This document discusses fire fighting and fire resistance ratings. It defines fire fighting as preventing the spread of and extinguishing unwanted fires. Fires require heat, fuel, and oxygen. There are different fire classes based on the fuel source. Fire hazards include smoke, oxygen depletion, high temperatures, and toxic atmospheres. Firefighting systems vary by building but may include extinguishers, hoses, hydrants, and sprinklers. Building materials are rated based on their resistance to fire effects like collapse, penetration, and heat transfer. Fire resistance ratings indicate how long passive protections can withstand standard fire tests.

1. FIRE FIGHTING AND
FIRE RESISTANT RATING
By: Snehal and Aditi

2. What is Fire Fighting?
Firefighting is the act of attempting to prevent the spread of and extinguish
significant unwanted fires in buildings, vehicles, woodlands.
Fires can be extinguished by water, fuel or oxidant removal, or chemical flame
inhibition.

3. FIRE TRIANGLE
 The triangle illustrates the three
elements a fire needs to ignite: heat,
fuel, and an oxidizing agent (usually
oxygen).
 A fire naturally occurs when the
elements are present and combined in
the right mixture, meaning that fire is
actually an event rather than a thing.

4. CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES
Class A
 Class A fires are fires in ordinary combustibles such as wood, paper, cloth, rubber, and many plastics.
Class B
 Class B fires are fires in flammable liquids such as gasoline, petroleum greases, tars, oils, oil-based paints,
solvents, alcohols. Class B fires also include flammable gases such as propane and butane. Class B fires do not
include fires involving cooking oils and grease.
Class C
 Class C fires are fires involving energized electrical equipment such as computers, servers, motors, transformers,
and appliances. Remove the power and the Class C fire becomes one of the other classes of fire.
Class D
 Class D fires are fires in combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium, lithium, and
potassium.
Class K
 Class K fires are fires in cooking oils and greases such as animal and vegetable fats.

5. HAZARDS CAUSED BY FIRE
The four major risks are:-
 Smoke
 Oxygen deficient atmosphere, 21% O2 is normal, 19.5% O2 is considered oxygen deficient
 Elevated temperatures
 Poisonous atmospheres
Additional hazards include falls and structural collapse that can exacerbate the problems
entailed in a toxic environment.
To combat some of these risks, firefighters carry self-contained breathing equipment.
(SCBA; an open-circuit positive pressure system)

6. FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS
Fire fighting systems and equipment vary depending on the age, size, use and
type of building construction. A building may contain some or all of the
following features:
 Fire extinguishers
 Fire hose reels
 Fire hydrant systems
 Automatic sprinkler systems.

7. Affects of heat on building materials
Steel will have lost two-thirds of its strength by the time it has been heated to
600°C.
Timber burns at a constant rate - members can be oversized to provide fire
resistance, as they tend to char on their surface, but then burn relatively slowly.
Concrete fairly resistant to fire, but reinforced concrete must have sufficient
insulation to protect the steel reinforcement.
Bricks are one of the most fire resistant materials.

8. Fire resistance
The fire resistance of an element of construction is a measure of its ability to
withstand the effects of fire in one or more ways, as follows:
Resistance to collapse, i.e. the ability to maintain loadbearing capacity (which
applies to loadbearing elements only).
Resistance to fire penetration, i.e. an ability to maintain the integrity of the
element.
Resistance to the transfer of excessive heat, i.e. an ability to provide insulation
from high temperatures.

9. Fire resistant rating
Passive fire protection (PFP) is an integral component of the components of
structural fire protection and fire safety in a building. PFP attempts to contain
fires or slow the spread, through use of fire-resistant walls, floors, and doors
(amongst other examples).
A fire-resistance rating typically means the duration for which a passive fire
protection system can withstand a standard fire resistance test.

10. References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefighting
http://www.femalifesafety.org/types-of-fires.html
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Fire_in_buildings
https://www.slideshare.net/rdpatil65/fire-fighting-presentation
http://www.mfs.sa.gov.au/site/community_safety/commercial/building_fire_safety/fire_fighting_systems_a
nd_equipment_in_buildings.jsp
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Fire_resistance_of_buildings