components—Alarm valves (wet)
4118.1.3 Part 1.3: Components—Water motor alarms

16
4118.1.4 Part 1.4: Components—Valve monitors
4118.1.5 Part 1.5: Components—Deluge and pre-action valves
4118.1.6 Part 1.6: Components—Stop valves and non-return valves
4118.1.7 Part 1.7: Components—Alarm valves (dry)
4118.1.8 Part 1.8: Components—Pressure-reducing valves
4118.2.1 Part 2.1: Piping—General
4428 Fire detection, warning, control and intercom systems—Control and
indicating equipment
4428.1 Part 1: Fire
4428.6 Part 6: Alarm signalling equipment
4254 Ductwork for air-handling systems in buildings
AS/NZS
1167.1 Welding and Brazing Filler Metals Part 1 – Filler metal for brazing and
braze welding
1668.1 Part 1 The use of ventilation and airconditioning in buildings—Fire and
smoke control in multi-compartment buildings
3000 Electrical installations (known as the Australian/New Zealand Wiring
Rules)
3013 Electrical installations—Classification of the fire and mechanical
performance of wiring systems.
3500 Plumbing and drainage
3500.1 Part 1: Water services
3500.1.2 Part 1.2: Water supply—Acceptable solutions
1.3 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this Standard the following definitions apply.
1.3.1 Alarm signalling equipment (ASE)
Equipment complying with AS 4428.6, Alarm signalling equipment.
1.3.2 Alarm valve
A non-return valve that allows the water to enter the installation and operate the alarms
when the installation pressure falls below the water supply pressure.
1.3.3 Appropriate Authority
The relevant authority as determined by the building regulatory legislation in each State and
Territory.
1.3.4 Automatic inflow
Automatic flow into a tank to partially make up, within a prescribed time, water drawn off
under operational conditions.
1.3.5 Building owner
The owner of a building or the authorised representative of the owner.
1.3.6 Building Solution
As defined within the Building Code of Australia
1.3.7 Compartment
A space that is enclosed by walls and a ceiling. The walls of the compartment enclosure
may have openings to an adjoining space, provided there is a minimum depth of 200 mm

17
from the ceiling to the top of the opening. Not to be confused with fire or smoke
compartment as defined in the BCA.
1.3.8 Design area
An area containing the maximum number of sprinklers likely to operate when involved in a
fire.
1.3.9 Design density
The minimum density of discharge of water in millimetres per minute (mm/min) for which
a sprinkler installation is designed. It is determined by the discharge of the group of
sprinklers in the design area, in litres per minute (L/min), divided by the area covered by
that group in square metres (m2
). Also known as ‘Design density of discharge’.
1.3.10 Designated building entry point (DBEP)
An entry point to a building that provides firefighters with information as to the location of
the fire alarm.
1.3.11 Designated site entry point (DSEP)
An entry point to a site that provides firefighters with information as to the location of the
building from which the fire alarm originated.
1.3.12 Effective height
As defined within the Building Code of Australia.
1.3.13 Fire and draft stop
A partition or bulkhead, extending from end to end and top to bottom of a concealed space,
installed to delay the spread of fire and constructed from imperforate materials that are
non-shatterable under fire conditions.
NOTES:
1 Examples of acceptable fire and draught stops include the following:
(a) Structural features such as a reinforced beam or steel joist extending to or through the
ceiling, and a brick wall extended up through the ceiling to the floor above.
(b) A purpose-built partition mounted on wood or steel framework, constructed of 10 mm
gypsum board, 0.6 mm sheet steel or 7 mm high-density tempered hardboard.
2 They have the following acceptable apertures:
(a) Openings for the passage of individual pipes, conduits and airconditioning ducts,
provided that such openings are reasonably close fitting or sealed with fire resistant
sealant.
(b) Openings not exceeding 2 m in width for the passage of groups of pipes, conduits and
airconditioning ducts, protected by a ‘cut-off’ sprinkler or sprinklers as required to
provide full protection to such openings.
1.3.14 High-rise
A multistorey building exceeding an effective height of 25 m (see Clauses 1.3.12
and 1.3.21).
1.3.15 Installation
The portion of a sprinkler system downstream from and inclusive of a control assembly.
1.3.16 K factor (nominal)
A constant that defines the pressure and flow characteristics of a sprinkler, as determined
by the formula
P
Q
K =

18
where
Q = Flow, L/min
P = Pressure, kPa
1.3.17 Listed
Sprinkler equipment or materials that are demonstrated to meet the requirements of
AS 4118 or have been tested in a specified manner and found suitable for use.
1.3.18 Maximum flow rate of the system (Qmax.)
The maximum flow rate of the system (Qmax.) occurs at the point of intersection of the
maximum water supply curve and the hydraulically most favourable system requirement
curve when the hydraulic characteristics are represented in accordance with the
requirements of Clauses 12.7 and 12.9.
1.3.19 Monitoring centre
A facility that receives signals from a monitored site and transmits signals to a fire dispatch
centre.
1.3.20 Multiple controls
Heat-sensitive sealed valves that control a single outlet or multiple outlets using either a
glass bulb or a soldered link or lever as the heat-sensing device.
1.3.21 Multistorey
A building with a rise of more than two storeys, which may also be a high-rise building (see
Clause 1.3.14) or with more than two storeys below the floor of the lowest storey providing
egress to a road or open space.
1.3.22 Net positive suction head (NPSH)
The total inlet head, plus the head corresponding to the atmospheric pressure, minus the
head corresponding to the vapour pressure. NPSH, as well as inlet total head, is referred to
the reference plane. It is necessary to make a distinction between—
(a) required net positive suction head (NPSHR)—a function of pump design, which may
be obtained from the pump manufacturer; and
(b) available net positive suction head (NPSHA)—a function of the system in which the
pump operates, which can be calculated for any installation.
1.3.23 Open joists and exposed common rafters
A series of members (including purlins) spaced not more than 600 mm apart, measured
from centre to centre of members.
1.3.24 Post or box pallet
Solid or mesh box with the open face uppermost, designed to be stacked one upon the other
in a self-supporting manner.
1.3.25 Required duration of operation
The minimum period of operation of an automatic fire sprinkler system as required by
Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions of the BCA
1.3.26 Special sprinkler
A listed sprinkler other than those specified in Table 1.1 of AS 4118.1.1. (See also
Clause 6.2.2.) Special sprinklers include the following:

