environmental control of poultry farm PLC based project report final

1. Study Development And Implementation
of Environmental Control System for
Poultry Farms
Muhammad Ahsan Naeem
Rao Khurram shahzad
Muhammad Asjad
Muhammad Shehryar
December 2012
Department of Electrical Engineering
COMSATS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
WAH CANTT – PAKISTAN

2. NUMBER
PROJECT OF
ID MEM
BERS
TITLE Study and implementation of Environmental control of poultry farms
SUPERVISOR
NAME
Sir zahoor ud din
MEMBER NAME REG. NO. EMAIL ADDRESS
Muhammad ahsan
Fa08-bs(ce)-142 Ahsannaeem_ch@yahoo.com
naeem
Rao khurram Fa08-bs(ce)-186 R_ks88@yahoo.com
shahzad
Muhammad asjad Fa08-bs(ce)-074 Engineer.asjad@yahoo.com
Muhammad
Fa08-bs(ce)-142 Ask_ciit@yahoo.com
shehryar
CHECKLIST:
Number of pages attached with this form
I/We have attached a complete Project Timeline
YES / NO
using the form CE-DP-35A
I/We have enclosed the soft-copy of this document along-
YES / NO
with the codes and scripts created by myself/ourselves
My/Our supervisor has attested the attached document YES / NO
I/We confirm to state that this project is free from any type
YES / NO
of plagiarism and misuse of copyrighted material
MEMBERS’ SIGNATURES
Supervisor’s Signature
Note 1: This paper must be signed by your supervisor
Note 2: The soft-copies of your project report, source codes, schematics, and executables should be delivered in a CD
Note 3: Submit the report and software to the Degree Projects Coordinator, Electrical Engineering Department
6

3. Declaration
“No portion of the work referred to in the dissertation has been submitted in support of an
application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university/institute or
other institution of learning”.
MEMBERS’ SIGNATURES
_______________________________
7

4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
“Glory to Allah Most High full of grace and mercy
He created all including Human”
We thank to Almighty ALLAH for His Blessing and Guidance in working for this
project.
We would like to admit the great and unconditional academic support and
encouragement from our family. This success is all because of their prayers and help
in our university career.
We would also like to specially thank our highly regarded teachers and specially
supervisor of project Mr. ZAHOOR-UD-DIN for his utmost help and invaluable
guidance and expert advices during execution of the project.
We are also thankful to lab assistants who were always present when we needed them.
We are extremely obliged to our other class fellows who helped us in some way or the
other in completing this project.
Regards,
Muhammad Ahsan Naeem
Rao Khurram Shahzad
Muhammad Asjad
Muhammad Shehryar
8

5. ABSTRACT
The main idea / theme of this project is to design such a system that would sense and control
three parameters i.e. temperature, water level and humidity in the poultry farms .We would
set some required parameters (or particular units) of temperature, water level and humidity
(necessary for the healthy growth of chickens in this case) and if these parameters rise above
or fall below our required conditions, then those parameters would be sensed by the
related/concerned sensors and corrected according to our needs/required conditions .Due to
which we will have a complete understanding of the environmental conditions in poultry
farms and we would thus be able to control these conditions.
9

6. Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 15
1.1 REASON FOR CHOOSING THIS PROJECT........................................................................... 15
1.2 BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................... 16
1.3 BENEFITS OF POULTRY FARMING IN CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT ...................... 16
Literature review ................................................................................................................................... 19
2.1 programmable logic controller (PLC) ......................................................................................... 19
2.1.1 Conceptual Design of PLC ................................................................................................... 19
2.1.2 History of Programmable Logic Controllers ........................................................................ 20
2.1.3 Today’s Programmable Controllers...................................................................................... 20
2.1.4 Programmable Controllers and the Future............................................................................ 22
2.1.5 Principles of Operation ......................................................................................................... 22
2.1.6 Typical Area of PLC Applications ....................................................................................... 23
2.1.7 PLC Product Application Ranges ......................................................................................... 25
2.2 programming of PLC .................................................................................................................. 25
2.2.1 Statement list programming.................................................................................................. 25
2.2.2 Functional block diagram programming .............................................................................. 26
2.2.3 Ladder diagram programming .............................................................................................. 26
2.3 Temperature sensor ..................................................................................................................... 27
2.3.1 Contact Temperature Sensor Types ...................................................................................... 27
2.3.2 Non-contact Temperature Sensor Types .............................................................................. 27
2.3.3 The Thermostat ..................................................................................................................... 27
2.3.4 The Thermistor ..................................................................................................................... 28
2.3.5 Resistive Temperature Detectors (RTD) .............................................................................. 28
2.3.6 The Thermocouple ................................................................................................................ 28
2.4 Humidity...................................................................................................................................... 28
2.5 Humidity sensors ......................................................................................................................... 29
10

