The document discusses the process of water treatment, which consists of four main processes: coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration. It then provides more details on each step, explaining that coagulation involves adding chemicals to make small particles stick together, flocculation slowly mixes these particles to form larger clumps, sedimentation allows the clumps to settle in a tank, and filtration passes the water through layers of sand and coal to remove remaining particles. The document also gives some history on the development of water filtration.
Effluent Treatment Plant, Reverse Osmosis System, Sewage Treatment Plant, Water Softening Plant, Swimming Pool Filter
We Netsol Water Solutions Private Limited are one of the leading and reliable manufacturer, supplier and exporter of a wide range of best quality Water Treatment Solutions. The offered range has been availed to the customers at the most comprehensive and market leading price range. We have manufactured this range from the usage of best quality raw material procured from reliable vending sources. In our extensive range we are availing products such as RO Plant, Effluent Treatment Plant, Air Pollution Control System, Water Treatment Plant WTP Manufacturer, Swimming Pool Filter, Swimming Pool Builder and much more.
Our expert professionals have fabricated this range in complete compliance with the industrial standards. We have also installed and made use of highly advanced technicalities and machines for the making of these machines and components. Offering complete purification of water, the systems are available for various processes be it industrial or domestic. At our infrastructure we have installed the best of facilities. We assure complete quality from our side as we put up our products to stringent quality testing.
A simple presentation on water purification using microorganisms
here the water purification process activated sludge is discussed and trickling filters usage and what is use of water purification and use of microorganisms
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS IN INDIA IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #water,#waterborne,#ICDS,#diseases,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE,#HEALTHPROBLEMS
Effluent Treatment Plant, Reverse Osmosis System, Sewage Treatment Plant, Water Softening Plant, Swimming Pool Filter
We Netsol Water Solutions Private Limited are one of the leading and reliable manufacturer, supplier and exporter of a wide range of best quality Water Treatment Solutions. The offered range has been availed to the customers at the most comprehensive and market leading price range. We have manufactured this range from the usage of best quality raw material procured from reliable vending sources. In our extensive range we are availing products such as RO Plant, Effluent Treatment Plant, Air Pollution Control System, Water Treatment Plant WTP Manufacturer, Swimming Pool Filter, Swimming Pool Builder and much more.
Our expert professionals have fabricated this range in complete compliance with the industrial standards. We have also installed and made use of highly advanced technicalities and machines for the making of these machines and components. Offering complete purification of water, the systems are available for various processes be it industrial or domestic. At our infrastructure we have installed the best of facilities. We assure complete quality from our side as we put up our products to stringent quality testing.
A simple presentation on water purification using microorganisms
here the water purification process activated sludge is discussed and trickling filters usage and what is use of water purification and use of microorganisms
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS IN INDIA IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #water,#waterborne,#ICDS,#diseases,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE,#HEALTHPROBLEMS
It explains about water, pollution, types of different treatment plant, purification of water procedure, methods of filtration, sources of water, waste water treatment eight steps in detail and last the role of individual towards the water conservation.
This is a lecture on household water treatment methods and techniques. These techniques are valuable for point-of-use treatment in emergency situations or where no elaborate systems exist.
Water purification methods are very necessary at industrial level. Its also necessary to purify water for drinking purpose and its use in agricultural areas.
It explains about water, pollution, types of different treatment plant, purification of water procedure, methods of filtration, sources of water, waste water treatment eight steps in detail and last the role of individual towards the water conservation.
This is a lecture on household water treatment methods and techniques. These techniques are valuable for point-of-use treatment in emergency situations or where no elaborate systems exist.
Water purification methods are very necessary at industrial level. Its also necessary to purify water for drinking purpose and its use in agricultural areas.
Filtration unit in water treatment plantAamir Patni
This document explains deeply about the filtration unit of the water treatment plant. Here we have tried our best to give brief about the types, working, construction and comparison of different filters used in water treatment plant. Hope this will help you.
Deals with rapid gravity filtration, slow sand filtration and Roughing filters.
Aspects covered include
Filter media and their characterization is described.
Filter running and filter backwashing,
Filter hydraulics.
Suspended solids, turbidity and bacterial removal from water.
Raw water should be treated to make it potable/fit for drinking. So a line of treatments should be followed to treat the water. After Coagulation and sedimentation the process of filtration and disinfection are followed.
Water :the universal need. As we all know water is most essential component to mankind yet its quality is in hazardous state and quantity is declining. This slide contains crucial information about water purification systems like what happens to water before we get it I'm our home?!
