Here you can know about the teletherapy techniques which is used in radiation therapy. It can also help you to prepare notes on them. You can download it in your PC or laptop to see the gif, it will clear the concept better.
Calypso Medical's Prostate Cancer Treatment: Imaging Technology NewsCalypso Medical
A thorough explanation of image guided radiation therapy for prostate cancer, prostate cancer side effects associated with prostate radiation treatment, and how Calypso GPS for the Body technology greatly reduces the risk of side effects.
Here you can know about the teletherapy techniques which is used in radiation therapy. It can also help you to prepare notes on them. You can download it in your PC or laptop to see the gif, it will clear the concept better.
Calypso Medical's Prostate Cancer Treatment: Imaging Technology NewsCalypso Medical
A thorough explanation of image guided radiation therapy for prostate cancer, prostate cancer side effects associated with prostate radiation treatment, and how Calypso GPS for the Body technology greatly reduces the risk of side effects.
Educational presentation explains how Calypso uses GPS for the Body Technology to precisely target radiation for prostate cancer treatment and reduce prostate radiation side effects.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Radiosurgery is a discipline that utilizes externally generated ionizing radiation in certain cases to inactivate or eradicate a defined target(s) in the head or spine without the need to make an incision. Its uses in Neurosurgery is immense.
(October 12, 2021) Webinar: Clinical Field MRI As A Measurement Instrument fo...Scintica Instrumentation
Watch our webinar where Professor Marc-Andre Fortin presented about the 3D printing of hydrogels and hydrated substances that have been introduced in various fields of biomedical research including regenerative medicine, cosmetic surgery, orthopedics, and medical physics.
However, one of the main challenges faced by 3D printing and bioprinting is geometrical conformity. In this presentation, studies requiring hydrogel 3D printing in the fields of ophthalmology, regenerative medicine, and medical physics, were described. MRI scanning procedures were developed and optimized for these specific applications.
The presentation highlighted the potential role of MRI in the development of more accurate, more precise 3D-printed hydrogel objects.
Nuclear Medicine.................
Radioactivity………………
Gamma camera………………
PET scan and SPECT scan…...........
Nuclear Medicine Studies…………..
Nuclear Medicine Team……………
Safety in Nuclear Medicine…………
Educational presentation explains how Calypso uses GPS for the Body Technology to precisely target radiation for prostate cancer treatment and reduce prostate radiation side effects.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Radiosurgery is a discipline that utilizes externally generated ionizing radiation in certain cases to inactivate or eradicate a defined target(s) in the head or spine without the need to make an incision. Its uses in Neurosurgery is immense.
(October 12, 2021) Webinar: Clinical Field MRI As A Measurement Instrument fo...Scintica Instrumentation
Watch our webinar where Professor Marc-Andre Fortin presented about the 3D printing of hydrogels and hydrated substances that have been introduced in various fields of biomedical research including regenerative medicine, cosmetic surgery, orthopedics, and medical physics.
However, one of the main challenges faced by 3D printing and bioprinting is geometrical conformity. In this presentation, studies requiring hydrogel 3D printing in the fields of ophthalmology, regenerative medicine, and medical physics, were described. MRI scanning procedures were developed and optimized for these specific applications.
The presentation highlighted the potential role of MRI in the development of more accurate, more precise 3D-printed hydrogel objects.
Nuclear Medicine.................
Radioactivity………………
Gamma camera………………
PET scan and SPECT scan…...........
Nuclear Medicine Studies…………..
Nuclear Medicine Team……………
Safety in Nuclear Medicine…………
Se muestra la importancia de utilizar un algoritmo de cálculo de dosis capaz de resolver correctamente el transporte de partículas en condiciones de no equilibrio electrónico. Este problema es crítico en campos pequeños que cruzan tejido pulmonar. Se indica a métodos basados en Monte Carlo como una solución confiable.
Presentado en ALFIM 2016
This one is my Physics Investigatory Project done on the topic 'Physics Principle In Medicine'. You and I both of us know, without physics advancement in biology especially in the medical field is impossible. So, in this project we are gonna investigate through the various principles of physics which are used in the medical field ( like X ray machines, CT scanners, MRI and other advancements like SPECTS scan).
Both for class 11th & 12th.
Especially for class 12th.
Thank You... Hope you find it useful...
Importance of radiation to mankind, types of radiations, useful and harmful radiations with some safety precautions. it also contains what to do when exposed to radiation as a pregnant woman.
A 4 part seminar on 3D cbct technology for seminar presentations. with added technical details and considerations with differences between a CT technology.
Also it features the technical parameters ,uses and how it is considered useful in each departments of medicine and dentistry.
26.