7. 2.5.1 Humidity Sensor Types ........................................................................................................ 29
2.5.2 Capacitive Sensors ................................................................................................................ 29
2.5.3 Resistive Sensors .................................................................................................................. 29
2.5.4 Thermal Conductivity Sensors ............................................................................................. 29
2.6 Air Pressure ................................................................................................................................. 29
2.7 Air pressure sensor ...................................................................................................................... 29
2.7.1 Types of pressure measurements .......................................................................................... 30
2.7.2 Absolute pressure sensors ..................................................................................................... 30
2.7.3 Differential pressure sensors. ............................................................................................... 30
2.7.4 Gauge pressure sensors ......................................................................................................... 30
2.8 GSM Modem ............................................................................................................................... 30
2.8.1 GSM interface....................................................................................................................... 30
2.8.2 Mobile Phone as GSM modem ............................................................................................. 31
2.9 Water level sensor ....................................................................................................................... 31
Project Design ....................................................................................................................................... 33
3.1 circuit Design .............................................................................................................................. 33
3.2 HOW IT WORKS ....................................................................................................................... 34
Selection of equipment ......................................................................................................................... 36
4.1 PLC (T100MD-2424).................................................................................................................. 36
4.1.1 Physical Mounting & Wiring ............................................................................................... 37
4.1.2 Analog I/O Ports ................................................................................................................... 37
4.1.3 Digital I/O Ports.................................................................................................................... 37
4.1.4 Power Supply........................................................................................................................ 38
4.2 Nano-10 PLC............................................................................................................................... 38
4.2.1 Physical Mounting & Wiring ............................................................................................... 39
4.3 PT100 .......................................................................................................................................... 39
4.3.1 TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS ............................................................................ 40
4.3.2 General CHARACTERISTICS ........................................................................................ 40
11

8. 4.3.3 Pt100 interface with PLC ..................................................................................................... 40
4.5 SENSIRION - SDP1000-L05...................................................................................................... 41
4.5.1 Features ................................................................................................................................. 41
4.5.2 Applications .......................................................................................................................... 42
4.6 HIH 4000 ..................................................................................................................................... 42
4.6.1 Features ................................................................................................................................. 42
4.6.2 APPLICATIONS: ................................................................................................................. 43
4.6.3 RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS: ............................................................. 43
4.6.4 GRAPHS: ............................................................................................................................. 44
4.7 Point-level mechanism ................................................................................................................ 44
4.8 GSM Modem ............................................................................................................................... 45
4.8.1 GSM modem specifications.................................................................................................. 45
Experiments and Development ............................................................................................................. 47
EXPERIMENT No. 1 ........................................................................................................................ 47
5.1 TEMPERATURE DETECTION BY CONNECTING PLC (F2424) WITH PT 100 ................ 47
5.1.1 DETAIL ................................................................................................................................ 47
EXPERIMENT No. 2 ........................................................................................................................ 47
5.2 HUMIDITY DETECTION BY CONNECTING PLC (F2424) WITH HIH 4000 .................... 47
5.2.1 DETAIL ................................................................................................................................ 47
EXPERIMENT No. 3 ........................................................................................................................ 48
5.3 AIR PRESSURE DETECTION BY CONNECTING PLC (F2424) WITH SDP 1000-L05 ..... 48
5.3.1 DETAIL ................................................................................................................................ 48
EXPERIMENT No. 4 ........................................................................................................................ 48
5.4 WATER LEVEL CONTROL BY USING PLC (F2424) AND POINT LEVEL MECHANISM
..................................................................................................................................................... 48
5.4.1 DETAIL ................................................................................................................................ 48
Implementation and Testing ................................................................................................................. 50
6.1 Implementation............................................................................................................................ 50
Conclusion and Future Work ................................................................................................................ 53
12

9. 7.1Conclusion.................................................................................................................................... 53
7.2 Future Work ................................................................................................................................ 53
References ............................................................................................................................................. 54
13

10. Chapter 01:
14

11. INTRODUCTION
We are to develop a control system for poultry farms. In this project we will try to control four
environmental parameters which are temperature water level and humidity and air pressure. We
will control these four parameters by using different sensors for each of them.
We will set required values of the above mentioned parameters in PLC programming. Whenever
even a small fluctuation occur to our required or needed values of temperature, water level, air
pressure and humidity a message will be sent by a sensor to the client PLC from there it will be
sent to server PLC from where a message will be sent to the user mobile through GSM modem.
We will use PLC’s as main controlling circuit.
1.1 REASON FOR CHOOSING THIS PROJECT
Poultry is one of the most important agricultural industries in Pakistan, employing nearly20, 000
people. The chicken is the cheapest animal protein source to promote growth of 5 percent to 9.84
15

12. percent growth in agriculture and livestock. This is a growing demand for meat in the market and
export prospects, particularly in Muslim countries.
But our poultry industry is facing many problems due to changes in parameters such as
temperature, humidity and water, by controlling these parameters, we can get what we want to
achieve.
So in this project we develop a control system for poultry farms. We use three types of sensors for
controlling the parameters like temperature, pressure and water level to our required range; in this
way we try to maintain proper conditions in the poultry house.
This project would be helpful in preventing the chickens from diseases (in the sense that it would
maintain a healthy atmosphere in the poultry farms) and so we would be able to provide our
people with healthy chickens.
1.2 BACKGROUND
Chicken is the cheapest source of animal protein in the country. Poultry is a provider of
employment of 1.5 million people of Pakistan; it is the most important department in livestock.
There is a Gradual increase the consumption of white meat in Pakistan in recent years due to the
consciousness of people growing health.
Although this industry is a source of food and employment for millions of people, but faces big
obstacles in their progress in the form of heat stress. Pakistan is a tropical country, and in summer
the temperature reaches 40 ° C. The average temperature remains on the upper side thermal
neutral zone for most of the year, which still must be committed to the poor performance of the
herd in food intake, growth rate, and weight gain.
Heat stress is a major problem in poultry. In tropical countries, the temperature rises above 40 ℃,
and thus poultry is not appropriate in summers. Conditions of hot, humid climate cause the
mortality of chickens and reducing growth.
1.3 BENEFITS OF POULTRY FARMING IN CONTROLLED
ENVIRONMENT
 The temperature can be brought down by 10°C to 15°C in controlled environment farm as
compared to the conventional farm and makes environment more comfortable for birds.
 In conventional farming the broiler production in summer is almost stopped and only four
flocks could be taken whereas in controlled environment farming 6-7 flocks could be
raised.
16