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
The Metaverse and AI: how can decision-makers harness the Metaverse for their...Jen Stirrup
The Metaverse is popularized in science fiction, and now it is becoming closer to being a part of our daily lives through the use of social media and shopping companies. How can businesses survive in a world where Artificial Intelligence is becoming the present as well as the future of technology, and how does the Metaverse fit into business strategy when futurist ideas are developing into reality at accelerated rates? How do we do this when our data isn't up to scratch? How can we move towards success with our data so we are set up for the Metaverse when it arrives?
How can you help your company evolve, adapt, and succeed using Artificial Intelligence and the Metaverse to stay ahead of the competition? What are the potential issues, complications, and benefits that these technologies could bring to us and our organizations? In this session, Jen Stirrup will explain how to start thinking about these technologies as an organisation.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Welcome to the first live UiPath Community Day Dubai! Join us for this unique occasion to meet our local and global UiPath Community and leaders. You will get a full view of the MEA region's automation landscape and the AI Powered automation technology capabilities of UiPath. Also, hosted by our local partners Marc Ellis, you will enjoy a half-day packed with industry insights and automation peers networking.
📕 Curious on our agenda? Wait no more!
10:00 Welcome note - UiPath Community in Dubai
Lovely Sinha, UiPath Community Chapter Leader, UiPath MVPx3, Hyper-automation Consultant, First Abu Dhabi Bank
10:20 A UiPath cross-region MEA overview
Ashraf El Zarka, VP and Managing Director MEA, UiPath
10:35: Customer Success Journey
Deepthi Deepak, Head of Intelligent Automation CoE, First Abu Dhabi Bank
11:15 The UiPath approach to GenAI with our three principles: improve accuracy, supercharge productivity, and automate more
Boris Krumrey, Global VP, Automation Innovation, UiPath
12:15 To discover how Marc Ellis leverages tech-driven solutions in recruitment and managed services.
Brendan Lingam, Director of Sales and Business Development, Marc Ellis
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Assure Contact Center Experiences for Your Customers With ThousandEyes
Filtration introduction
1. CIVL 1101 Introduction to Filtration 1/13
Water Treatment Water Treatment
Basis water treatment Coagulation
consists of four processes: This process helps removes
Coagulation/Flocculation
g particles suspended in water.
Sedimentation Chemicals are added to
water to form tiny sticky
Filtration
particles called "floc" which
Disinfection attract the particles.
Water Treatment Water Treatment
Flocculation Sedimentation
Flocculation refers to The heavy particles (floc)
water treatment processes settle to the bottom and the
that combine or coagulate clear water moves to
small particles into larger filtration.
particles, which settle out
of the water as sediment.
Water Treatment Water Treatment
Filtration Disinfection
The water passes through A small amount of chlorine is
filters, some made of layers added or some other
of sand, gravel, and charcoal disinfection method is used
that help remove even to kill any bacteria or
smaller particles. microorganisms that may be
in the water.
2. CIVL 1101 Introduction to Filtration 2/13
Water Treatment Water Treatment
1. Coagulation
2. Flocculation
3. Sedimentation
4. Filtration
5. Disinfection
6. Fluoridation
7. Stabilization
8. Collect and test water
samples
Water Treatment Water Treatment
1. Coagulation - Aluminum or iron salts plus chemicals
called polymers are mixed with the water to make 5. Disinfection - Chlorine is added to reduce risks from
the particles in the water stick together. remaining bacteria and other disease-causing
2. Flocculation - The coagulated particles are slowly organisms and to maintain water quality through the
mixed so th t th can collide and form l
i d that they llid df larger distribution pipe system
system.
particles, known as "floc." 6. Fluoridation - Fluoride is added to provide dental
3. Sedimentation - Water flows through a large tank benefits.
which allows the "floc" to settle to the bottom of 7. Stabilization - Small amounts of lime (calcium
the tank and be removed. hydroxide) or sodium hydroxide are added to make
4. Filtration - Water is passed through filters made of the water less corrosive to pipes and plumbing.
sand and anthracite coal to filter out remaining 8. Collect and test water samples
particles.
Water Filtration Water Filtration
Filters may be classified according to the
Filtration is used to separate nonsettleable solids types of media used as follows:
from water and wastewater by passing it through a
porous medium
Single–media filters: These have one type of
yp
The most common system is filtration through a media, usually sand or crushed anthracite coal.
layered bed of granular media, usually a coarse
anthracite coal underlain by a finer sand. Dual–media filters: These have two types of
media, usually crushed anthracite coal and sand.
