Here are the key steps in a for loop:
1. Initialize a counter variable (often i) to track the number of iterations
2. Define a condition to check on each iteration (often i < 10)
3. Increment/decrement the counter variable after each iteration (often i++)
4. The code block inside the for loop will repeat until the condition is no longer true
So in summary, a for loop allows you to repeat a block of code a specific number of times by initializing/updating a counter variable and checking its value on each iteration.
In recent years we have seen explosion of languages which run on Java Virtual Machine. We also have seen existing languages getting their implementations being rewritten to JVM. With all of the above we have seen rapid development of tools like parsers, bytecode generators and such, even inside JVM we saw initiatives like Da Vinci Machine Project, which led to invoke dynamic in JDK 7 and recent development of Graal and Truffle projects.
Is it really hard to write new programming language running on JVM? Even if you are not going to write your own I think it is worth to understand how your favorite language runs undercover, how early decisions can impact language extensibility and performance, what JVM itself and JVM ecosystem has to offer to language implementors.
During the session I will try to get you familiar with options you have when choosing parsers and byte code manipulation libraries. which language implementation to consider, how to test and tune your "new baby". Will you be able after this session to develop new and shiny language, packed with killer features language? No. But for sure you will understand difference between lexers and parsers, how bytecode works, why invoke dynamic and Graal and Truffle are so important to the future of JVM platform. Will we have time to write simple, compiled language?
QualiHM: A Requirement Engineering Toolkit for Efficient User Interface DesignMohamed Boukhebouze
An effective User Interface (UI) is a key factor of the success of an interactive system. Hence, particular attention should be paid to the UI design during the Requirement Engi- neering process (RE). Several RE tools have been proposed in order to support the UI design. However, these tools have limita- tions in terms of the requirements completeness, the requirements quality analysis and the UI generation from requirements. In this presentation, we present a new RE toolkit, called QualIHM, that deals with the limitations of thes existing RE. The toolkit supports the description of the requirements in different formats. In addition, QualiHM facilitates the UI design by transforming the requirement formats to each others, generating the UI code and providing the feedback aesthetic quality of the UI.
Experiences and requirements for a User Interaction Modeling LanguageMarco Brambilla
User Interaction is one of the most overlooked aspects by software modeling practices. Some approaches exist for describing user interfaces in terms of buttons and items to be put in the forms, but they mostly consist of WYSIWYG form building environments. Furthermore, no standard notation exist for modeling these application aspects.
This session will present the ongoing activities at OMG towards the standardization of a Interaction Flow Modeling Language (IFML): we will discuss the requirements and the scope of the sought standard, and we will propose a solution based on our 15-year experience in Web interaction design. We will be inspired by our WebML language, but we will also explain how to go beyond that, so as to cover mobile, multi-touch, collaborative applications, independently from the implementation platform.
We will also show how a dedicated interaction modeling tool like WebRatio can ease the development through a plethora of facilities supporting the developer, including: visual debugging, quick prototyping, multi-platform and cloud deployment, and so on.
In recent years we have seen explosion of languages which run on Java Virtual Machine. We also have seen existing languages getting their implementations being rewritten to JVM. With all of the above we have seen rapid development of tools like parsers, bytecode generators and such, even inside JVM we saw initiatives like Da Vinci Machine Project, which led to invoke dynamic in JDK 7 and recent development of Graal and Truffle projects.
Is it really hard to write new programming language running on JVM? Even if you are not going to write your own I think it is worth to understand how your favorite language runs undercover, how early decisions can impact language extensibility and performance, what JVM itself and JVM ecosystem has to offer to language implementors.
During the session I will try to get you familiar with options you have when choosing parsers and byte code manipulation libraries. which language implementation to consider, how to test and tune your "new baby". Will you be able after this session to develop new and shiny language, packed with killer features language? No. But for sure you will understand difference between lexers and parsers, how bytecode works, why invoke dynamic and Graal and Truffle are so important to the future of JVM platform. Will we have time to write simple, compiled language?