13.  Being controlled environment the incidence of diseases could be minimized and cut down
the cost of vaccine and medication of Rs. 2-3 per bird as compared to conventional
farming.
 Mortality can be decreased to 2 to 3 percent in controlled environment farm as
compared to 10 percent in conventional farm.
 In controlled environment farm only one person at daytime and one at night time are
sufficient to look after a flock of 35,000 birds. Whereas conventional farm nearly 6-8
persons are required to manage such a flock.
 In controlled environment farm a broiler flock is ready for market in 37 days as compared
to 45 days in conventional farm.
 Feed conversion ratio (FCR) can be improved by 1.8% in controlled environment farm
17

14. Chapter 02:
18

15. Literature review
This Chapter discusses definitions, background and some important concepts relating to
Programmable Logic Controllers, Ladder Diagram Programming.
2.1 programmable logic controller (PLC)
Programmable logic controllers (PLC) also called programmable controllers or PLCs are solid-
state members of the computer family, using integrated Circuits instead of electromechanical
devices to implement control functions,
They are capable of storing instructions, such as sequencing, timing, Counting, arithmetic, data
manipulation, and communication, to control Industrial machines and processes. Figure 2.1 shows
a general purpose PLC diagram.
Figure2.1: PLC diagram
2.1.1 Conceptual Design of PLC
The first programmable controllers were more or less just relay replaces. Their primary function
was to perform the sequential operations that were previously implemented with relays. These
operations included ON/OFF control of machines and processes that required repetitive
19

16. operations, such as transfer lines and grinding and boring machines. However, these
programmable controllers were a vast improvement over relays.
Programmable controllers can be considered newcomers when they are compared to their elder
predecessors in traditional control equipment technology, such as old hardwired relay systems,
analog instrumentation, and other types of early solid-state logic. Although PLC functions, such
as speed of operation, types of interfaces, and data-processing capabilities, have improved
throughout the years, their specifications still hold to the designer’s original intentions.
Figure2.2: conceptual application diagram
2.1.2 History of Programmable Logic Controllers
Control engineering has evolved over time. In the past humans were the main method for
controlling a system. More recently electricity has been used for control and early electrical
control was based on relays. These relays allow power to be switched on and off without a
mechanical switch. It is common to use relays to make simple logical control decisions. The
development of low cost computer has brought the most recent revolution, the Programmable
Logic Controller (PLC). The advent of the PLC began in the 1970s, and has become the most
common choice for manufacturing controls.
2.1.3 Today’s Programmable Controllers
Many technological advances in the programmable controller industry continue today. These
advances not only affect programmable controller design, but also the philosophical approach to
control system architecture.
Changes include both hardware (physical components) and software (control Program) upgrades.
The following list describes some recent PLC hardware enhancements:
20

17. Faster scan times are being achieved using new, advanced microprocessor and electronic
technology.
Small, low-cost PLCs (see Figure 2.3) which can replace four to ten relays now have more power
than their predecessor, the simple relay replacer.
Figure 2.3: Small PLC with built-in I/O and detachable programming unit
High density input/output (I/O) systems (see Figure 2.4) provide space-efficient interfaces at low
cost.
Mechanical design improvements have included rugged input/output enclosures and input/output
systems that have made the terminal an integral unit.
Special interfaces have allowed certain devices to be connected directly to the controller. Typical
interfaces include thermocouples, strain gauges, and fast-response inputs.
Peripheral equipment has improved operator interface techniques, and system documentation is
now a standard part of the system.
Figure 2.4: PLC system with High-density I/O (64-point modules)
Like hardware advances, software advances, such as the ones listed below, have led to more
powerful PLCs:
PLCs have incorporated object-oriented programming tools and multiple languages based on the
IEC 1131-3 standard.
Small PLCs have been provided with powerful instructions, which extend the area of application
for these small controllers.
21