19
(a) Extended coverage sprinkler A type of spray sprinkler with a higher pressure
requirement and a modified deflector specifically developed to achieve an extended
maximum protected area.
(b) Large drop sprinkler A type of sprinkler that is capable of producing large water
droplets, enabling better penetration of the fire plume and improved ability to
control high-challenge fires.
(c) Early suppression fast response sprinkler (ESFR) A type of fast response sprinkler
developed to provide fire suppression of high-challenge fires, which, in many
instances, eliminates the need for in-rack protection. This sprinkler has special
design requirements and limitations in respect to the building structure and the
system application.
(d) Residential sprinkler A type of fast response sprinkler, developed for the type of fire
hazard found in dwellings, with spray patterns and discharge rates specifically
designed for life safety applications.
(e) Sealed water mist nozzle A fast response, sealed, spray nozzle listed as providing
equivalent performance to pendent spray sprinklers for Light Hazard and Ordinary
Hazard Group 1 and 2 application.
(f) Enhanced protection extended coverage (EPEC) A type of fast response sprinkler
with enhanced fire control characteristics for extended coverage in Ordinary Hazard
Group 3 applications.
C1.3.26 The difference between special sprinklers and standard sprinklers, in
simple terms, can best be described as follows:
(a) Special sprinklers have been developed for a specific purpose, and the system
design parameters must suit the sprinkler performance characteristics. (The
sprinkler characteristics dictate the system design parameters required.) As
such, standard sprinkler system design requirements, as specified in this
Standard, may not be suited to systems incorporating special sprinklers. Design
requirements for such systems should be determined with reference to
Clause 2.3.3.
(b) Standard sprinklers have been developed to suit the particular system design
parameters set down in Sections 9, 10, and 11 of this Standard. (The system
design parameters dictate the required sprinkler characteristics.)
The design of systems using standard sprinklers is based on providing a given
density of water over a specified floor area. Standard sprinklers were originally
restricted to those conforming to specific thread and orifice sizes. The range has
been extended to include sprinklers with larger thread and orifice size, provided
the sprinklers suit the system design parameters of Sections 9, 10 and 11. These
sprinklers include large orifice types, which are also often identified by reference
to a ‘K factor’ (a constant in the formula
P
Q
K = , see Clause 1.4.14).
1.3.27 Special sprinkler system
A system utilizing either in total, or in part, sprinkler types other than those listed in
AS 4118.1.1. (See also Clauses 2.1.3 and 6.2.2.)
1.3.28 Sprayer
Special purpose nozzle for use in water spray systems with capabilities of extinguishing,
containing or controlling fires involving hazards such as flammable liquids.

20
C1.3.28 Sprayers generally are of two basic types, medium velocity and high velocity.
Medium-velocity sprayers are either open or sealed with a heat-responsive element,
producing a fine droplet spray with a limited distance of direct impingement. They are
designed for the extinguishing, containing or controlling fires involving low-flashpoint
liquids as well as for cooling protected (adjacent) areas exposed to fire. High-velocity
sprayers are open-type sprayers producing a large droplet with high momentum and
have a direct impingement distance of up to 5 m. High-velocity sprayers are designed
for extinguishing, containing and controlling fires involving high-flashpoint liquids,
principally by the emulsification of the burning fuel surface.
1.3.29 Sprinkler-protected building
A building equipped throughout with a sprinkler system installed in accordance with this
Standard.
1.3.30 Sprinkler system
A system comprising components such as valves, alarms, pipework, sprinklers and water
supplies designed to control fire in a building. Sprinkler systems may be either standard
systems or special systems, and may be arranged to operate as one or a combination of the
following:
(a) Wet system A system permanently charged with water both above and below the
installation alarm valve (wet) (see Clause 8.10.1).
(b) Alternate wet and dry system A system that incorporates either a composite alarm
valve, or a combination valve set comprising an alarm valve (wet) and an alarm
valve (dry).
(c) Dry system A system permanently charged with air or inert gas under pressure,
above the alarm valve (dry) and with water below (see Clause 8.10.2).
(d) Pre-action system A combination of a sprinkler system and an independent system
of heat or smoke detectors installed in the same area as the sprinklers. A heat or
smoke detector operates prior to the sprinklers, allowing the pre-action valve to open
and water to flow into the sprinkler piping, before the first sprinkler starts to operate
(see Clause 8.12.2).
(e) Recycling pre-action system A system with heat detectors and incorporating a
pre-action flow control valve capable of repeated on/off cycles appropriate to the
possible redevelopment of fire in the protected area. The cycling occurs as a result
of heat detector operation which, as an electric interlock, causes the pre-action flow
control valve to open and close.
(f) Deluge system A system of open sprinklers controlled by a quick-opening valve,
(deluge valve) (see Clause 8.12.1) which is operated by a system of listed heat
detectors or sprinklers installed in the same areas as the open sprinklers (see
AS 2118.3).
(g) Tail-end system A system essentially similar to dry, alternate wet and dry, pre-action
and deluge systems, with the limitation that it only forms an extension to a sprinkler
installation.
1.3.31 Standard sprinkler
A sprinkler conforming to the thread sizes, deflector type and K factors specified in
AS 4118.1.1, or spray sprinklers with K factors of 16.0 (ELO), 20.0 (VELO), 24.0 or 36.0.
(See also Clause 6.2.1.)
Standard sprinklers include the following:
(a) Conventional sprinkler A sprinkler designed to produce a spherical type of
discharge with a proportion of water being thrown upwards to the ceiling. A
conventional sprinkler is usually designed with a universal type deflector enabling