QualiHM: A Requirement Engineering Toolkit for Efficient User Interface DesignMohamed Boukhebouze
An effective User Interface (UI) is a key factor of the success of an interactive system. Hence, particular attention should be paid to the UI design during the Requirement Engi- neering process (RE). Several RE tools have been proposed in order to support the UI design. However, these tools have limita- tions in terms of the requirements completeness, the requirements quality analysis and the UI generation from requirements. In this presentation, we present a new RE toolkit, called QualIHM, that deals with the limitations of thes existing RE. The toolkit supports the description of the requirements in different formats. In addition, QualiHM facilitates the UI design by transforming the requirement formats to each others, generating the UI code and providing the feedback aesthetic quality of the UI.
Experiences and requirements for a User Interaction Modeling LanguageMarco Brambilla
User Interaction is one of the most overlooked aspects by software modeling practices. Some approaches exist for describing user interfaces in terms of buttons and items to be put in the forms, but they mostly consist of WYSIWYG form building environments. Furthermore, no standard notation exist for modeling these application aspects.
This session will present the ongoing activities at OMG towards the standardization of a Interaction Flow Modeling Language (IFML): we will discuss the requirements and the scope of the sought standard, and we will propose a solution based on our 15-year experience in Web interaction design. We will be inspired by our WebML language, but we will also explain how to go beyond that, so as to cover mobile, multi-touch, collaborative applications, independently from the implementation platform.
We will also show how a dedicated interaction modeling tool like WebRatio can ease the development through a plethora of facilities supporting the developer, including: visual debugging, quick prototyping, multi-platform and cloud deployment, and so on.
This lecture provide a detail concepts of user interface development design and evaluation. This lecture have complete guideline toward UI development. The interesting thing about this lecture is Software User Interface Design trends.
Chapter 2 — Program and Graphical User Interface Designfrancopw
Chapter 2 introduces students to the major elements of the Visual Studio 2010 integrated development environment (IDE) while designing a graphical user interface mock-up. Topics include opening Visual Studio 2010, creating a Windows Forms Application project,adding objects to a Windows form, assigning properties to objects,aligning objects on the Windows form,and saving Visual Basic projects. The chapter also discusses how to apply GUI design principles and examines the first two phases of the program development life cycle (PDLC).
Business user requirements for it developmentSimon Misiewicz
A business requirements document will be used to write the systems specification document (blue print for building software / hardware solutions)
Businesses that do not take time to complete this document face uncertainty in the User Acceptance Testing (UAT) phase, as they have not built the requirements into design.
Former tcs chief's resignation from government posts sparks buzzeTailing India
Former TCS chief S Ramadorai, a key official driving the government's ambitious skill development agenda, has resigned from the posts of chairman of National Skill Development Agency (NSDA) and National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC).
Exploring SharePoint 2013 and Improving your Business ApplicationsSociusPartner
www.socius1.com/rapidsp - Get a feel for SharePoint 2013 and understand how it can improve your other business applications. See how to connect systems and users with the information they need.
Varsha Pawar resides in a village in Maharashtra was like any other housewife until she started selling solar cook stoves and lamps in her neighbourhood a little over a year ago. Today, she is the Sarpanch (village council chief) of Tirth Khurd (her village name) advocating the use of clean energy not only in her village but also in the entire Tuljapur administrative block.
C++ and OOPS Crash Course by ACM DBIT | Grejo JobyGrejoJoby1
The slides from the C++ and OOPS Crash Course conducted for ACM DBIT by Grejo Joby.
Learn the concepts of OOPS and C++ Programming in the shortest time with these notes.
A talk about how Javascript developers can make better and less error prone code by adopting two practices: using type-checkers to validate types during the development process, using Flowtype as an example; and by applying some common clean code practices to make their code more readable.
PROVIDE COMMENTS TO FELLOW STUDENTS ANSWERS AND PLEASE DON’T SAY G.docxamrit47
PROVIDE COMMENTS TO FELLOW STUDENTS ANSWERS AND PLEASE DON’T SAY GOOD WORK NICE FORMULA OR SOMETHING LIKE THAT, BUT ACTULLY HE CAN USE. THANK YOU.
Hartleys Function Code
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Chad Hartley posted Nov 5, 2015 5:10 PM
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This program will add an integer number and a decimal number up to 2 decimal places. I have included notes in the code to explain what each thing does. I hope I did this right. It compiles successfully.