18. Advanced functional block instructions have been implemented for ladder diagram instruction sets
to provide enhanced software capability using simple programming commands.
Data handling and manipulation instructions have been improved and simplified to accommodate
complex control and data acquisition applications that involve storage, tracking and retrieval of
large amounts of data.
Programmable controllers are now mature control systems offering many more capabilities than
were ever anticipated. They are capable of communicating with
Other control systems, providing production reports, scheduling production, and diagnosing their
own failures and those of the machine or process. These enhancements have made programmable
controllers important contributors in meeting today’s demands for higher quality and productivity.
Despite the fact that programmable controller have become much more sophisticated, they still
retain the simplicity and ease of operation that was intended in their original design.
2.1.4 Programmable Controllers and the Future
The future of programmable controllers relies not only on the continuation of new product
developments, but also on the integration of PLCs with other control and factory management
equipment. PLCs are being incorporation, through networks, into computer-integrated
manufacturing (CIM) systems, combining their power and resources with numerical controls
robots, CAD/CAM systems, personal computers, management information systems, and
hierarchical computer-based system. There is no doubt that programmable controllers will play a
substantial role in the factory of the future.
New advances in PLC technology include features such as better operator interfaces, graphic user
interfaces (GUIs) and more human-oriented man/machine interfaces (such as voice modules).
They also include the development interfaces that allow communication with equipment,
hardware, and software that supports artificial intelligence, such as fuzzy logic I/O systems.
Software advances provide better connections between different types of equipment, using
communication standards through widely used networks. Knowledge-based and process learning-
type instructions may be introduced to enhance the capabilities of a system. Control strategies will
be distributed with “intelligence” instead of being centralized. Super PLCs will be used in
applications requiring complex calculations, network communication, and supervision of smaller
PLCs and machine controllers.
2.1.5 Principles of Operation
A programmable controller, as illustrated in Figure 2.4, consists of two basic Sections:
The central processing unit
The input/output interface system
22

19. Figure 2.5: Programmable controller block diagram
The central processing unit (CPU) governs all PLC activities. The following Three components,
shown in Figure 2.5, form the CPU:
The Processor
The Memory System
The Power Supply
Figure 2.6: Block diagram of major CPU components
2.1.6 Typical Area of PLC Applications
Since its inception, the PLC has been successfully applied in virtually every segment of industry,
including steel mills, paper plants, food-processing plants, chemical plants and power plants,
PLCs perform a great variety of control tasks, from repetitive On/OFF control of simple machines
to sophisticate manufacturing and process control. Table 1 lists a few of the major industries that
use programmable controllers, as well as some of their typical applications.
23

20. Table 1: working areas of PLC applications
24

21. 2.1.7 PLC Product Application Ranges
Figure 2.6 graphically illustrates programmable controller product ranges.
This chart is not definitive, but for practical purposes, it is valid. The PLC Market can be
segmented into five groups:
1. Micro PLCs
2. Small PLCs
3. Medium PLCs
4. Large PLCs
5. Very Large PLCs
Figure 2.7: PLC product ranges
Micro PLCs are used in applications controlling up to 32 input and output devices, 20 or less / IO
being the norm. The micros are followed by the small PLC category, which controls 32 to 128
I/O. The medium (64 to 1024 I/O), large (512 to 4096), and very large (2048 to 8192 I/O) PLCs
complete the segmentation. The A, B and C overlapping areas in Figure 2.7 reflect enhancements,
by adding options, of the standard features of the PLCs within a particular segment.
2.2 programming of PLC
There are more than one ways to program PLC. The most common and widely used technique is
ladder logic programming. The programming languages of PLC are:
Statement list programming
Functional block diagram programming
Ladder diagram programming
2.2.1 Statement list programming
This is more like low level languages BASIC, C etc.in this language statements are written to
program the PLC like AND statement and OR statement.
25

22. 2.2.2 Functional block diagram programming
Functional block diagram programming uses functional blocks of AND gates and OR gates etc. to
program the PLC.
2.2.3 Ladder diagram programming
One of the PLC programming methods that are very commonly used programming using PLC
ladder diagram. The method is practical and easy to understand. The programmer in charge of
writing a program should describe an electronic switch circuit. It can be designed to perform the
conversion of electronic circuits that already exist, and then replace the switch function according
to the functions available to software programmers.
Ladder Diagram Programming is widely used in all over the world. Ladder logic programs mimic
the electrical circuit diagrams used for wiring control system in the electrical industry.
The actual logic of the control system is established inside the PLC by means of a computer
program. This program dictates which output gets energized under which input conditions. The
program itself appears to be a ladder logic diagram, with switch and relay symbol. The ladder
logic programming is used to program PLC. There are no actual switch contacts or relay coil
operating inside the PLC to create the logical relationships between input and output. These are
imaginary contacts and coils. The program is entered and viewed via personal computer
connected to the PLC’s programming port.
26

23. 2.3 Temperature sensor
Temperature Sensors measure the amount of heat energy or even coldness that is generated by
object or system, and can "sense" or detect any physical change to that temperature producing
Either an analogue or digital output. There are many different types of Temperature Sensor
available and all have different Characteristics depending upon their actual application.
2.3.1 Contact Temperature Sensor Types
These types of temperature sensor are required to be in physical contact with the object being
sensed and use conduction to monitor changes in temperature. They can be used to detect solids,
liquids or gases over a wide range of temperatures.
2.3.2 Non-contact Temperature Sensor Types
These types of temperature sensor use convection and radiation to monitor changes in
temperature. They can be used to detect liquids and gases that emit radiant energy as heat rises
and cold settles to the bottom in convection currents or detect the radiant energy being transmitted
from an object in the form of infra-red radiation (the sun).
2.3.3 The Thermostat
The Thermostat is a contact type electro-mechanical temperature sensor or switch, that basically
consists of two different metals such as nickel, copper, tungsten or aluminum etc., that are bonded
together to form a Bi-metallic strip. The different linear expansion rates of the two dissimilar
metals produce a mechanical bending movement when the strip is subjected to heat. The bi-
metallic strip is used as a switch in the thermostat and is used extensively to control hot water
heating elements in boilers, furnaces, hot water storage tanks as well as in vehicle radiator cooling
systems.
Figure 2.12: working principle of thermostat
27