21
the sprinkler to be used in either the upright or pendent position. Some conventional
sprinklers are made in two types: one suitable for use in the upright position and the
other for use in the pendent position.
(b) Spray sprinkler A sprinkler designed to produce a parabolic discharge below the
plane of the deflector with little or no water being discharged upwards to wet the
ceiling. Spray sprinklers are made in two types: one suitable for use in the upright
position and the other for use in the pendent position.
(c) Flush sprinkler A sprinkler designed for use with concealed piping where it is
required, for reasons of appearance, to make the sprinklers inconspicuous.
NOTES:
1 A flush sprinkler is installed pendent, with the base flush to the ceiling, but has an
exposed heat-responsive element and retracted deflector which drops down to the normal
position on actuation.
2 Flush sprinklers are normally used in hotel lobbies, dining rooms, offices, boardrooms
and parts of retail stores. Flush sprinklers are not suitable for use in atmospheres that are
corrosive or subject to a high dust content. Flush sprinklers utilizing chains to locate the
deflector are only suitable for use with level ceilings unless specifically listed otherwise.
(d) Recessed sprinkler A sprinkler comprising a spray sprinkler provided with a
separate escutcheon housing, usually two-piece adjustable, where part of the
sprinkler yoke and heat-responsive element are mounted within the recessed
housing.
NOTE: Escutcheon housings are used with the spray sprinkler to ensure that the response time of the
heat-responsive element is not unduly impeded and that the discharge spray pattern is not
obstructed.
(e) Concealed sprinkler A sprinkler comprising a spray sprinkler that is fully recessed
in a concealed housing and fitted with a cover plate assembly designed to release at
or before the operating temperature of the sprinkler.
NOTE: Concealed sprinklers provide the same unobtrusive appearance as flush sprinklers.
(f) Sidewall sprinkler A sprinkler designed for installation along the walls of a room
close to the ceiling. A sidewall sprinkler provides a one-sided (half-paraboloid)
discharge pattern directed outwards with a small proportion discharging on the wall
behind the sprinkler.
NOTES:
1 Sidewall pattern sprinklers are not normally a substitute for conventional or spray pattern
sprinklers and their use is limited to such locations as offices, entrance halls, lobbies and
corridors.
2 A sidewall sprinkler may be used to advantage in drying tunnels and hoods over
papermaking machines where condensate dripping from sprinklers and pipework at the
ceiling could be troublesome and also in certain other locations, such as shop windows
and under platforms having low headroom, where sprinklers would be subject to damage.
(g) Dry pendent and dry sidewall sprinkler A sprinkler designed for use in portions of
premises protected by a dry or an alternate wet and dry system where it is not
practicable to install sprinklers in the upright position, or in a wet system where the
sprinklers may be subject to frost.
NOTE: Dry pendent and dry sidewall sprinklers are designed having either conventional or pendent
spray-type deflectors. Dry pendent and dry sidewall sprinklers are manufactured integral with drop
pipes of varying lengths, the valve being so placed that there is no pocket or depression where water
can be trapped.
(h) Dry upright sprinkler A sprinkler essentially the same as the dry pendent types
except that an upright type deflector is incorporated.

22
NOTE: A dry upright sprinkler is designed for use in wet systems for the protection of concealed
spaces subject to freezing.
(i) Fast-response sprinkler A sprinkler that has a high level of thermal sensitivity,
which enables it to respond at an early stage of fire development and belongs to the
fast-response category (see AS 4118.1.1).
(j) Enlarged orifice sprinkler A sprinkler having a nominal 20 mm diameter orifice and
a nominal 15 mm shank fitted with a metal rod extension (pintle), which is used for
upgrading the density requirements of existing ordinary hazard installations (see
AS 4118.1.1).
(k) Large orifice, extra large orifice and very extra large orifice sprinklers Types of
sprinklers with increased orifice sizes to permit high-flow rates.
C1.3.30 The life safety aspects of a sprinkler system are improved by using fast
response sprinklers. Fast response and quick response are synonymous terms.
1.3.32 Standard sprinkler system
A system utilizing sprinkler types as listed in AS 4118.1.1. (See also Clause 6.2.1.)
1.3.33 Thermal sensitivity
A measure of the response time index (RTI) and the conductivity factor © expressed in
categories of RTI, being: fast response, special response or standard response (see
AS 4118.1.1).