PseudoCode
Start
Declare int O1; Stands for Output1
O1=sum; Sum is the functions name
Int sum()
Declare variables
Int num1;
Float num2;
Write “Enter a number.”
Scanf num1
Write”Enter a decimal number.”
Scanf num2
Return num1+num2
end
C Code
#include <stdio.h>
int sum();//prototype
int main()//calling program
{
//Declare a varaiable
int O1;
O1=sum();//main is calling sum one time.
//if I listed this twice it would run the function 'sum' twice.
// Example: if I add a new int (int O1, O2) and declare O2 to
//be O2=sum then the function would run twice.
}
int sum ()//function 'sum'
{
int num1;// Declare intergers/variables
float num2;
printf("Enter a number.\n");
scanf("%d",&num1);// Take first input and assign it to num1
printf("Enter a decimal number.\n");
scanf("%.2f",&num2);
//Can use the printf statement but when you are calling an integer you can use the return.
//printf("The sum of %d, %d, is %d", num1,num2,num1+num2);
return num1+num2;
}
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Chaotic Function
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Joshua Ray posted Nov 5, 2015 2:33 PM
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float tmp
int i
function float chaos(float num)
{
for i < 20
num = 3.9*num*(1-num)
print num
}
main
print "Program description"
print "Request input btw 0 and 1"
tmp = input
chaos(tmp)
/*
* File: main.c
* Author: JaiEllRei
*
* Created on November 5, 2015, 2:04 PM
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
float chaos(float num);
int main(void)
{
float tmp;
printf("This program illustrates a choatic function. \n");
printf("Input a number between 0 and 1: ");
scanf("%f", &tmp);
chaos(tmp);
}
float chaos(float num)
{
for (int i=0; i<20; i++){
/*Chaotic Formula*/
num = 3.9 * num * (1-num);
printf("%.3f \n", num);
}
}
This program illustrates a choatic function.
Input a number between 0 and 1: .2
0.624
0.915
0.303
0.824
0.566
0.958
0.156
0.514
0.974
0.098
0.345
0.881
0.409
0.943
0.210
0.647
0.891
0.379
0.918
0.293
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//MPH to KPH Conversion Function
Function KPHConv(value) as float
Set KPHConv = value*1.609344
End Function
Pseudocode for simple conversion program calling function
//Declare function
// MPH to KPH Conversion Function
Functio ...
A C++ program //include headers; these are modules that include functions that you may use in your //program; we will almost always need to include the header that // defines cin and cout; the header is called iostream.h #include <iostream.h>
int main() {
//variable declaration //read values input from user //computation and print output to user return 0; }
After you write a C++ program you compile it; that is, you run a program called compiler that checks whether the program follows the C++ syntax – if it finds errors, it lists them – If there are no errors, it translates the C++ program into a program in machine language which you can execute.
Lab01Files/build.bat
@echo off
cls
set DRIVE_LETTER=%1:
set PATH=%DRIVE_LETTER%\MinGW\bin;%DRIVE_LETTER%\MinGW\msys\1.0\bin;c:\Windows;c:\Windows\system32
g++ -c Keyboard.cpp
g++ -c Random.cpp
g++ -c String.cpp
g++ -c ReadFile.cpp
g++ -c WriteFile.cpp
g++ -c PlayerGuessDriver.cpp
g++ -o PlayerGuess.exe PlayerGuessDriver.o ReadFile.o WriteFile.o String.o Keyboard.o Random.o
Lab01Files/Keyboard.cpp
#include "Keyboard.h"
#include <iostream>
int readInt(string prompt)
{
cout << prompt;
int val = 0;
cin >> val;
return val;
}
int getValidatedInt(string prompt, int min, int max)
{
int validated = readInt(prompt);
cout << validated << endl;
while(validated < min || validated > max)
{
validated = readInt(prompt);
cout << validated << endl;
}
return validated;
}
double readDouble(string prompt)
{
cout << prompt;
double val = 0;
cin >> val;
return val;
}
double getValidatedDouble(string prompt, double min, double max)
{
double validated = readDouble(prompt);
cout << validated << endl;
while(validated < min || validated > max)
{
validated = readDouble(prompt);
cout << validated << endl;
}
return validated;
}
String* readString(string prompt)
{
cout << prompt;
string text;
getline(cin, text);
String* str = createString(text.c_str());
return str;
}
Lab01Files/Keyboard.h
#if !defined KEYBOARD
#define KEYBOARD
#include "Text.h"
#include <string>
using namespace std;
//pre: the string (character literal) that will prompt the user for input
//post: the input read from the keyboard interpreted as an int is returned
int readInt(string prompt);
int getValidatedInt(string prompt, int min, int max);
//pre: the string that will prompt the user for input
//post: the input read from the keyboard interpreted as a double is returned