24. 2.3.4 The Thermistor
The Thermistor is another type of temperature sensor, whose name is a combination of the words
THERM-ally sensitive res-ISTOR. A thermistor is a type of resistor which changes its physical
resistance with changes in temperature.
Thermistors are generally made from ceramic type semiconductor materials such as oxides of
nickel, manganese or cobalt coated in glass which makes them easily damaged. Most types of
thermistor's have a Negative Temperature Coefficient of resistance or (NTC), that is their
resistance value goes DOWN with an increase in the temperature but some with a Positive
Temperature Coefficient, (PTC), their resistance value goes UP with an increase in temperature
are also available. Their main advantage is their speed of response to any changes in temperature,
accuracy and repeatability.
2.3.5 Resistive Temperature Detectors (RTD)
Another type of electrical resistance temperature sensor is the Resistance Temperature Detector or
RTD. RTD's are precision temperature sensors made from high-purity conducting metals such as
platinum, copper or nickel wound into a coil and whose electrical resistance changes as a function
of temperature, similar to that of the thermistor.
Resistive temperature detectors have positive temperature coefficients (PTC) but unlike the
thermistor their output is extremely linear producing very accurate measurements of temperature.
2.3.6 The Thermocouple
The Thermocouple is by far the most commonly used type of all the temperature sensing devices
due to its simplicity, ease of use and their speed of response to changes in temperature, due mainly
to their small size. Thermocouples also have the widest temperature range of all the temperature
sensors from below -200oC to well over 2000oC.
Thermocouples are thermoelectric sensors that basically consist of two junctions of dissimilar
metals, such as copper and constantan that are welded or crimped together. One junction is kept at
a constant temperature called the reference (Cold) junction, while the other the measuring (Hot)
junction. When the two junctions are at different temperatures, a voltage is developed across the
junction which is used to measure the temperature sensor.
2.4 Humidity
Humidity is the presence of water in air. The amount of water vapor in air can affect human
comfort as well as many manufacturing processes in industries. The presence of water vapor also
influences various physical, chemical, and biological processes. Hence, humidity sensing is very
important, especially in the control systems for industrial processes and human comfort.
28

25. 2.5 Humidity sensors
humidity sensors work somewhat differently, in that they measure the difference in electrical
conductivity or temperature between moist and dry air.
2.5.1 Humidity Sensor Types
There are different types of humidity sensors
2.5.2 Capacitive Sensors
Sensors that measure relative humidity comprise a thin film of polymer or metal oxide, deposited
on a glass or ceramic substrate between two electrodes. The relative humidity is proportional to
changes in the capacitance of this film, measured as the dielectric constant.
2.5.3 Resistive Sensors
When a substance gets wet, its electrical resistance changes. This is the concept behind resistive
humidity sensors, which measure the change in impedance of a specific medium---such as a salt or
conductive polymer---in response to changes in humidity.
2.5.4 Thermal Conductivity Sensors
Thermal conductivity sensors are based on the fact that a dry mix of gases conducts heat more
efficiently than gas that is saturated with water vapor.
2.6 Air Pressure
The air in the atmosphere is made up of a number of gases. These gases press down on the Earth’s
surface, exerting a force that we call atmospheric pressure or air pressure.
2.7 Air pressure sensor
Air pressure sensor measures pressure, typically of gases. A pressure sensor usually acts as a
transducer; it generates a signal as a function of the pressure imposed. For the purposes of this
article, such a signal is electrical.
29

26. 2.7.1 Types of pressure measurements
There are three main types of air pressure sensors:
2.7.2 Absolute pressure sensors
These have an internal vacuum reference and an output voltage proportional to absolute pressure.
There is only one inlet which allows air pressure to be applied to one side of the diaphragm.
2.7.3 Differential pressure sensors.
These allow application of pressure to either side of the diaphragm and can be used for differential
pressure measurements. They have two inlets, each leading to opposite sides of the diaphragm.
The output voltage of the device is proportional to the pressure difference across the diaphragm.
2.7.4 Gauge pressure sensors
These measure pressure compared to ambient pressure. They function in a similar way to the
differential pressure sensors but without a nipple or other attachment for the ambient port.
2.8 GSM Modem
A GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card, and operates over a
subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone. From the mobile operator perspective,
a GSM modem looks just like a mobile phone.
When a GSM modem is connected to a relevant, this allows the device to use the GSM modem to
communicate over the mobile network. While these GSM modems are most frequently used to
provide mobile internet connectivity, many of them can also be used for sending and receiving
SMS and MMS messages.
2.8.1 GSM interface
GSM modems can be a quick and efficient way to get started with SMS, because a special
subscription to an SMS service provider is not required. A GSM modem can be a dedicated
30