Table 8. Risk plan with mitigating actions
Risk Level Actions to Minimize Fall Back Strategy
Change in
Dr. Moyer
specification
Moderate
Speak with Dr. Moyer as
often as we can
Try and address as many
issues as we can when
meeting with him
Add time to schedule for refining
design
Additional budget required
Schedule
delays
High Constantly track project
progress
Look for ways to accelerate
activities
Build in safety time
Reallocate resources
or staff
Delays in
order
placement or
delivery
Moderate Make sure parts are in stock
Make sure purchasing
department has all needed
information
3D print components
Use Brad’s resources in Leonard
building
Have multiple sources
Product does
not function
as predicted
Low Test early and often
Alternative designs
Have multiple prototypes on hand
Customer
not satisfied
High Prepare prototypes often
Address concerns quickly
Discuss ways to fix the problem
7.4 Ethics Statement
As a team dedicated to improving the quality of life of individuals suffering from pancreatic
cancer, we will act according to the moral principle of beneficence. It is our moral duty to only
present the facts about our device in an objective manner. We follow this value of trust, so the
consumers who use our device are not misled in any manner. Additionally, we will be held
accountable for any unethical actions or statements we make.
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30. Load the .stl model to print
In the Object Placement
window select the rotate screen
and flip the object about the
appropriate plane until it
appears to lay flat on the visual
provided. Select the “Lay Flat”
option under rotate as well as
the “Center object” button
If required, scale the object
until a desired size using the
scale window
Click on the “Center object”
button
Go to “The slicr” window
Select the correct printer and
plastic from the drop down
menus, then change the infill
density and resolution of the
print. These values vary during
each print and were different
for each prototype modeled
Hit the “Slice Using Slicr”
button and allow the software to
generate Gcode from the .stl
file
Once slicing has finished, go to
the GCode window and
comment out all lines dealing
with setting the temperature
29
31. Set the bed temperature to
105°F and turn on the heated
bed. Allow the bed to heat up
completely before continuing,
around five minutes
Set the extruder temperature to
200°F and turn on. Wait
approximately two minutes for
the extruder to heat up
completely before continuing.
Load the filament by sliding it
into the top of the printer and
clicking the lower filament
button by ‘1’ until a small
amount of filament comes out
of the extruder
Lower the feed rate setting to
50
Hit the “Print” button at the top
of the screen
Watch carefully for the first few
layers of the print and remove
obvious deformities with
tweezers
Once several layers are down
increase the feed rate to 100 for
the remainder of the print
After the print is complete,
remove the paper clamps
holding the glass to the heated
bed. Place the glass on a table
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32.
and allow to cool for several
minutes
Carefully remove the part using
hands or tweezers
Hit the disconnect button in
RepetierHost and unplug the
USB and power cord from
printer. No further treatment is
necessary
Table 10. Manufacturing Process Plan for Prototype Coil Design
Assembly
Name
Material Type Raw Stock Size Operations
Needle 304 Stainless
Steel
10 gauge:
0.134” OD,
0.106” ID
Turn 0.5” of stainless steel
needle down by 1/16” using a
lathe
Coil Nitinol 0.039” diameter
x 5’ wire
Heat 6” of wire to dull red glow
(roughly 500 °C) with acetylene
torch
Clamp end of annealed wire to
a 1” diameter stainless steel
pipe and wrap for 1.5”. Leave
1/10” of space between coils
Heat wire along pipe to dull red
color (500 °C) with torch
Quench wirepipe construct in
room temperature water and let
sit for 10 min
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33.
NeedleCoil
Assembly
After cooling, wrap wire around
faced stainlesssteel needle for
0.5” in
Apply HighHeat Epoxy Putty to
both ends of wire with small
wire brush and let cure for 10 hr
8.2 Analysis
A theoretical analysis was performed for both the coil design and reverse peacock designs for
proof of concept. One of the most critical features of the design for the ablation probe is the
geometry. The geometry of the device dictates several functions of the device: the size and
shape of the ablation zone, how the physician will track the device in the patient, how/if the
device can penetrate the tumor, and the mechanism in which the fiducial will be left in the
patient.
For the coil design, the coil will initially be tightly wrapped around the shaft in the final device.
The shape memory effect of nitinol will take place as the probe is heated, and the coil will
conform to the spherical shape. For initial prototyping, heat generation was not used. Therefore,
in order to obtain the coil shape, the nitinol was manually bent and adhered to the shaft. A
springback calculation using an online program (custompart.net) was performed to determine the
degree at which the nitinol needed to be bent in order to achieve a 5 mm spherical radius. Given
that the thickness of the wire used for the prototyping was 1 mm, the yield strength for the
martensitic phase of nitinol is 40 GPa, the modulus for the martensitic phase of nitinol is 140
MPa and the Kfactor is assumed to be 0.33, the initial bending radius to achieve a final radius of
5 mm is 4.572 mm (Nitinol, 2013).
The coil and reverse peacock designs rely on a malefemale connection. The device will enter the
tumor with the male and female connection intact, but will separate upon the physician pulling
out of the tumor due to the friction of the tissue in the tumor. This will leave the female part
(effectively the fiducial), inside of the patient. The coefficient of friction between the tumor and
the device, therefore, should ideally be greater than the coefficient of friction between the male
and female connection. The equation for calculating frictional force is:
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34.
