Finding instantaneous rate of reaction from a graph
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The instantaneous rate of reaction at a particular time can be determined from a graph of products over time. It is equal to the slope of the tangent line drawn at that time point. For example, to find the rate of reaction at 40 seconds from a graph of carbon dioxide volume released over time, the slope of the tangent line at 40 seconds is calculated using the volumes and times of the points straddling it, giving a rate of 1.4 cm3/s.
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Carbon has 6 electrons and forms 4 covalent bonds to achieve stability. Methane (CH4) forms when a carbon atom bonds with 4 hydrogen atoms. Ethane (C2H6) forms when 2 carbon atoms bond, with each carbon also bonding to 3 hydrogen atoms. Carbon can form single, double, or triple bonds. Carbon compounds are divided into organic compounds containing carbon-hydrogen bonds, and inorganic compounds lacking carbon-hydrogen bonds.
Alkane
Alkanes are the simplest family of hydrocarbons containing only carbon and hydrogen. They contain only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms and between carbon and hydrogen atoms, making them chemically stable and difficult to break down. Alkanes undergo combustion reactions with oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water. When enough oxygen is present, complete combustion occurs, but incomplete combustion produces carbon monoxide or soot if oxygen is limited. Larger alkane molecules contain a higher percentage of carbon and are more likely to produce soot when burned. Alkanes can also undergo substitution reactions where halogen atoms replace hydrogen when exposed to ultraviolet light.
Tuition mole exercise revision
This document contains 15 multiple choice questions related to chemistry concepts such as moles, empirical formulas, relative atomic mass, and chemical equations. Specifically:
- Questions 1-5 ask about calculating the number of molecules or mass of substances using values like the Avogadro constant and relative atomic masses.
- Questions 6-10 involve determining empirical formulas from the percentages or relative masses of elements in compounds.
- Questions 11-15 require balancing chemical equations or identifying products of reactions given word equations.
The questions cover a range of foundational chemistry topics and calculations involving moles, masses, empirical formulas and chemical equations.
Concept of mole
1. A mole is defined as the amount of substance containing 6.02 x 1023 particles and can refer to atoms, molecules, or ions.
2. The mole is the unit for quantifying amount of substance, with the symbol "mol".
3. The number of particles in a given number of moles can be calculated by multiplying the moles by Avogadro's number, and the moles for a given number of particles is calculated by dividing the particles by Avogadro's number.
Factors affecting rate of reaction (recovered)
The document discusses how several factors affect the rate of chemical reactions according to collision theory:
1. Increasing the surface area of reactants by decreasing their size increases the rate of reaction by increasing collision frequency.
2. Higher concentrations increase collision frequency by providing more particles in a given volume, likewise increasing the reaction rate.
3. Higher temperatures cause reactants to move faster and collide more frequently, also increasing the reaction rate.
4. Catalysts can lower the activation energy for a reaction, increasing the frequency of effective collisions and thereby accelerating the reaction.
5. For gas reactions, higher pressures compress the gas, providing more particles per volume and thus more collisions and a faster reaction.
Rate of reaction diagnostic
The document discusses the key concepts related to the rate of a chemical reaction:
1. The rate of reaction is affected by factors like concentration, temperature, surface area, and presence of a catalyst. A catalyst increases the rate by lowering the activation energy without being consumed in the reaction.
2. Collision theory states that molecules must collide with sufficient energy, called the activation energy, for a reaction to take place. Increasing effective collisions through factors like concentration and temperature increases the rate.
3. A catalyst facilitates the reaction by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy, allowing more particles to react per unit time and increasing the rate.
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Finding instantaneous rate of reaction from a graph
- 1. Finding Instantaneous Rate of Reaction from a Graph 1. The rate of reaction changes from time to time as the reaction happens. 2. The rate of reaction at a particular time is called the instantaneous rate. 3. The instantaneous rate of a reaction is equal to the gradient of tangent at a particular time. Rate of reaction = Δ(product) ÷ Δ(Time) Example The graph shows the volume of carbon dioxide gas released over time in a chemical reaction. Find the rate of reaction at t = 40s.
- 2. Answer: Rate of reaction at 40s = gradient of the tangent at 40s Rate of reaction=132−48 /70−10=1.4cm3s−1