27. modem device with a serial, USB or Bluetooth connection to begin, insert a GSM SIM card into
the modem and connect it to an available USB/serial port on your device.
2.8.2 Mobile Phone as GSM modem
A GSM modem could also be a standard GSM mobile phone with the appropriate cable and
software driver to connect to a serial port or USB port on your computer. Any phone that supports
the “extended AT command set” for sending/receiving SMS messages, can be supported by the
Now SMS & MMS Gateway. Note that not all mobile phones support this modem interface.
Due to some compatibility issues that can exist with mobile phones, using a dedicated GSM
modem is usually preferable .
2.9 Water level sensor
Water Level mechanism detects the level of water. The amount of such water automatically
stores in water tank and water pump automatically work and maintain that amount of water.
31

28. Chapter 03:
32

29. Project Design
3.1 circuit Design
Fig 3.1: circuit Diagram of Control system
33

30. 3.2 HOW IT WORKS
We are going to develop a control system for poultry farms. In this project we will try to control
four environmental parameters which are temperature water level and humidity and air pressure.
We will control these three parameters by using different sensors for each of them.
We will set required values of the above mentioned parameters in PLC programming. Whenever
even a small fluctuation will occur to our required or needed values of temperature, water level,
air pressure and humidity a message will be sent by a sensor to the client PLC from there it will be
sent to server PLC from where a message will be sent to the user mobile through GSM module.
We will use PLC’s as main controlling circuit.
34

31. Chapter 04:
35

32. Selection of equipment
4.1 PLC (T100MD-2424)
 The PLC we are using in this project is T100MD-2424. The features of this PLC are:
Figure: 2.8
 24 digital Inputs and 24 digital outputs with LED Indicators
 8 analog I/Os
 Two of digital outputs are PWM outputs
 expandable up to a total of 96 digital inputs and 96 digital outputs
 It has an RS232 and an RS485 communication ports
 Operating Voltage: Input 12 or 24V DC
 I/O Scan time = 2ms
 Program Scan time = 10us per step
 512 Int Relays / 64 Timers
36

33.  Built-in 16 channels PID Computation Engine (Proportional, Integral, Derivative digital
control)
 1 LCD IDC 14-pin connector terminal
 6016 words EEPROM program memory
 1770 words of programmable EEPROM for user data
 4000 words in volatile RAM
 Operating 0 to 70 deg C (32 to 158 deg F)
4.1.1 Physical Mounting & Wiring
The compactly designed T100MD 2424 PLC can be easily installed in many kinds of
Plastic or metal enclosures.
4.1.2 Analog I/O Ports
The 8 channels of analog I/Os are available via a DB15 Connector. The T100MD 2424 PLC also
Supplies a +5V analog reference-voltage output and the analog ground on the Female DB15
connector, as shown in the following pin-out diagram:
Figure: 2.9 db15 connector and pin configuration
4.1.3 Digital I/O Ports
Detachable screw terminals are provided for quick connection to all digital inputs, outputs and
power supply wires. Each block of screw terminals can easily be detached from the controller
body, enabling easy replacement of the controller board when necessary.
37

34. Figure 2.10: Removing Screw Terminal block
4.1.4 Power Supply
The T100MD 2424 PLC requires a single regulated, 12 to 24V (+/- 5% ripple) DC
Power supply for both the CPU and the I/Os. To use the T100MD 2424 PLC
At 12VDC you should place a jumper block on the two-pin header marked “J1-12V”
Near the power supply terminals. You must remember to remove the jumper it is a good idea to
connect a 470mF to 1000mF, 50V electrolytic capacitor near the power supply connector to
suppress any undesirable voltage glitches from conducting into the PLC. When operating the PLC
above 18V, otherwise the voltage regulator may overheat.
Figure 2.11: recommend power supply configuration
4.2 Nano-10 PLC
Second PLC we are using in this project is Nano-10.it is also manufactured by TRI.some key
features of Nano-10 plc are:
38

35.  4 digital Inputs and 4 digital outputs with LED Indicators
 2 analog I/Os
 Two of digital outputs are PWM outputs
 It has an Ethernet and an RS485 communication ports
 Operating Voltage: Input 24V DC
 I/O Scan time = .5ms
 Program Scan time = 4us per step
 512 Int Relays / 64 Timers
 Built-in 16 channels PID Computation Engine (Proportional, Integral, Derivative digital
control)
 8k words EEPROM program memory
 1k words of programmable EEPROM for user data
 Operating 0 to 70 deg C (32 to 158 deg F)
4.2.1 Physical Mounting & Wiring
The compactly designed T100MD 2424 PLC can be easily installed in many kinds of
Plastic or metal enclosures.
4.3 PT100
In this project we are using PT100 if we split the word: PT and 100. PT is the chemical symbol
for Platinum, 100 is the resistance in Ohm of the Pt100 at 0 °C. The resistance
Changes (fairly linear) with temperature. So, by measuring the resistance we can calculate
the temperature. A Pt100 is also called a RTD element, meaning Resistance Temperature
Detector.
39