double readDouble(string prompt);
double getValidatedDouble(string prompt, double min, double max);
//pre: the string that will prompt the user for input
// the string to store the user input and the length of the input storage string
//post: the text read from the keyboard is copied into the storage string
String* readString(string prompt);
#endif
Lab01Files/Laboratory 01_ Guessing Game.pdf
8/28/2014 Laboratory 01: Guessing Game
http://mboshart.dyndns.org/boshart/2111Labs/Lab01.html 1/3
Laboratory 01: Guessing Game
Download the following files and place them in your working directory:
Starting code for this lab:
Lab01Files.zip //provided, completed files, refer to header files for method
signatures
PlayerGuessDriver.cpp //most of the work is in this file
range.txt //contains the two integers that define the range for the secret
number
build.bat //convenience file for compiling and linking
Guessing Game
In this lab, you will write a simple guessing game. The computer will generate a
random integer within a valid spe ...
3. Switch Case Statement
In programming,
a switch, case, select or inspect statement is a
type of selection control mechanism that exists in
most imperative programming languages such
as Pascal, C/C++, C#, Java, and so on.
It is also included in several other types of
languages.
Its purpose is to allow the value of a variable or
expression to control the flow of program
execution via a multiway branch (or "goto", one of
several labels).
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4. Switch Case
The main reasons for using a switch in programming
include improving clarity, by reducing otherwise
repetitive coding, and (if the heuristics permit) also
offering the potential for faster execution through
easier compiler optimization in many cases.
It is a substitute for long if statements that compare a
variable to several "integral" values ("integral" values
are simply values that can be expressed as an
integer, such as the value of a char).
In computer programming, the value of the variable
given into switch is compared to the value following
each of the cases, and when one value matches the
value of the variable, the computer continues
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executing the program from that point.
5. The basic format for using switch
case is outlined below.
switch ( <variable> )
{
case this-value:
Code to execute if <variable> == this-value
break;
case that-value:
Code to execute if <variable> == that-value
break;
...
default:
Code to execute if <variable> does not equal the value following any of
the cases
break;
}
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6. Switch Case
In computer programming, the condition of a switch
statement is a value. The case says that if it has the value
of whatever is after that case then do whatever follows the
colon. The break is used to break out of the case
statements. Break as one of the language used in
programming is a keyword that breaks out of the code
block, usually surrounded by braces, which it is in.
In this case, break prevents the program from falling
through and executing the code in all the other case
statements. An important thing to note about the switch
statement is that the case values may only be constant
integral expressions.
It can be useful to put some kind of output to alert you to
the code entering the default case if you don't expect it to.
Switch statements serve as a simple way to write long if
statements when the requirements of programming are
met. Often it can be used to process input from a user.
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7. Actual Source code of switch
case
#include <iostream> switch ( input ) {
case 1: // Note the colon, not a semicolon
using namespace std; playgame();
break;
void playgame() case 2: // Note the colon, not a semicolon
{ loadgame();
cout << "Play game called"; break;
} case 3: // Note the colon, not a semicolon
void loadgame() playmultiplayer();
{ break;
cout << "Load game called"; case 4: // Note the colon, not a semicolon
} cout<<"Thank you for playing!n";
void playmultiplayer() break;
{ default: // Note the colon, not a semicolon
cout << "Play multiplayer game called"; cout<<"Error, bad input, quittingn";
} break;
int main() }
{ cin.get();
int input; }
cout<<"1. Play gamen";
cout<<"2. Load gamen";
cout<<"3. Play multiplayern";
cout<<"4. Exitn";
cout<<"Selection: ";
cin>> input;
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9. Explanation
In this program, the user will select if he wants to
play, load, play multiplayer or close the game
based on the number indicated in the output
program of the programming software.
