This document discusses a student project that aims to partially replace fine aggregate with quarry dust and red soil in concrete. The project is being conducted by 5 students to fulfill their Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering. It provides background on the increased demand for construction materials due to rapid urbanization in India, which has led to shortage of river sand used in concrete production. The document outlines the objectives of finding the suitability of quarry dust and red soil as partial replacements for fine aggregate in concrete. It also defines key terms such as concrete, aggregates, fine aggregate, quarry dust, and red soil.

1. PROJECT
On
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE WITH QUARRY
DUST AND RED SOIL IN CONCRETE.
Submitted for partial fulfillment of award of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
CIVIL ENGINEERING (2021-22)
CIVIL ENGINEERING (2021-22)
By
Durgesh Singh (1842200052)
Lakhwinder Singh (1842200068)
Nimesh Verma (1842200082)
Sunil Kumar (1842200134)
Vipin Kumar Gautam (1842200149)
Under the Guidance
of
Mr. Ankur Sahu (Assistant Professor)

2. BANSAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
LUCKNOW
Affiliated to
Dr.APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

3. TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CONCRETE AS PER DEFINITION
3. WHAT IS AGGREGATE
4. QUARRY DUST AND RED SOIL
5. IMPACTS OF SAND MINING
6. PROJECT OBJECTIVES

4. INTRODUCTION
The urbanization in India is growing at an unprecedented level due
to migration of people from smaller towns and villages to bigger
cities in search of jobs and a better life.
As more people move to urban areas the demand for housing and
infrastructure will go up eventually driving the demand for
construction material. In India the construction boom has increased
the demand of sand by many folds in the last 2-3 decades which is
putting a lot of pressure on the traditional source of sand supplies
i.e. our rivers and causing harm to aquifers, fisheries and protected
areas.

5. This has led to a shortage of sand and making it a scarce
commodity in some parts of India and there were times when the
construction industry almost came to a standstill or moved at a
snail pace due to the shortage of sand, affecting the construction
quality, timely completion of projects, and above all, affecting the
livelihood of hundreds of people across related sectors.
Karnataka was forced to seek an alternative source of supply and
imported river sand from Malaysia and Tamil Nadu floated
tenders to import sand to overcome the sand shortage.

6. CONCRETE AS PER DEFINITION
Concrete is a construction material composed of cement, fine
aggregates (sand) and coarse aggregates mixed with water which
hardens with time. ... In a building construction, concrete is used
for the construction of foundations, columns, beams, slabs and
other load bearing elements.
What goes into the most commonly used building material?
Concrete is a mixture of cement, air, water, sand, and gravel–it's as
simple as that! Not exactly. The typical concrete mix is made up of
roughly 10% cement, 20% air and water, 30% sand, and 40%
gravel.

7. Some Facts About Concrete:
 Concrete was first made in 500 BC.
 How long can concrete last(in year) – 50,000 years
 Concrete, produced at an estimated rate of 7 billion cubic
yards per year, is the second most widely consumed substance
on earth, after water.
 Concrete is also used very successfully in boat building. The
weight of a well- made concrete boat compares favorably with
that of a wooden boat of the same capacity.

9. WHAT IS AGGREGATE
Aggregates are coarse particulate rock-like material consisting
of a collection of particles ranging in size from < 0.1 mm to >
50 mm. It includes gravel, crushed rock, sand, recycled
concrete, slag, and synthetic aggregate. ... Types of aggregates
include Coarse aggregate and fine aggregate.
Aggregates are inert granular materials like sand, gravel, or
crushed stone that are used in concrete along with water and
Portland cement.
Aggregates must be clean, firm, and strong particles that are
devoid of absorbed chemicals, clay coatings, and other fine
contaminants that could cause concrete to deteriorate. Fine and
coarse aggregates make about 60 to 75 percent of total concrete
volume.

10. The majority of the particles in fine aggregates pass through a 4.75
mm sieve. Gravels make up the majority of coarse aggregate in
concrete, with crushed stone accounting for the majority of the
rest.Different type of aggregate are given in Fig.1
Figure 1 - Coarse Aggregate

11. What Is Fine Aggregate
Since our project is mainly focused on fine aggregate, we must
first know what fine aggregate is and how it affects the concrete
mix. Fine aggregate is one of the major constituents of concrete
which can influence concrete mix design substantially.
Various factors such as fine aggregate fineness modulus, moisture
content, specific gravity, and silt content affect the mix proportions
of concrete. Fineness modulus specifies how much fine aggregate
is required in a given mix design.

12. Fine aggregate moisture content influences the mix proportion
substantially. It specifies the amount of water that may be added
to subtract to the mixture. Mix design of concrete cannot be
carried out without specific gravity of fine aggregate, and higher
specific gravity produced stronger concrete. Finally, the presence
of silt in sand would increase water demand in concrete mixture
and may reduce concrete strength.
Figure 2- Fine aggregate

13. QUARRY DUST
Quarry Dust is made when huge rocks are broken down into small
particles to construction in quarries.
It is like sand but mostly grey in color and in addition it is mineral
particles.
We can supply building sands as well as sand suitable for making
mortar. Builders sand is generally used to provide bulk to
construction materials like asphalt and concrete.
As building sand is fine it can be used in many ways including
pointing applications, plastering and general building usage.

14. Figure 3- Quarry Dust

15. RED SOIL
Red soil is naturally available resources in plenty of quantity. It is
like sand but mostly red in color and in addition it is mineral
particles. It can be reduced significantly by mixing with red soil .
Red soil is a type of soil that develops in a warm, temperate,
moist climate under deciduous or mixed forest, having thin
organic and organic-mineral layers black brown leached layer
resting on an illuvium red layer. They are named after their rich
red colour, which is due to their high iron content.
Some of the crops suitable for red soils are cotton, wheat, rice,
pulses, millets, tobacco, oilseeds, potatoes, and fruits. The red
soils are mostly loamy and therefore cannot retain water like the
black soils. Cotton Crop in Red Soil.

16. Figure 4 - Red soil

17. IMPACTS OF SAND MINING
Impacts of sand mining can be broadly classified into three
categories:
 Physical
The large-scale extraction of streambed materials, mining and
dredging below the existing streambed, and the alteration of
channel-bed form and shape leads to several impacts such as
erosion of channel bed and banks, increase in channel slope,
and change in channel morphology. These impacts may cause:
1. The undercutting and collapse of river banks.
2. The loss of adjacent land and/or structures.
3. Upstream erosion as a result of an increase in channel
slope and changes in flow velocity.

18. Water Quality
Mining and dredging activities, poorly planned stockpiling
and uncontrolled dumping of overburden, and chemical/fuel
spills will cause reduced water quality for downstream users,
increased cost for downstream water treatment plants and
poisoning of aquatic life.
Ecological
Mining which leads to the removal of channel substrate, re-
suspension of streambed sediment, clearance of vegetation, and
stockpiling on the streambed, will have ecological impacts.
These impacts may have an effect on the direct loss of stream
reserve habitat, disturbances of species attached to streambed
deposits, reduced light penetration, reduced primary
production, and reduced feeding opportunities.

19. PROJECT OBJECTIVES
 To find the suitability of red soil and quarry dust as a
replacement of fineaggregate.
THANK YOU