36. Figure 2.13: pt100 ( RTD)
4.3.1 TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS
Pt100 elements are specified over a temperature range of -200°C to 850°C however the actual
operating temperature is determined by the construction of the probe into which they are
incorporated. Typical low cost probes are made by soldering the Pt100 to PVC or silicon insulated
copper wires. Obviously these are limited by the maximum temperature of the insulation. For
higher temperature work the Pt100 is silver soldered or crimped onto mineral insulated wires.
4.3.2 General CHARACTERISTICS
 Operating range -200 to 850 0C
 Fairly inexpensive
 Excellent accuracy
 Good linearity
 Excellent stability
4.3.3 Pt100 interface with PLC
We can interface pt100 with PLC in different ways if we are using pt100 in normal conditions
where accuracy is not paramount important then we will use the configuration as in figure
40

37. Figure 2.14: pt100 interface with PLC
If accuracy is important,
we will need to use use temperature-compensated differential amplifiers to amplify a
smaller voltage drop (to avoid the effect of self-heating) across the PT100 sensor.
4.5 SENSIRION - SDP1000-L05
The SDP1000 family of low differential pressure sensors provides precise differential pressure
measurement with an analog 0 to 4 voltage output. The SDP1000 series is an ideal choice for
demanding applications, for example medical and industrial systems.
4.5.1 Features
 Accuracy of 0.1% full-scale near zero
 Amplified, analog voltage output: 0 to 4 Vdc
 No offset, zero drift, hysteresis free High dynamic range thanks to flow measurement
principle
41

38.  Fully calibrated and temperature compensated
 Not sensitive to the mounting orientation
4.5.2 Applications
 Medical
 Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning (HVAC)
 Industrial Automotive
4.6 HIH 4000
We use the HIH 4000 humidity sensor because the HIH-4000 humidity sensor is designed
specifically for high volume OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) users. Direct input to a
controller or other device is made possible by the production of linear voltage sensor. With a
current circulation of only 200 uA typical, the HIH-4000 is ideal for casting low-frequency,
battery operated systems. The HIH-4000 offers instrumentation quality RH (Relative Humidity)
sensing performance in a competitive price. The multilayer construction of the sensor element
provides excellent resistance to most applications dangers, such as wetting, dust, dirt, oils and
common environmental chemicals.
Fig 2.9.1:
4.6.1 Features
Some basic features are:
 Molded thermoset plastic housing
 Linear voltage output
 Low power design
 High accuracy
42

39.  Fast response time
 Stable, low drift performance
 Chemically resistant
4.6.2 APPLICATIONS:
 Refrigeration equipment
 HVAC equipment
 Medical equipment
 Drying
 Metrology
4.6.3 RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS:
Fig 2.9.1: Diagram of Recommended operating zone
Fig 2.9.3: Storage zone of HIH 4000
43

40. 4.6.4 GRAPHS:
Fig 2.9.4: Typical best fit straight line
4.7 Point-level mechanism
We used three wires for three points in water tank i-e top, middle and lowest. When water level
goes to the lowest point the circuit completes and water pump turns ON, second point is located at
the middle of the tank, when water level reaches at middle point, water pump remains ON, when
water level reaches at the top point the water pump turns OFF. Whereas when water level remains
at the top the water pump remains OFF, when water level reaches middle point the pump still
remains OFF and when water level reaches at the lowest point the pump turns ON.
44

41. 4.8 GSM Modem
We used here a gsm modem that supports 900/1800 Mhz and has option for RS232 interface . in
this modem we use GSm sim card and interface it with PLC using RS232.
4.8.1 GSM modem specifications
GSM compatibility GSM900 and GSM1800
Data rate 9600 baud, 14400 baud
Services supported GSM data transmission, SMS, Fax group 3
Voltage 3V
Detection SIM card detection supported
Impedance 50 Ohms
Operating temperature range - 20 to +70 C, for the GSM operation
Humidity RH up to 95% non-condensing
45

42. Chapter 05:
46

43. Experiments and Development
Before implementing this whole project we did some experiments to check the behavior and
compatibility of different sensors and PLC.there detail is as under
EXPERIMENT No. 1
5.1 TEMPERATURE DETECTION BY CONNECTING PLC
(F2424) WITH PT 100
Attach temperature detector with PLC and burn program in PLC to determine the temperature.
Monitor temperature.
5.1.1 DETAIL
We attached temperature sensor with thermistor and connect it to the input of ADC 1 of
PLC(tm100-2424), when temperature fluctuates the resistance of the temperature sensor varies.
With this variation of resistance input at ADC also changes. Readings taken from ADC were
converted using standard formula for temperature(given below) and as a result we observed real
time temperature on our virtual LCD.
DM[2]=(((T*10)-3722)*10)/130
EXPERIMENT No. 2
5.2 HUMIDITY DETECTION BY CONNECTING PLC (F2424)
WITH HIH 4000
Attached humidity sensor with PLC and burn program in PLC to determine the humidity and
Monitor humidity.
5.2.1 DETAIL
We attached humidity sensor with operational amplifier (LM 234) and connect it to the input of
ADC 2, when humidity changes the output of the sensor varies. This variation of output becomes
input at ADC that also changes. Readings taken from ADC were converted using standard
formula for humidity and as a result we observed humidity on our virtual LCD.
DM[1]=(((H-785)*10)/25)
47