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10. Actual Source code of Program 2
#include <stdlib.h> case 3:
#include <stdio.h> {
printf("n is equal to 3!n");
int main(void) { break;
int n; }
printf("Please enter a number: "); default:
scanf("%d", &n); {
switch (n) printf("n isn't equal to 1, 2, or 3.n");
{ break;
case 1: }
{ }
printf("n is equal to 1!n"); system("PAUSE");
break; return 0;
} }
case 2:
{
printf("n is equal to 2!n");
break;
}
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12. Explanation
#include <iostream>
- This tells the compiler to include files in using dev
c++ of programming.
#include <stdlib.h>
- This tells the compiler to include files.
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
- This starts the main function use in programming.
This 2nd example program that I did for the
requirement in programming will ask the user to select
a number. After entering the number, the
programming software which is the dev c++ program
will print if the entered number is equal to 1, 2 or 3. It
will print different things on the screen depending on
which number the user chose.
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13. Actual source code of program 3
#include <iostream.h>
int main()
{
unsigned short int number;
cout << "Enter a number between 1 and 5: ";
cin >> number;
switch (number)
{
case 0: cout << "Too small, sorry!";
break;
case 5: cout << "Good job!n"; // fall through
case 4: cout << "Nice Pick!n"; // fall through
case 3: cout << "Excellent!n"; // fall through
case 2: cout << "Masterful!n"; // fall through
case 1: cout << "Incredible!n";
break;
default: cout << "Too large!n";
break;
}
cout << "nn";
return 0;
}
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15. explanation
This 3rd program of programming will ask the
user to select a number between 1 and 5. Then
the program will print different things on the
screen depending on which number the user
chose. The switch statement can be very helpful
in handling multiple choices in programming.
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16. Actual source code of program 4
#include <iostream> void welcome()
#include <stdlib.h> {
cout << "This program displays different messages
dependingn";
using namespace std;
cout << "on which number is entered by the user.n";
void welcome();
cout << "Pick a number between 1 and 6 to see whatn";
int getInteger();
cout << "the program will say.nn";
void displayResponse(int choice);
} // end of welcome function
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
// getInteger asks the user for a number between 1 and 6.
{
// The integer is returned to where the function was called.
int choice; // declares the choice variable
int getInteger()
welcome(); // This calls the welcome function
{
choice = getInteger(); // calls getInteger and receives the
value for choice int response; // declares variable called response
displayResponse(choice); // passes choice to cout << "Please type a number between 1 and 6: "; // prompt
displayResponse function for number
cin >> response; // gets input from user and assigns it to
response
system("PAUSE");
return response; // sends back the response value
return 0;
} // end getInteger function
} // end main
// displayResponse function takes the int variable and uses it
// welcome function displays an opening message to
// explain the program to the user
// to determine which set of tasks will be performed.
void displayResponse(int choice)
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17. Source code
{ case 5: // choice was the number 5
int again; cout << "Counting by fives is fun. Five, Ten,
Fifteen, Twenty...nn";
break; // this ends the statements for case 5
// switch statement based on the choice variable
switch (choice) // notice no semicolon case 6: // choice was the number 6
cout << "Six is divisible by two and three.nn";
{
break; // this ends the statements for case 6
case 1: // choice was the number 1
default: // used when choice falls out of the
cout << "One is a lonely number and very useful cases covered above
in math.nn";
cout << "You didn't pick a number between 1
break; // this ends the statements for case 1 and 6.nn";
case 2: // choice was the number 2 again = getInteger(); // gives the user another
cout << "Two is the only even prime try
number.nn"; displayResponse(again); // recalls
break; // this ends the statements for case 2 displayResponse with new number
case 3: // choice was the number 3 break;
cout << "Three is a crowd and also a prime } // end of switch statement
number.nn"; } // end displayResponse function
break; // this ends the statements for case 3
case 4: // choice was the number 4
cout << "Four square is a fun game to play, but
four squared is ";
cout << 4 * 4 << ".nn";
break; // this ends the statements for case 4
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19. explanation
This is the 4th example that I included in my final
requirement in programming. This program
displays different messages depending on which
number is entered by the user. The user will be
asked to pick a number between 1 and 6 to see
what the program will say. Then, after the user
enter the number, the programming software will
print if it is an even or odd number.