23
S E C T I O N 2 S P R I N K L E R S Y S T E M D E S I G N
D A T A
2.1 TYPES OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS AND AREA LIMITATIONS
2.1.1 General
Sprinkler systems are either—
(a) standard sprinkler systems (see Clause 1.3.31 ); or
(b) special sprinkler systems (see Clause 1.3.27).
2.1.2 Standard sprinkler system
2.1.2.1 General requirements
A standard sprinkler system shall be arranged to operate as one or a combination of the
following:
(a) Wet system.
(b) Alternate wet and dry system.
(c) Dry system.
(d) Pre-action system.
(e) Recycling pre-action system.
(f) Deluge system.
(g) Tail-end system.
Standard sprinkler systems shall comply with the requirements set out in Clauses 2.1.2.2 to
2.1.2.9, as applicable.
2.1.2.2 Wet systems
Wet systems shall not be installed in premises where there is danger, at any time, of the
water in the pipes freezing or where the lowest average ambient temperature is less than
4°C.
Wet systems shall be so designed that the maximum floor area, excluding concealed spaces
but including mezzanine floor areas, controlled by one control assembly, including tail-end
extensions (see Clause 2.1.2.8) does not exceed the following:
(a) 9000 m2
for Light Hazard and Ordinary Hazard installations.
(b) 8000 m2
for High Hazard process occupancy installations
(c) 8000 m2
for High Hazard storage occupancy installations provided the total area of storage
does not exceed 1000 m2
and there is ceiling or roof protection only;
(d) 6000 m2
for High Hazard storage risk installations where the total area of storage exceeds
1000 m2
and there is ceiling or roof protection only;
(e) 8000 m2
for High Hazard storage occupancy installations provided the total area of
storage has intermediate level sprinklers; or
(f) 4000 m2
for single installations controlling intermediate level sprinklers in storage
racks, made up of the floor area occupied by the racks and the aisles combined.
Where single installations protect both High Hazard areas and Ordinary Hazard or Light Hazard
areas, the High Hazard area shall not exceed the floor area specified in Items (b), (c), (d) or (e)
above, as appropriate, and the total area shall not exceed 9000 m2
.

24
2.1.2.3 Alternate wet and dry systems (see Clause 1.3.29)
An alternate wet and dry sprinkler system shall incorporate either a composite alarm valve
(see Clause 8.10.3) or a combination set comprising an alarm valve (wet) and an alarm
valve (dry) (see Clauses 8.10.1 and 8.10.2). During winter months, the installation piping
above the composite alarm valve, or alarm valve (dry) shall be charged with air and the
remainder of the system, below the valve, shall be charged with water and, at other times,
the system shall operate as a wet system as described in Clause 2.1.2.2.
Sprinklers in alternate wet and dry systems shall be installed in the upright position, above
the line of pipe. An exception is allowed where listed dry pendent sprinklers
(see Clause 1.3.30) are installed or where sprinklers have an anti-freezing device
incorporated therein.
Piping shall be arranged with slope for drainage (see Clause 7.4).
Alternate wet and dry systems shall be so designed that the maximum floor area, including
mezzanine floor areas, controlled by one control assembly, including tail-end extensions
(see Clauses 2.1.2.8 and 2.1.2.9), does not exceed the following:
(a) Where an accelerator or exhauster is used—
(i) 3700 m2
for Light Hazard and Ordinary Hazard systems; and
(ii) 2100 m2
for High Hazard systems.
(b) Where an accelerator or exhauster is not used—
(i) 2500 m2
for Light Hazard and Ordinary Hazard systems; and
(ii) 1400 m2
for High Hazard systems.
2.1.2.4 Dry systems (see Clause 1.3.29)
A dry sprinkler system shall be permanently charged with air or inert gas under pressure
above the alarm valve (dry) and with water below the valve.
Dry systems permit sprinklers to be installed in buildings where the temperature conditions
are maintained close to or below freezing, such as in cool stores, or fur vaults, or where the
temperature is maintained above 70°C, such as in drying ovens (see Clause 5.6.14).,
The floor area controlled by one control assembly in a dry system shall not exceed that
prescribed in Clause 2.1.2.3 for alternate wet and dry systems.
Piping shall be arranged with slope for drainage (see Clause 7.4). Standard sprinklers shall
only be installed in the upright position above the line of the pipe.
2.1.2.5 Pre-action systems (see Clause 1.3.29)
Pre-action systems may remain dry with atmospheric air above the alarm valve when they
protect areas not exceeding 200 m2
otherwise they shall be permanently charged with air or
inert gas under pressure. Where the systems are pressurized above the alarm valve, they
shall be monitored so that an alarm is given on a reduction of pressure.
The pre-action alarm valve shall be operated as follows:
(a) For a single interlock pre-action configuration—solely by the system of heat or
smoke detectors to allow the sprinkler piping to become charged with water prior to
or following the operation of a sprinkler.
(b) For a double interlock pre-action configuration—by both the system of detectors and
the monitored low-pressure alarm resulting from the operation of a sprinkler.

