New product dedisions provide a dear path to the business. New product development astep by step process. A Complete idea is required behind new product. 1 1deal Generation: The development of a product starts with the concept and idea. The remaining process is depending on that idea. 2 Screening of Idea: This step is cruial to ensure that unsuitable ideas, for whatever reason, are rejected as soon as possible. Ideas need to be considered objectively, ideally by a group or committee. 3. Concept Development and Testing: After having an idea, next is the sreening stage. The idea should now convert into concept. It has depth information which can be visualizing by the consumer. 4. Anaysis of business: After finalization of concept, a business case needs to be kept algTStogether to consider whether the new service /product will be gainful. 2665.Product Development If the nev product is approved, it will be approved to the 2marketing and technical development step. 6. Test Marketing: Market testing (test marketing or) is different to consumer testing. in that it introduces the product that follows proposed plan of marketing. od7. Commercialization: When the concept has been tested and developed, final 0decisions are required to move the product to its introduction into the market. 8. Launch: A detailed plan of launch is required for this step. This is the important stage for success of a product New Drug Development So In present business atmosphere, it is more important to take smart decisions for business. Innovative approaches and new products can put an organization on proper pathway and to make a big success if appropriately analyzed and executed. Make it simpler (Fig.2.1).0 Following parameters should keep in mind for a better decision: Analyzing existing service and product portfolio frequently. Knowing the position of functions of business, projects of departments and initiatives. Understanding the distribution of funds and assessing efficiency. Having understanding of market for new opportunities and possible competition. 2.B PRODUCT BRANDING, PACKAGING AND LABELLING DECİSIONs 2.8.1 Branding Branding has its existence from ancient era. According to Nilson (2000), the first example of branding is found in the oil lamps' manufacture on the Greek islands thousands of years back. Brand elements are name, sign, term, symbol, design or distinguishing characteristics. Brand is not only a graphical design or a logo; it is the unique identity of the product. By American Marketing Association, Brand can be defined as name, term, sign, symbol or design, or a combination of them intended to identijy the goods and services of one seller or group of sellers and to diferentiate them from those of other sellersa54 Branding is a process, where a company generates loyalty among consumers in the market. Brands are designed with a motive to communicate customers the reason for the existence of their product. Brand should have a strong connection with customers;

6. Teens & Birth Control:
Excuses...Excuses...Excuses
• “It was unromantic and planned”
• “I Would feel guilty”
• “It is against my religion”
• “We used the withdrawal method”
• “Doctor will blab to my mom”
• “It won’t happen to me”
• “Condoms break and don’t work”

7. Teens & Pregnancy
• 1 million teens became pregnant in 2000
• 512,000 of these teens gave birth
• 6 of 10 U.S. pregnancies are unplanned
• Most teens do not plan to have sex the first time
forget to use a birth control method

8. Estimated Annual Cases of STD’s
(source: WHO)
• 333 million worldwide
• 15.3 million in U.S.

9. Estimated Annual Cases of STDs, U.S.
(American Social Health Association, Dec 1998, “STD’s: How many at at What Cost?”)
• Human Papilloma Virus 5,500,000
• Tichomoniasis 5,000,000
• Chlamydia 3,000,000
• Herpes 1,000,000
• Gonorrhea 650,000
• Hepatitis B 77,000
• Syphilis 70,000
• HIV 20,000
• total 15,317,000

10. Abstinence
• Only 100% method of birth control
• Abstinence is when partners do not engage in sexual intercourse
• Communication between partners is important for those practicing
abstinence to be successful

11. Reasons for abstaining
• Moral or religious values
• Personal beliefs
• Medical reasons
• Not feeling ready for an
emotional, intimate
relationship
• Future plans

12. Types of Birth Control
• Hormonal
• Barrier
• IUD
• Methods based on
information
• Permanent sterilization
R

15. Hormonal Methods
• Oral Contraceptives
(Birth Control Pill)
• Injections (Depo-Provera)
• Implants (Norplant I & II)

16. Birth Control Pills
• Pills can be taken to prevent pregnancy
• Pills are safe and effective when taken properly
• Pills are over 99% effective
• Women must have a pap smear to get a prescription for birth control
pills
• Pills DO NOT prevent STD’s

17. How does the pill work?
• Stops ovulation
• Thins uterine lining
• Thickens cervical mucus

18. Positive Benefits of Birth Control Pills
 Prevents pregnancy
 Eases menstrual
cramps
 Shortens period
 Regulates period
Decreases
incidence of
ovarian cysts
Prevents ovarian
and uterine cancer
Decreases acne
• Breast tenderness
• Nausea
• Increase in
headaches
• Moodiness
• Weight change
• Spotting
Side-effects