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20. Actual Source code of program 5
#include <iostream> void welcome()
#include <stdlib.h> {
cout << "This program displays different messages
dependingn";
using namespace std;
cout << "on which letter is entered by the user.n";
void welcome();
cout << "Pick a letter a, b or c to see whatn";
char getChar();
cout << "the program will say.nn";
void displayResponse(char choice);
} // end of welcome function
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
// getChar asks the user for a letter a, b or c.
{
// The character is returned to where the function was called.
char choice; // declares the choice variable
char getChar()
welcome(); // This calls the welcome function
{
choice = getChar(); // calls getChar and returns the value for
choice char response; // declares variable called response
displayResponse(choice); // passes choice to
displayResponse function
cout << "Please type a letter a, b or c: "; // prompt for letter
cin >> response; // gets input from user and assigns it to
system("PAUSE"); response
return 0; return response; // sends back the response value
} // end main } // end getChar function
// welcome function displays an opening message to // displayResponse function takes the char variable and uses it
// explain the program to the user // to determine which set of tasks will be performed.
void displayResponse(char choice)
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21. Source code
{
char again;
// switch statement based on the choice variable
switch (choice) // notice no semicolon
{
case 'A': // choice was the letter A
case 'a': // choice was the letter a
cout << "A is for apple.nn";
break; // this ends the statements for case A/a
case 'B': // choice was the letter b
case 'b': // choice was the letter b
cout << "B is for baseball.nn";
break; // this ends the statements for case B/b
case 'C': // choice was the letter C
case 'c': // choice was the letter c
cout << "C is for cat.nn";
break; // this ends the statements for case C/c
default: // used when choice falls out of the cases covered above
cout << "You didn't pick a letter a, b or c.nn";
again = getChar(); // gives the user another try
displayResponse(again); // recalls displayResponse with new character
break;
} // end of switch statement
} // end displayResponse function
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23. Explanation
The final program of the requirement in
programming project displays different messages
depending on which letter is entered by the user.
The user will be asked to pick a letter a, b or c to
see what the program will say. Then, after the
user enter the number, the programming software
which is the dev c++ will print if it is an even or
odd number.
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25. Looping statement
In computer programming, a loop is a sequence
of instructions that is continually repeated until a
certain condition is reached.
Typically, a certain process in programming is
done, such as getting an item of data and
changing it, and then some condition is checked
such as whether a counter has reached a
prescribed number.
If it hasn't, the next instruction used in
programming in the sequence is an instruction to
return to the first instruction in the sequence and
repeat the sequence. If the condition has been
reached, the next instruction "falls through" to the
next sequential instruction or branches outside
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26. A loop is a fundamental programming idea that
is commonly used in writing programs.
In object-oriented programming
language, whenever a block of statements has
to be repeated a certain number of times or
repeated until a condition becomes
satisfied, the concept of looping is used.
Loops are used to repeat a block of code.
Being able to have your program repeatedly
execute a block of code is one of the most
basic but useful tasks in programming.
One Caveat: before going further, you should
understand the concept of C++'s true and
false, because it will be necessary when
working with loops (the conditions are the same
as with if statements). There are three types of
loops: for, while, and do..while. Each of them
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27. The following commands used in C++ for
achieving looping:
for loop
while loop
do-while loop
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28. For loop
FOR - for loops are the most useful type in programming.
The syntax for a for loop is
for ( variable initialization; condition; variable update ) {
Code to execute while the condition is true
}
The variable initialization allows you to either declare a variable and give it a
value or give a value to an already existing variable. Second, the condition tells
the program that while the conditional expression is true the loop should continue
to repeat itself. The variable update section is the easiest way for a for loop to
handle changing of the variable. It is possible to do things like x++, x = x + 10, or
even x = random ( 5 ), and if you really wanted to, you could call other functions
that do nothing to the variable but still have a useful effect on the code.