25
The pre-action detection system may utilize a heat or smoke detection system complying
with AS 1670.1 as referenced in the BCA or, where electrical supply is to be avoided, a
sprinkler detection system charged with either air or water under pressure. In each case the
detection system shall automatically initiate an alarm.
The heat or smoke detection system shall operate a solenoid valve or trip mechanism as one
action to release the pre-action alarm valve. Solenoid valve wiring shall be fire resistant and
supervised when the solenoid is not continuously energised as ‘fail-safe’, that is, set to
release when de-energized.
The floor area controlled by one control assembly in a pre-action system shall not exceed
that prescribed in Clause 2.1.2.2 for wet systems.
Where the piping could be subject to freezing, it shall be arranged with slope for drainage -
(see Clause 7.4) and standard sprinklers shall be installed in the upright position above the
line of pipe.
The installation spacing and location of heat or smoke detectors shall comply with the
requirements of AS 1670.1 as referenced in the BCA.
C2.1.2.5 A single interlock system only becomes a wet system following the operation
of the detection system, the objective being to prevent a discharge of water from piping
or sprinklers that may have suffered mechanical damage.
A double interlock system offers the greatest safeguard against inadvertent water
discharge by requiring that both the system of detectors and the sprinkler installation be
activated before water is admitted to the installation piping.
2.1.2.6 Recycling pre-action systems
Re-closing the flow control valve shall be delayed for a period of 5 min, by means of an
automatic timer, as a safety measure. Should the fire re-kindle and re-actuate the heat
detectors, the flow control valve shall re-open immediately and water shall again flow from
the open sprinklers.
The floor area controlled by one control assembly in a recycling pre-action system shall not
exceed that prescribed in Clause 2.3.2.2 for wet systems.
The piping shall be arranged with slope for drainage (see Clause 7.4) and standard
sprinklers shall be installed in the upright position above the line of pipe.
The installation and spacing of heat or smoke detectors in recycling pre-action systems
shall comply with the requirements of AS 1670.1 as referenced in the BCA
2.1.2.7 Deluge systems (see Clause 1.3.29)
Deluge systems shall be in accordance with AS 2118.3.
C2.1.2.7 Deluge systems are designed primarily for special hazards such as those
listed as High Hazard in Clause 2.2. Where any fire could be anticipated to be intense
and with a fast rate of propagation. In such circumstances, it is desirable to apply water
simultaneously over a complete zone in which a fire may originate by admitting water to
open sprinklers or to medium- or high-velocity sprayers.
2.1.2.8 Tail-end systems (see Clause 1.3.29)
Tail-end systems shall form extensions to sprinkler systems.
The following limitations and specific requirements shall apply for tail-end installations:
(a) The total area of tail-end systems on one wet pipe installation shall not exceed
2500 m2
. Any one tail-end system shall not exceed 1000 m2
.
(b) The subsidiary stop valve shall be monitored in accordance with Clause 3.4.

26
(c) Suitable drainage shall be provided.
(d) Tail-end systems connected to dry and alternate wet and dry installations shall be
limited to dry systems.
2.1.2.9 Tail-end anti-freezing solution systems
Tail-end anti-freezing solution systems shall only be connected to wet pipe installations.
In addition to the requirements of Clause 2.1.2.8, the following requirements shall apply for
tail-end systems incorporating anti-freezing solutions:
(a) Piping within the area subject to freezing shall be filled with anti-freezing solution
and shall be arranged so as to prevent diffusion of water into that area.
(b) Anti-freezing solutions shall have a freezing point of not less than 10°C below
the minimum temperature possible in the area subject to freezing.
(c) The area covered by any tail-end anti-freezing solution system shall not exceed
250 m2
.
(d) The piping shall be arranged so that the interface between the anti-freezing solution
and the water in the wet system is lower than the point of connection to the wet
system.
(e) The following valves and fittings shall be incorporated in the piping:
(i) A subsidiary stop valve monitored in accordance with Clause 3.4.
(ii) A drain valve.
(iii) An upper test valve, not more than 350 mm nor less than 250 mm below the
filling connection in the wet system.
(iv) A lower test valve, not less than 1.2 m below the upper test valve.
(v) A filling connection.
(vi) A non-return valve. The disc of the non-return valve shall have a 1 mm hole to
allow for expansion of the solution during a temperature rise and thus prevent
damage to sprinklers. All valves in the system piping shall be metal-faced.
NOTES:
1 These systems are suitable for use in small coolrooms and freezing chambers and other areas
such as loading docks and outhouses in localities subject to freezing conditions.
2 See Figure 2.1.2.9 for an arrangement of the fittings.

27
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
FIGURE 2.1.2.9 ARRANGEMENT OF SUPPLY PIPING AND VALVES,
AND TAIL-END ANTI-FREEZING SOLUTION SYSTEM
2.1.3 Special sprinkler systems
2.1.3.1 General requirements
A special sprinkler system, as defined in Clause 1.3.26, shall be arranged to operate as one
or a combination of the following:
(a) Wet system.
(b) Alternate wet and dry system.
(c) Dry system.
(d) Pre-action system.
(e) Recycling pre-action system.
(f) Tail-end system.
A special sprinkler system shall comply with the requirements set out in Clauses 2.1.2.2 to
2.1.2.9 and Clauses 2.1.3.2 to 2.1.3.5.
NOTE: The use of special sprinklers in High Hazard deluge systems is not recommended unless the
special sprinkler is listed for High Hazard applications. Deluge systems should utilize open standard
sprinklers or listed medium- or high-velocity sprayers.
2.1.3.2 Specific requirements
2.1.3.2.1 General
Special sprinkler systems shall incorporate special sprinklers installed in accordance with
the spacing, location, maximum and minimum pressure limitations, and other requirements
set out in -
(a) the listing for the specific sprinkler;
(b) the manufacturer’s published data sheets, and
(c) the codes and Standards referenced therein.