19. Taking the Pill
• Once a day at the same time everyday
• Use condoms for first month
• Use condoms when on antibiotics
• Use condoms for 1 week if you miss a pill or
take one late
• The pill offers no protection from STD’s

21. Depo-Provera
• Birth control shot given once every three
months to prevent pregnancy
• 99.7% effective preventing pregnancy
• No daily pills to remember

22. How does the shot work?
• The same way as the Pill!
• Stops ovulation
• Stops menstrual cycles!!
• Thickens cervical mucus

23. SIDE EFFECTS
• Extremely irregular menstrual bleeding and
spotting for 3-6 months!
• NO PERIOD  after 3-6 months
• Weight change
• Breast tenderness
• Mood change
*NOT EVERY WOMAN HAS SIDE-EFFECTS!

24. The Patch

25. The Patch

27. IMPLANTS
• Implants are placed in the body filled with
hormone that prevents pregnancy
• Physically inserted in simple 15 minute
outpatient procedure
• Plastic capsules the size of paper matchsticks
inserted under the skin in the arm
• 99.95% effectiveness rate

28. Norplant I vs. Norplant II
• Six capsules
• Five years
• Two capsules
• Three years
The pill works in several ways to prevent pregnancy.
The pill suppresses ovulation so that an egg is not
released from the ovaries, and changes the cervical
mucus, causing it to become thicker and making it
more difficult for sperm to swim into the womb. The
pill also does not allow the lining of the womb to
develop enough to receive and nurture a fertilized
egg. This method of birth control offers no protection
against sexually-transmitted diseases.

29. Norplant Implant

30. Norplant Considerations
• Should be considered long term birth
control
• Requires no upkeep 
• Extremely effective in pregnancy
prevention > 99%

32. Emergency contraception pills can reduce
the chance of a pregnancy by 75% if
taken within 72 hours of unprotected sex!
Emergency Contraception

33. Emergency Contraception (ECP)
• Must be taken within 72 hours of the act of
unprotected intercourse or failure of
contraception method
• Must receive ECP from a physician
• 75 – 84% effective in reducing pregnancy

34. ECP
• Floods the ovaries with high amount of
hormone and prevents ovulation
• Alters the environment of the uterus, making it
disruptive to the egg and sperm
• Two sets of pills taken exactly 12 hours apart

35. BARRIER METHODS
• Spermicides
• Male Condom
• Female Condom
• Diaphragm
• Cervical Cap

36. BARRIER METHOD
• Prevents pregnancy blocks the egg and
sperm from meeting
• Barrier methods have higher failure rates
than hormonal methods due to design and
human error

37. SPERMICIDES
• Chemicals kill sperm in the vagina
• Different forms:
-Jelly -Film
-Foam -Suppository
• Some work instantly, others require pre-insertion
• Only 76% effective (used alone), should be used in combination
with another method i.e., condoms

39. MALE CONDOM
• Most common and effective barrier method when used properly
• Latex and Polyurethane should only be used in the prevention of
pregnancy and spread of STD’s (including HIV)

40. MALE CONDOM
• Perfect effectiveness rate = 97%
• Typical effectiveness rate = 88%
• Latex and polyurethane condoms are
available
• Combining condoms with spermicides
raises effectiveness levels to 99%

42. FEMALE CONDOM
• Made as an alternative to male condoms
• Polyurethane
• Physically inserted in the vagina
• Perfect rate = 95%
• Typical rate = 79%
• Woman can use female condom if partner
refuses

43. Reality  : The Female Condom
The female condom is a lubricated polyurethane sheath, similar in appearance to a male condom. It is
inserted into the vagina. The closed end covers the cervix. Like the male condom, it is intended for one-time
use and then discarded.
The sponge is inserted by the woman into the vagina and covers the cervix blocking sperm from entering the
cervix. The sponge also contains a spermicide that kills sperm. It is available without a prescription.

45. Vaginal Ring (NuvaRing)
• 95-99% Effective A new ring is inserted into the vagina
each month
• Does not require a "fitting" by a health care provider,
does not require spermicide, can make periods more
regular and less painful, no pill to take daily, ability to
become pregnant returns quickly when use is stopped.
NuvaRing is a flexible
plastic (ethylene-vinyl
acetate copolymer)
ring that releases a
low dose of a
progestin and an
estrogen over 3
weeks.