Notice that a semicolon separates each of these sections, that is important. Also
note that every single one of the sections may be empty, though the semicolons
still have to be there. If the condition is empty, it is evaluated as true and the loop
will repeat until something else stops it. This is one of the important factors of a
programming language.
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29. Source code
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x;
/* The loop goes while x < 10, and x increases by one every loop*/
for ( x = 0; x < 10; x++ ) {
/* Keep in mind that the loop condition checks
the conditional statement before it loops again.
consequently, when x equals 10 the loop breaks.
x is updated before the condition is checked. */
printf( "%dn", x );
}
getchar();
}
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31. explanation
The variable initialization used in programming allows
you to either declare a variable and give it a value or
give a value to an already existing variable. Second,
the condition tells the program that while the
conditional expression is true the loop should
continue to repeat itself. The variable update section
is the easiest way for a for loop to handle changing of
the variable. It is possible to do things like x++, x = x +
10, or even x = random ( 5 ), and if you really wanted
to, you could call other functions that do nothing to the
variable but still have a useful effect on the code.
Notice that a semicolon separates each of these
sections, that is important. Also note that every single
one of the sections may be empty, though the
semicolons still have to be there. If the condition in
programming is empty, it is evaluated as true and the
loop will repeat until something else stops it.
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32. Source code
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; // So the program can see cout and endl
int main()
{
// The loop goes while x < 10, and x increases by one every loop
for ( int x = 0; x < 10; x++ ) {
// Keep in mind that the loop condition checks
// the conditional statement before it loops again.
// consequently, when x equals 10 the loop breaks.
// x is updated before the condition is checked.
cout<< x <<endl;
}
cin.get();
}
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34. explanation
This program is a very simple example of a for
loop. x is set to zero, while x is less than 10 it
calls cout<< x <<endl; and it adds 1 to x until the
condition is met. Keep in mind also that the
variable of a programming language is
incremented after the code in the loop is run for
the first time.
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35. While loop
WHILE - WHILE loops are very simple. The basic
structure is
while ( condition ) { Code to execute while the
condition is true } The true represents a boolean
expression which could be x == 1 or while ( x != 7 ) (x
does not equal 7). It can be any combination of
boolean statements that are legal. Even, (while x ==5
|| v == 7) which says execute the code while x equals
five or while v equals 7.
Notice that a while loop is the same as a for loop
without the initialization and update sections.
However, an empty condition is not legal for a while
loop as it is with a for loop.
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36. Source code
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; // So we can see cout and endl
int main()
{
int x = 0; // Don't forget to declare variables
while ( x < 10 ) { // While x is less than 10
cout<< x <<endl;
x++; // Update x so the condition can be met eventually
}
cin.get();
}
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38. explanation
This was another simple example, but it is longer
than the above FOR loop. The easiest way to
think of the loop is that when it reaches the brace
at the end it jumps back up to the beginning of
the loop, which checks the condition again and
decides whether to repeat the block another time,
or stop and move to the next statement after the
block.
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39. Do-while loop
DO..WHILE - DO..WHILE loops are useful for things in
programming that want to loop once. The structure is
do {
} while ( condition );
Notice that the condition is tested at the end of the block
instead of the beginning, so the block will be executed at
least once. If the condition is true, we jump back to the
beginning of the block and execute it again. A do..while
loop is basically a reversed while loop. A while loop says
"Loop while the condition is true, and execute this block of
code", a do..while loop says "Execute this block of
code, and loop while the condition is true".
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40. Source code
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int x;
x = 0;
do {
// "Hello, world!" is printed at least one time
// even though the condition is false
cout<<"Hello, world!n";
} while ( x != 0 );
cin.get();
}
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42. explanation
In this example, once you compile and run the
source codes you did, the programming software
will print “Hello, world!” even though the condition
is false.
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43. Source code
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int x;
x = 0;
do {
// "Hello, world!" is printed at least one time
// even though the condition is false
cout<<"Hello, world!n";
} while ( x != 0 );
cin.get();
}
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45. explanation
Keep in mind that you must include a trailing
semi-colon after the while in the above example.
A common error in programming is to forget that a
do..while loop must be terminated with a
semicolon (the other loops should not be
terminated with a semicolon, adding to the
confusion). Notice that this loop will execute
once, because it automatically executes before
checking the condition.
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