This document discusses a project involving distributed generation and integration with the national grid. It includes: - An overview of the project members and analogy of load sharing and individual contributions. - Background on increasing power demand and the role of renewable resources in providing power. - Topics to be covered including the grid simulation, PV array, CUK converter, three-phase inverter, and phase shifting transformer. - Simulation results showing integration of renewable generation from a PV array with the grid using a phase shifting transformer to control power flow. - Suggestions for possible modifications like adding an MPPT controller or hybrid energy system.

1. Distributed Generation and
Integration with National
Grid

3. Group Members
• Syed Faizan Ali (EE-040)
• Syed Ibtihaj (EE-057)
• Dareer Bin Khalid (EE-061)
• Muhammad Ali Siddiqui (EE-062)

5. Analogy behind our Project
• Load Sharing
• Individual Contribution

6. Background Facts
Demand in Power is increasing exponentially
Out of which 16% is the share of
hydal and 3% of renewable like
wind, solar etc
Today 19% of the world’s total
energy requirement is fulfilled via
renewable energy
By 2070, 70% of power will be
provided by renewable resources
The graph below shows the cost comparison of some renewable energy
resources with the conventional resources.

7. Renewable Resources
What are Renewable Resources?Major Renewable Resources
Solar Energy
Wind Energy

8. Topics to be covered in Presentation:
The Project
Basic Working Of the Project
Software Introduction
• The Grid
Simulation Work
• CUK Converter
Suggestions and Possible Modifications
Question and Answer session
• Renewable Resources
• The Three phase Inverter
• Phase Shifting Transformer
• PV Array

9. The Project
Aim of The ProjectBenefits
Benefits for Power generation
and development authorities Benefits for the consumers
Reduction of Fuel cost Lesser Power Outage
Maximum utilization of
renewable energy sources
To encourage consumer
participation and reduce load
on the grid
Real time check and balance of
power flow (net metering)
Isolation in fault conditions

10. Basic Idea
2000W
500W
4000W
2500W
2500W
500W
Distributed
Generation
Our System
Utility
Load
2500W
2500W
2500W
1500W
1500W
2500W 2500W

11. Simulation Work
The Grid
Components:
Standard 9 bus system
Three Generating Sources
Three Transformers
Nine Buses
Three Loads
Ratings
G1: 192MVA @ 18KV
G2: 128MVA @13.8KV
G3: 247.5MVA @ 16.5KV

12. Simulation Work
PV Array/Solar Panel
Background
Definition
Major theme of the project is all about utilizing
the renewable energy
Solar panel is a clean source of electricity.
Panel designed to absorb the sun's rays as a
source of energy for generating electricity or
heating.
Why Solar?
Add more panels easily

13. The Sun’s Input Irradiation
Pattern to Solar Cells
Simulation Work
Modelling of a PV Array/Solar Panel
A solar panel is a module made up of many
small solar cells.
Solar cells operate on the principle of
Photoelectric effect.
The number of cells in an array depend upon
the desired requirement of electricity.
The Output Current, Voltage and
Power Delivered by the PV Array
for the given Input Irradiation
A 6 Cell Solar Module x12A 72 Cell Solar Module

14. Simulation Work
CUK Converter
A converter that transforms DC voltage at the input
to a DC voltage at desired level to the output.
The output is with a reversed polarity and required
magnitude.
Working:
The MOSFET Switch
Purpose:
To Stabilize the Voltage at
constant 24 Volts
3 Stages:
ON State
OFF State
ON State
Controlling Equation
Vout = - Vin
Why Cuk Converter
Lesser Ripples than Buck Boost Converter

15. Simulation Work
Controlling Of Cuk’s Duty Cycle
To Increase the Duty Cycle, when output is less than
desired Voltage (24 Volts)
To Decrease the Duty Cycle, when output is greater
than desired Voltage (24 Volts)
Sine wave
DC Reference
Signal
Comparator Pulses
The PWM Technique
Generation Of Pulse WidthObservation

16. Simulation Work
PV Array and Ćuk Converter:
Input IrradiationThe PV ArrayĆuk ConverterVariable Duty CycleObservations

17. Three Phase Inverter Circuit
Components
BJT Switches
Diodes
Ideal Switches
Simulation Work
A device that converts the DC voltage to the 3phase
AC Voltage
Made up of 3 Single Phase Inverter

18. Technique used for Inverter Circuit
The Pulse Width Modulation TechniqueGeneration of Pulse Width Signal
Triangular wave
Sine wave
Comparator Gate Pulses
Simulation Work

19. The Pulse Width Modulation Technique
Simulation Work
Problems
Voltage Drop
Solution
Parameter Adjustment
• Amplitude Modulation
• Frequency Modulation

20. Final Inverter Circuitry
The PWM ModulatorThe Switching CircuitryFilterObservation:
Simulation Work

21. Simulation Work
Renewable Source Ready to be Integrated with The Grid

22. Integration of Renewable
Source to the Grid
Simulation Work
-760 KW
-1060 KW

23. Simulation Work
Problems:
+ve Power
Grid
-ve Power
Power flow
Solution:

24. Simulation Work
Phase Shifting Transformer
A device for controlling the power flow through
specific lines in a power transmission network
Purpose of Using Phase Shift Transformers
To control the power flow between two large
independent power systems
To change the phase angle between the sending
end and the receiving end voltage of a
transmission line.
To balance the loading when power systems are
connected together in more than one point.
To protect from thermal overload and to improve
transmission system stability.

25. Simulation Work
Phase Shifting Transformer
Construction:
Two Separate 3phase Transformer
Series Transformer
Shunt Transformer
Working Equation:
𝑃 =
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑅
𝑋 𝐿
𝑠𝑖𝑛δ
𝑄 =
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑅
𝑋 𝐿
𝑐𝑜𝑠δ −
VR
VS

26. Working Of Phase Shifting Transformer
(With Ideal Sources)
Source 1
(As Utility Grid)
Source 2
(As Renewable Resource)
Phase Shifting TransformerThree Phase LoadThe Measurement Blocks
Simulation Work

27. Working Of Phase Shifting Transformer
(With Ideal Sources)
Simulation Work
Observation:
Phase Angle
(Deg)
Power (DG)
(Watt)
Power (Grid)
(Watt)
-0.16 1000 0
-0.12 840 160
-0.08 600 400
-0.04 315 685
-0.01 180 820
0.01 0 1000
Conclusion
Varying The No. of Taps of Shunt
Transformer Varies the Phase Angle of
the Voltage
With the Variation of the Phase Angles,
the Contribution of the Grid and DG
can be controlled
The Sum Of Contribution of Power
from Grid and DG is same and equals
the Load Demand
Total Power to
1kW Load
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000

28. The Final Integration of Distributed Generation to the Utility Grid

29. Suggestions and Possible Modifications
Hybrid energy system (HES):
Integrating system with a computer:
A fuel cell or other renewable energy sources can be
connected for extended power source.
More reliable system and dependable at the times of
high power demand.
Communicated with the computer, using
serial bus communication.
Easily trouble shooting

30. Suggestions and Possible Modifications
Use of maximum power point tracking (MPPT):
This function is like the transmission of the car,
where wheels don’t receive maximum power,
when car’s in wrong gear
Maximum power transfer circuit is interfaced
With the solar panel INPUT.