46. DIAPRAGHM
• Perfect Effectiveness Rate = 94%
• Typical Effectiveness Rate = 80%
• Latex barrier placed inside vagina during
intercourse
• Fitted by physician
• Spermicidal jelly before insertion
• Inserted up to 18 hours before intercourse and
can be left in for a total of 24 hours

47. DIAPHRAGM
The diaphragm is a flexible rubber cup that is filled with
spermicide and self-inserted over the cervix prior to
intercourse. The device is left in place several hours
after intercourse. The diaphragm is a prescribed device
fitted by a health care professional and is more
expensive than other barrier methods, such as condoms

49. CERVICAL CAP
• Latex barrier inserted in vagina before
intercourse
• “Caps” around cervix with suction
• Fill with spermicidal jelly prior to use
• Can be left in body for up to a total of 48 hours
• Must be left in place six hours after sexual
intercourse
• Perfect effectiveness rate = 91%
• Typical effectiveness rate = 80%

50. Cervical Cap
The cervical cap is a flexible rubber cup-like device that is filled with
spermicide and self-inserted over the cervix prior to intercourse. The
device is left in place several hours after intercourse. The cap is a
prescribed device fitted by a health care professional and can be more
expensive than other barrier methods, such as condoms.

52. Sponge
The sponge is inserted by the woman into the vagina and covers the
cervix blocking sperm from entering the cervix. The sponge also
contains a spermicide that kills sperm. It is available without a
prescription

54. INTRAUTERINE DEVICES
(IUD)
• T-shaped object placed in the
uterus to prevent pregnancy
• Must be on period during
insertion
• A Natural childbirth required to
use
IUD
• Extremely effective without
using hormones > 97 %
• Must be in monogamous
relationship
The intrauterine device (IUD) shown uses copper as the active contraceptive,
others use progesterone in a plastic device. IUDs are very effective at preventing
pregnancy (less than 2% chance per year for the progesterone IUD, less than 1%
chance per year for the copper IUD). IUDs come with increased risk of ectopic
pregnancy and perforation of the uterus and do not protect against sexually
transmitted disease. IUDs are prescribed and placed by health care providers.

55. Copper T vs.. Progestasert
• 10 years
• 99.2 % effective
• Copper on IUD acts as
spermicide, IUD blocks
egg from implanting
• Must check string before
sex and after shedding of
uterine lining.
• 1 year
• 98% effective
• T shaped plastic that
releases hormones over
a one year time frame
• Thickens mucus, blocking
egg
• Check string before sex &
after shedding of uterine
lining.

57. STERILIZATION
• Procedure performed on a man or a
woman permanently sterilizes
• Female = Tubal Ligation
• Male = Vasectomy

58. TUBAL LIGATION
• Surgical procedure performed on a woman
• Fallopian tubes are cut, tied, cauterized, prevents eggs from
reaching sperm
• Failure rates vary by procedure, from 0.8%-3.7%
• May experience heavier periods
Surgical sterilization which
permanently prevents the
transport of the egg to the uterus
by means of sealing the fallopian
tubes is called tubal ligation,
commonly called "having one's
tubes tied." This operation can be
performed laparoscopically or in
conjunction with a Cesarean
section, after the baby is delivered.
Tubal ligation is considered
permanent, but surgical reversal
can be performed in some cases

59. LAPAROSCOPY-’BAND-AID’
STERILIZATION

61. VASECTOMY
• Male sterilization procedure
• Ligation of Vas Deferens tube
• No-scalpel technique available
• Faster and easier recovery than a tubal
ligation
• Failure rate = 0.1%, more effective than
female sterilization

62. During a vasectomy (“cutting the vas”) a urologist cuts
and ligates (ties off) the ductus deferens. Sperm are still
produced but cannot exit the body. Sperm eventually
deteriorate and are phagocytized. A man is sterile, but
because testosterone is still produced he retains his sex
drive and secondary sex characteristics.

64. METHODS BASED ON
INFORMATION
• Withdrawal
• Natural Family Planning
• Fertility Awareness Method
• Abstinence

65. WITHDRAWAL
• Removal of penis from the vagina before ejaculation occurs
• NOT a sufficient method of birth control by itself
• Effectiveness rate is 80% (very unpredictable in teens, wide variation)
• 1 of 5 women practicing withdrawal become pregnant
• Very difficult for a male to ‘control’

66. Natural Family Planning &
Fertility Awareness Method
• Women take a class on the menstrual cycle to
calculate more fertile times
• Requires special equipment and cannot be self-
taught
• NFP abstains from sex during the calculated
fertile time
• FAM uses barrier methods during fertile time
• Perfect effectiveness rate = 91%
• Typical effectiveness rate = 75%
• No 100% safe day-irregular periods

69. SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT…
Couples who use no birth control have a
85% chance of a pregnancy within the first
year.
Will you be one of the 512,000 of the teens
that gave birth in 2000?

71. EXCELLENT REFERENCE SEE:
www.plannedparenthood.org/bc Hatcher,
Robert, MD
Contraceptive Technology ,17ed. (2001)