28
The critical design and installation requirements for special sprinkler systems are those that
directly affect the performance of the sprinklers. They shall apply only to that part of each
system downstream of the control assembly. Other issues, such as the maximum floor area
controlled by one control assembly, alarm and monitoring systems, valving, pipe materials,
hangers, bracing and the like, shall conform to the requirements of this Standard.
The maximum area covered by a special sprinkler installation shall be in accordance with
Clause 2.1.2.2 to 2.1.2.9
2.1.3.3 ESFR sprinkler system
Special sprinkler systems incorporating ESFR sprinklers (see Clause 1.3.26) shall be wet
systems and shall be designed in accordance with Factory Mutual Loss Prevention Data
Sheets 2-2 and 8-9 and the requirements of this Section
C2.1.3.3 ESFR sprinkler systems are designed exclusively to suppress high-challenge
fires in High Hazard storage occupancies. In many instances, in-rack sprinklers can be
reduced or eliminated. The system is expected to discharge a large volume of water at
high speed, directly onto a fire to suppress the fire before it is fully developed. ESFR
sprinklers are quick-acting high-performance sprinklers which have the capability of
suppressing fires within designated occupancies.
2.1.3.4 Special systems incorporating residential sprinklers
Residential sprinkler heads may be installed in wet pipe sprinkler systems conforming to
this Standard, provided the following criteria are met:
(a) The installation of residential sprinklers is limited to sole occupancy units and their
adjoining corridors in residential portions of buildings.
(b) The design requirements of the portion of the system utilizing residential sprinklers
conform to Section 9, Light Hazard, and the number of sprinklers assumed to be in
operation includes the hydraulically most unfavourable six sprinklers.
(c) Residential sprinklers are listed and installed in strict accordance with positioning,
spacing and roof slope requirements. The minimum design density for residential
sprinkler systems is 2 mm/min, but not less than that produced from the flow
requirements of the individual sprinkler as a function of its spacing, roof slope,
temperature rating and minimum pressure requirements.
(d) Special sprinkler systems incorporating residential sprinklers are designed such that
the maximum floor area, excluding concealed spaces but including mezzanine floor
areas, controlled by one control assembly, does not exceed 9000 m2
.
(e) Concealed spaces are protected in accordance with Clause 5.6.
C2.1.3.4 Residential sprinkler system design criteria for buildings up to four storeys in
involve concessions in terms of extent of sprinkler coverage. Such concessions have not
been demonstrated to be applicable to taller buildings involving common service shafts,
central HVAC systems, and the like. Therefore, these taller buildings should be
protected in accordance with the requirements of this Standard.
Standard sprinkler systems that permit the inclusion of residential sprinklers are
designated as special sprinkler systems.
2.1.3.5 Hydraulic calculation
Special sprinkler system designs shall utilize hydraulic calculation procedures, in
accordance with Section 12.

29
2.1.4 Sprinkler compatibility
Except where localized higher than normal ambient temperatures exist (see Clause 6.5), all
sprinklers installed in a compartment shall be of the same category of heat response (RTI),
temperature rating, K factor, type (Standard or Special) and sub type (Large Orifice, Large
Drop, ESFR, etc.).

30
S E C T I O N 3 E X T E N T O F P R O T E C T I O N A N D
S Y S T E M M O N I T O R I N G
3.1 PROTECTION AGAINST EXPOSURE HAZARDS
3.1.1 General
Where compliance with the BCA requires an external wall to be protected by a sprinkler
system, clauses 3.1.2 to 3.1.7 shall apply.
3.1.2 Sprinklers
All sealed sprinklers used for exposure protection shall be rated as fast response, as defined
in AS 4118.1.1, and shall have a temperature rating of 93°C.
Sprinklers shall be any of the following types and orientation:
(a) Pendent spray (SP)—mounted horizontally with the deflector towards the window or
wall.
(b) Upright spray (SU)—mounted horizontally with the deflector away from the window
or wall.
(c) Pendent sidewall—(WP) mounted pendent and oriented to direct the spray towards
the window or wall.
(d) Pendent sidewall—(WP) mounted horizontally and oriented to direct the spray
downwards and parallel to the window or wall.
(e) Horizontal sidewall—(WH) mounted pendent and oriented to direct the spray
downwards and parallel to the window or wall.
(f) Sprinklers specifically designed for the purpose and located and spaced in accordance
with their listing.
Conventional sprinklers (CU/P) shall not be used, except in the case of protection beneath
roof overhangs. Sprinklers beneath roof overhangs shall not be considered a substitute for
protection of walls.
3.1.3 Shielding
Where building features do not shield sprinklers to prevent cooling from sprinklers
operating above, such sprinklers shall be fitted with metal shields not less than 80 mm
diameter.
C3.1.3 The use of sprinkler shields as a device for heat collection has been shown in
fire tests to be of no value as an aid for sprinkler operation compared to a non-shielded
sprinkler.
3.1.4 Sprinkler spacing and location
Unless specifically listed otherwise, sprinklers shall be located in accordance with
Tables 3.1.4(A) and 3.1.4(B).
In addition to the requirements contained in Tables 3.1.4(A) and 3.1.4(B), a sprinkler shall
be positioned not more than 1.25 m horizontally from—
(a) the vertical extremities of the protected surface;
(b) the vertical extremities of each glazed opening, with the sprinkler located within the
opening; and
(c) the centre of any building feature such as downpipes and glazing bars or mullions that
project more than 40 mm from the protected surface.