44. EXPERIMENT No. 3
5.3 AIR PRESSURE DETECTION BY CONNECTING PLC (F2424)
WITH SDP 1000-L05
Attach air pressure sensor with PLC and burn program in PLC to determine the air pressure and
monitored air pressure.
5.3.1 DETAIL
We attached air pressure sensor with ADC 3 of PLC, when air pressure changes the output of the
sensor varies. This variation of output becomes input at ADC that also changes. Readings taken
from ADC were converted using standard formula for air pressure and as a result we observed air
pressure on our virtual LCD.
EXPERIMENT No. 4
5.4 WATER LEVEL CONTROL BY USING PLC (F2424) AND
POINT LEVEL MECHANISM
In this control system when water level goes down to the lowest point the water pump switched
ON and when the water level goes to top the water pump turns OFF.
5.4.1 DETAIL
We used three wires for three points in water tank i-e top, middle and lowest. When water level
went to the lowest point the circuit completes and water pump turned ON, second point was
located at the middle of the tank, when water level reached at middle point, water pump remained
ON, when water level reached at the top point the water pump turned OFF. Whereas when water
level remained at the top the water pump remained OFF, when water level reached at middle point
the pump still remained OFF and when water level reached at the lowest point the pump turned
ON. We used LED for indication of the water pump.
48

45. Chapter 06:
49

46. Implementation and Testing
We tried to develop a control system for poultry farms. In this project we will tried to control four
environmental parameters which are temperature water level and humidity and air pressure. We
controlled these four parameters by using different sensors for each of them which we have
discussed above.
We will set required values of the above mentioned parameters in PLC programming. Whenever
even a small fluctuation occurred to our required or needed values of temperature, water level, air
pressure and humidity a message was sent by a sensor to the client PLC from there it was sent to
server PLC from where a message sent to the user mobile through GSM modem.
We used PLC’s as main controlling circuit.
6.1 Implementation
First of all we took client PLC (T-100MD 2424) connect humidity sensor ( HIH4000)
,Temperature sensor ( PT 100) Air pressure sensor (SDP-1000 L05) and Water level Mechanism
.Burn program for the sensor in client PLC , and observed output .
Then we set the limit of temperature and Water level in code .Then we connect fans and
indication LED for water pump and observe its behavior . When temperature increases from
certain level fans turn ON , When temperature decreases from certain level , Fans turn OFF.With
this mechacnism we can maintain the temperature of poultry house .
Like this we took a jar and set three levels points, and three wires for three points in water tank i-e
top, middle and lowest. When water level went to the lowest point , the circuit completes and
water pump turned ON, second point was located at the middle of the tank, when water level
reached at middle point, water pump remained ON, when water level reached at the top point the
water pump turned OFF. Whereas when water level remained at the top the water pump remained
OFF, when water level reached at middle point the pump still remained OFF and when water level
reached at the lowest point the pump turned ON. We used LED for indication of the water
pump.Then we connected LCD to observe outputs and took our reading on LCD . LCD was
connected with four pins builten interface of client PLC (T-100MD2424) .
Then we connected the client PLC (T-100MD 2424) with server PLC ( NANO-10) by using
(RS485) interface.Then we observe outputs from server PLC (NANO-10).Then we deattached the
fan and water level mechanism from client PLC and connect them to server PLC to control these
parameter from control room .Now we connected , and configure the server PLC with GSM
modem . we burn the program of GSM modem in server PLC .
50

47. When ever parameters violated our given limits server PLC send SMS notification to the user
mobile phon through GSM modem .
51

48. Chapter 07:
52

49. Conclusion and Future Work
7.1Conclusion
To our research and analysis we can simply predict that by the end of this project Environmental
control of poultry farm was successfully design and implemented using PLCs and general
purpose sensors it also meet our objective.
7.2 Future Work
As we have discusd earlier about our project in which we have used PLC and GSM modem to
manage environmental control of poultry farm .
Now we will discuss out future work and our ideas for this project which will make it highly
reliable , efficient and compatible to meet professional demands .
Idea 1
We will use scada for real time observations with our server PLC to monitor and control our
parameter from control room .
Idea 2
We can make database system to keep record to analyze of environmental parameters in different
times with this analysis we can improve environmental conditions in out poultry houses.
Idea 3
In this project we are just observing the parameters of environmental control through GSM in
future we will enhance its ability that we can control our parameters through GSM by using our
phon .
53

50. References
1. PROGRAMMABLE CONTROLLERS THEORY AND IMPLEMENTATION , SECOND EDITION BY
L.A. BRYAN AND E.A. BRYAN
2. AUTOMATING M ANUFACTURING SYSTEMS WITH PLCS BY HUGH J ACK
3. INTRODUCTION TO PLC CONTROLLERS ON -LINE, BY NEBOJSA MATIC
4. http://www.getpedia.com/showarticles.php?cat=229
5. BASICS OF PLC S BY SIEMENS
6. http://pakpoultry.blogspot.com/search/label/Poultry%20Farming
7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultry_farming
8. www.nbp.com.pk/Agriculture/PrFeasibilityReport.pdf
9. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PLC-BASED MONITORING CONTROL SYSTEM FOR
THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS FED BY PWM INVERTER BY YASAR BIRBIR
54