FFT = μ N
where FT is the total force, FN is the normal force, and μ is the friction coefficient. For the
purpose of this analysis, we are assuming that the physician will pull the device at a high enough
force to overcome the friction regardless of the material, and so the coefficient of static friction is
of concern. We will assume that FT and FN are the same in each procedure. Therefore, we are
concerned with the ratio between the friction coefficients of the malefemale connection and the
surrounding tissue to ensure that the device will separate while remaining inside the tumor. If the
coefficient between the malefemale connection is greater than that between the outside of the
device and the tumor, the fiducial will not detach.
The two materials being considered for the malefemale connection are stainless steel and
nitinol, as these are the two most common materials for syringes. Literature suggests that the
average coefficient of friction for stainless steel on stainless steel is 0.74 (Coefficient, 2006) and
the average coefficient of friction for nitinol on nitinol is 0.060 (NASA, 2009), which is much
lower than that of stainless steel. The properties of human tissue are not well researched;
however, a study from Johnson & Johnson suggests that the coefficient of friction for human
corneal tissue is around 0.0153 (Vistakon, 2013). This coefficient may not represent the type of
tissue that the ablation probe will experience, as the study focuses on corneal tissue. The
properties of ablated tissue are also unknown, but assumed to be stiffer than that of regular
tissue. The actual coefficient could therefore be greater than 0.0153. Whether or not the devices
detach ex vivo cannot be determined until ex vivo testing, but the coefficient for steel and nitinol
suggest that nitinol will detach more easily in the tissue.
The reverse peacock design contains tines that will be in compression inside of the sheath. The
void spaces where these legs will expand outward into the tissue provides a stress concentration
for when the physician is inserting the device into the tumor. These stress concentrations could
dictate the number of tines present in the final device. A larger number of tines was desired in
the final device as it was believed more tines would provide a better fixation of the device inside
of the tumor, as well as a more spherical ablation zone. A finiteelement analysis model was
created using COMSOL Multiphysics Software in order to characterize the stresses on the
supports of device, and hand calculations were performed to verify the results.
An axial 5 N force, the average force necessary to pierce tissue, was applied along the needle tip.
The other end of the device was given a stationary boundary condition, as it is in contact with the
guidewire that the physician would be using. Figure 13 shows the von mises stresses on the
device, including a zoomed image of where the maximum von mises stress was found. The
33
35.
maximal force at the base of each support was only 19.7 MPa, much less than the compressive
yield stress of nitinol: 2550 MPa (Robertson, 2012). A hand calculation to verify the results
were performed using the definition of stress:
/Aσ = F
Using a force of 5 N and an area 0.02793 mm2
, which was calculated from the length and width
of a support, the stress was found to be 22.38 MPa.
Figure 13. The von mises stresses in A) the entire device and B) a zoomed in section of the
stress concentration.
In addition to a mechanical analysis on the reverse peacock, a thermal analysis was also performed. The
deployed reverse peacock model was imported into COMSOL. The simulation was only run for 4
minutes, although the minimum time for ablation is 10 minutes. Figure 14 shows the temperature profile
around the device at different time points. Figure 15 shows a 60 degree Celsius isotherm at different time
points. This temperature is the ideal temperature for burning tissue.
34
43.
4. Pour the gel into clear bowls with approximate radii of 3 cm. Be sure to almost
completely fill the bowls.
5. Allow the gel to cool for at least 12 hours to ensure it hardens completely.
Gel Testing
1. Remove the gel from each bowl and place the flat surface against a table.
2. Insert the probe into the top of the gel until it is in the center of the gel.
3. While holding the gel against the table, deploy the probe and pull wire out of the gel.
Another important customer need is that the RFA probe creates a spherical heating zone. Egg
whites will be used to perform ablation zone testing. This test aims to show the exact geometry
and characteristics of cancer tissue that will be destroyed during RFA. This experiment allows
the viewing of the spherical ablation zone as it forms in the clear egg whites. As the temperature
of 60°C is reached, the egg whites cook causing them to become opaque. This zone will be
examined for sphericality for experiments with both prototypes at a variety of exposure times.
Exact steps for the procedure are listed below:
Ablation Zone Testing
1. Completely fill a bowl with an approximate radius of 5 cm with egg whites.
2. Attach alligator clips into the output channel of an arbitrary waveform generator.
3. Clip the red alligator clip to the endoscopic wire and the black alligator clip to ground.
4. Insert the probe into the middle of the egg whites.
5. Turn on the waveform generator and set it to a sine wave with a power of 70 W and a
current density of 11.0 amps/in2
(Boston Scientific, 2004).
6. Using a ruler, try to measure the dimensions of the “cooked egg” zone and turn off the
waveform generator once the radius is 2 cm in any direction.
8.7 Economic Analysis Budget and Vendor Purchase Information
The materials necessary to create our final prototypes and conduct testing have been purchased.
It appears that the cost of each item was slightly overestimated which means we have more
money in our budget than initially planned. We have excluded the use of golden fiducials in our
design, which saved us approximately $150. We also saved a little more than $100 on travel
costs as compared to expected. This extra money allows us to either order more supplies to
create additional prototypes for testing or save as a reserve in the case of problems with the
micromachining process. The bill of materials and budget can be found in Appendix A.
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