31
Where vertical glazing bars or mullions project more than 40 mm from the glazed surface
and are spaced not more than 1660 mm centre to centre, every alternate sprinkler may be
positioned on the centre-line of a mullion or glazing bar, provided the sprinklers are
positioned within 1.25 m of each side of any vertical glazing bar or mullion that exceeds
40 mm in width.
TABLE 3.1.4(A)
SPRINKLER SPACING
Measurement
Spacing Measured
Max. Min.
Point of measurement
Horizontal Horizontally 2.5 m
1.8 m
(see Note)
Centre of sprinkler
Vertical Vertically 4.0 m N/A Deflector to deflector
NOTE: The 1.8 m minimum distance may be reduced where sprinklers are separated by a baffle or building
feature that will prevent cooling from an adjacent operating sprinkler.
TABLE 3.1.4(B)
SPRINKLER LOCATION
Measurement, mm
Orientation Measured
Max. Min.
Point of
measurement
Horizontal
Vertically below top of
protected surface
100 50 Centre of sprinkler
Pendent
Vertically below top of
protected surface
100 50 Sprinkler deflector
SP and SU horizontal
(spray towards wall)
Horizontal from wall 300 100 Sprinkler deflector
WP pendent
(spray towards wall)
Horizontal from wall 300 100 Centre of sprinkler
WP horizontal
(spray parallel to wall)
Horizontal from wall 100 50 Sprinkler deflector
WH pendent
(spray parallel to wall)
Horizontal from wall 100 50 Centre of sprinkler

32
FIGURE 3.1.4 (A) GLAZED OPENINGS—TYPICAL ORIENTATION AND LOCATION OF
SPRINKLERS

33
Glazed openings in external wall
Mullions or glazing bars projecting
not more than 40 mm from the glazed surface
Maximum spacing of sprinklers
FIGURE 3.1.4 (B) GLAZED OPENINGS—SPACING OF SPRINKLERS

34
Part (a)
Part (b)
FIGURE 3.1.4 (c) GLAZED OPENINGS—SHIELDED BY MULLIONS—SPACING OF
SPRINKLERS

35
3.1.5 Piping
External sprinklers shall be fed either individually by range pipes or as groups by dedicated
distribution pipes connected to a distribution pipe of the internal sprinkler system.
Pipe sizes shall be determined by full hydraulic calculation methods.
C3.1.5 In cases where excessive sprinkler system downtime may be occasioned by the
post-fire replacement of external sprinklers, groups of external sprinklers should be
connected by dedicated distribution pipes fitted with locked-open isolation valves. The
fitting of locked-open sectional stop valves on connections to external protection can
greatly decrease the time taken to restore a system following an operation of the
external sprinklers and should be considered for all such installations.
3.1.6 Performance
Sprinkler systems that incorporate exposure protection shall be fully hydraulically designed
so that the flow from any external sprinkler shall be not less than 75 L/min when the
required maximum numbers of external sprinklers are operating.
Where the area to be protected by an individual sprinkler is less than 2.5 m wide, the flow
rate may be reduced proportionally subject to a minimum end-head pressure of 70 kPa.
The required number of sprinklers assumed to be in simultaneous operation shall be the
number of sprinklers opposed to each exposure hazard, up to a maximum of 18.
Hydraulic calculation methods shall be in accordance with Section 12.
3.1.7 Water supply
If the maximum calculated flow and pressure requirements of the exposure protection are in
excess of that required for the internal sprinklers alone, the water supply shall be increased
to cover the excess.
3.2 ALARM SIGNALLING
3.2.1 General
A sprinkler system shall be capable of automatically activating alarm signalling equipment
as required by Specification E1.5 of the BCA. Alarm signalling equipment shall comply
with AS 4428.6.
3.2.2 Integrity and marking requirements—Electrical wiring
Wiring from system pressure switches to the ASE shall comply with AS/NZS 3013 with
a minimum rating of WS51W, and the mechanical rating upgraded dependent on the hazard
defined in accordance with AS/NZS 3013. Where connection to the ASE is duplicated and
routed via separate signal paths, the minimum cable rating shall be WSX1.
3.3 SYSTEM COMPONENT FAULT MONITORING
3.3.1 General
Fault monitoring of system components shall be provided in accordance with Clauses 3.5.2
to 3.5.5.
3.3.2 Fault monitoring devices
3.3.2.1 General
Class A fault monitoring devices shall be installed except where the monitored components
are located within a secure area or room with access restricted by means of a security
device or system, in which case Class B devices may be used.

36
Class A valve monitoring devices, complying with AS 4118.1.4, shall be installed to
provide tamper resistance and monitoring as required by Clause 3.5.2.2. Class B valve
monitoring devices shall be appropriately listed for the purposes of monitoring the valve
status as required by Clause 3.5.2.3.
3.3.2.2 Class A monitoring devices
Class A monitoring devices shall transmit a signal upon—
(a) a change of status of the monitored component;
(b) an attempt to tamper with or bypass the monitoring device; and
(c) an attempt to tamper with or bypass the connection to the monitoring centre.
3.3.2.3 Class B monitoring devices
Class B monitoring devices shall transmit a signal upon a change of status of the monitored
component.
3.3.3 Systems to be monitored
Continuous system monitoring shall be installed—
(a) in systems containing High Hazard areas greater than 300 m2
;
(b) in high-rise buildings; and
(c) where required to facilitate monthly testing or otherwise required by acts or
regulations.
3.3.4 Components to be monitored
Where required by Clause 3.5.3, the following components shall be monitored:
(a) Water supply stop valves excluding underground key-operated valves.
(b) Main stop valves.
(c) Subsidiary stop valves (see Clause 8.2.4).
(d) Power supply for each electric motor-driven pump.
(e) Controller ‘ready to start condition’ battery voltage.
(f) At the 4 h fuel level for each compression ignition engine-driven pump.
3.3.5 Installation
Control and indicating equipment shall comply with the requirements of AS 4428.1 and
AS/NZS 3000.
Fault signals from monitored components shall be connected to—
(a) a monitoring centre (see Clause 1.4.18);
(b) a Grade 2 central station complying with AS 2201.2, including a monitoring service;
or
(c) a constantly attended in-house security facility.
Should the connection be severed, attention shall be drawn to this fact at the receiving
station.

37
S E C T I O N 4 W A T E R S U P P L I E S
4.1 SUPPLY
4.1.1 General
All sprinkler systems shall be provided with at least one reliable water supply drawn from
an acceptable source and arranged to facilitate verification testing (see Clause 4.4).
NOTE: For typical water supply and valve arrangements, see Appendix B.
4.1.2 Reliable water supply
A reliable water supply shall be capable of supplying the flow and pressure requirements of
the sprinkler system for the required duration.
The minimum flow and pressure characteristics of a reliable town main water supply shall
be taken as those nominated by the relevant water supply authority which it considers can
be maintained for at least ‘95% of the time’. If the water supply authority is unable to
provide ‘95% of the time’ data then the minimum water supply data shall apply.
C4.1.2 The grading of water supplies has been discontinued in this edition. Supply
from a town main satisfying the criteria detailed in Clauses 4.1.3 and 4.2.2 is
considered for the purpose of this Standard to be the benchmark for ‘a reliable supply’.
Other acceptable sources of water are selected to equate with this level of reliability. A
dual supply (as distinct from a duplicate supply) increases the reliability to a higher
level but not to that assuring 100% redundancy. This higher level of reliability is
intended to cater for more severe evacuation problems associated with high-rise
buildings.
4.1.3 Acceptable sources of water supply
The following sources of water supply shall be acceptable:
(a) Town main (see Clause 4.3.2).
(b) Town main with automatic booster pumps (see Clause 4.3.2.2).
(c) A private system water supply (see Clause 4.3.3).
(d) A private system water supply with automatic booster pumps (see Clause 4.3.3.1).
(e) Suction tank with automatic pumps (see Clause 4.3.4).
(f) Natural sources such as rivers, lakes or underground water supply, subject to the
conditions set out in Clause 4.3.5, with automatic pumps.
(g) Gravity tank (see Clause 4.3.6).
(h) Elevated private reservoir (see Clause 4.3.7).
(i) Pressure tank—permissible for Light and Ordinary Hazard 1 classes only (see
Clause 4.3.8).
4.2 DUAL WATER SUPPLIES
4.2.1 General
Dual water supplies, where required in accordance with BCA Specification E1.5, shall comprise
any two of the following:
(i) Town main (see Clause 4.3.2).
(ii) Town main with automatic booster pumps (see Clause 4.3.2.2).

38
(iii) A private system water supply (see Clause 4.3.3).
(iv) A private system water supply with automatic booster pumps (see
Clause 4.3.3.1).
(v) Suction tank with automatic pumps (see Clause 4.3.4).
(vi) Natural sources such as rivers, lakes or underground water supply, subject to
the conditions set out in Clause 4.3.5, with automatic pumps.
(vii) Gravity tank (see Clause 4.3.6).
(viii) Elevated private reservoir (see Clause 4.3.7).
(ix) Pressure tank—permissible for Light and Ordinary Hazard 1 classes only (see
Clause 4.3.8).
4.2.2 Acceptable arrangements
4.2.2.1 Independent arrangement
Dual water supplies shall be independent, or form part of a gridded town main system, and
shall have stop valves so arranged that in the event of a breakdown at least one supply
remains operative.
4.2.2.2 Individual connections
Where dual water supplies consist of two individual connections from a town main system,
each connection shall be carried separately to inside the building structure, as follows:
(a) Where booster pumps are installed, each connection from the town main system shall
be carried separately to the pump suction manifold described in Clause 4.3.8.3. An
isolating valve shall be installed upstream of the pump suction manifold on each
connection from the town main system. Each of these two isolating valves shall be
secured open and shall be positioned as close as practicable to the isolating valves
provided, in accordance with the requirements of Clause 4.3.8.3 at each pump inlet
(see Figure 4.2.2.2(A)).
(b) Where booster pumps are not installed, each connection from the town main system
shall be carried separately to a point as close as practicable to the sprinkler-protected
building, where they may be interconnected. A single (combined main) connection
may be carried from the interconnection point into the building (see
Figure 4.2.2.2(B)).
C4.2.2.2(b) The isolating valve on each of the two connections from the town main
system, required upstream and in close proximity to the pump suction manifold,
provide a means of closing off any damaged or non-operational town main
connection, thus preventing any operating pump from drawing air (see also
Clause 4.3.8.3).
4.2.2.3 Pumps
Where each supply requires a pump, one pump shall be compression ignition engine-driven,
the other may be electric motor-driven.
4.2.2.4 Tanks
Where both supplies are comprised of tanks, with or without pumps, the tanks shall be
either separate units or a single unit partitioned to hold the required water storage capacity
in each compartment.
NOTE:Where there are two or more installations in one building, it is permitted to have the second
and subsequent installation supplied by a single pipe taken downstream of the interconnection of the
two supplies (see Figure 4.2.2.2(B).

39
FIGURE 4.2.2.2 (A) DUAL TOWN MAIN WATER SUPPLIES—BOOSTED
FIGURE 4.2.2.2 (B) DUAL TOWN MAIN WATER SUPPLIES—UNBOOSTED

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