Multi–media filters: These have three types of
media, usually crushed anthracite coal, sand, and
garnet.
3. CIVL 1101 Introduction to Filtration 3/13
Water Filtration Water Filtration
In water treatment all three types are used; however, Filtration was actually developed prior to the discovery
the dual– and multimedia filters are becoming of the germ theory by Louis Pasteur in France.
increasingly popular.
Particle removal is accomplished only when the Louis Pasteur (1822 – 1895) was a
particles make physical contact with the surface of French chemist and microbiologist.
the filter medium.
He is remembered for his remarkable
breakthroughs in the causes and
preventions of diseases.
Water Filtration Water Filtration
In the 1700s the first water filters for domestic In 1854 it was discovered that a cholera epidemic
application were applied. These were made of wool, spread through water.
sponge and charcoal.
The outbreak seemed less severe in areas where sand
In 1804 the first actual municipal water treatment filters were installed.
plant designed by Robert Thom, was built in Paisley,
Scotland. British scientist John Snow found that the direct
cause of the outbreak was water pump contamination
The water treatment was based on slow sand by sewage water.
filtration, and horse and cart distributed the water.
He applied chlorine to purify the water, and this paved
Some three years later, the first water pipes were the way for water disinfection.
installed.
Water Filtration Water Filtration
John Snow (1813 – 1858) was an
English physician and a leader in the
adoption of anaesthesia and medical
hyg n .
hygiene.
He is considered to be one of the
fathers of epidemiology, because of
his work in tracing the source of a
cholera outbreak in Soho, England, in
1854.
4. CIVL 1101 Introduction to Filtration 4/13
Water Filtration Water Filtration
Floc Particles
Larger particles may be removed by straining
Interception
Straining
Particles may also be removed by
Flocculation
sedimentation
Others may be intercepted by and adhere to
the surface of the medium due to inertia
Filtration efficiency is greatly increased by
destabilization or coagulation of the particles
prior to filtration
Sedimentation
Filter Media
Water Filtration Water Filtration
Gravity Granular–Media Filtration Gravity Granular–Media Filtration
Gravity filtration through beds of granular Because of the reduction in pore area, the
media is the most common method removing velocity of water through the remaining voids
colloidal impurities in water processing
ll id l i i i i i increases, shearing off pieces of capture fl
i h i ff i f floc
and carrying impurities deeper into the filter
Initially, surface straining and interstitial
bed
removal results in accumulation of deposits in
the upper portion of the filter media The effective zone of removal passes deeper
and deeper into the filter
Water Filtration Water Filtration
Gravity Granular–Media Filtration Turbidity
Eventually, clean bed depth is no longer Turbidity is a measurement of the clarity of
available and breakthrough occurs, carrying water run
solids out in the underflow and causing
lid i h d fl d i
termination of the filter run Clouded water is caused by suspended
particles scattering or absorbing the light
Turbidity is an indirect measurement of the
amount of suspended matter in the water
5. CIVL 1101 Introduction to Filtration 5/13
Water Filtration Water Filtration
Turbidity Slow Sand Filtration
However, since solids of different sizes, shapes, The early filtration units developed in Great
and surfaces reflect light differently, turbidity Britain used a process in which the hydraulic
and suspended solids d not correlate well.
d d d lid do l ll loading
l di rate i relatively l
is l i l low.
Turbidity is normally gauged with an instrument Typical slow sand filtration velocities are only
that measures the amount of light scattered at about 0.4m/hr.
an angle of 90° from a source beam.
At these low rates, the filtered contaminants do
The units of turbidity are usually in not penetrate to an appreciable depth within the
Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU). filtration medium.
Water Filtration Water Filtration
Slow Sand Filtration Slow Sand Filtration
The filter builds up a layer of filtered
contaminants on the surface, which becomes the
active fil i medium
i filtering di
Slow sand filters are cleaned by taking them off
line and draining them. The organic or
contaminant layer is then scraped off.
The filter can then be restarted. After water
quality reaches an acceptable level, the filter
can then be put back on line.
Water Filtration Water Filtration
Rapid Sand Filtration Rapid Sand Filtration
In rapid sand filtration much higher application velocities In the United States, filter application rates are often
are used expressed as volumetric flowrate per area, or
Filtration occurs through the depth of the filter gal/m n ft wh ch s
gal/min–ft2, which is actually a velocity with atypical
veloc ty w th atyp cal
units.
A comparison of rapid and slow sand filtration is shown in
the table below
Filtration Type Application Rate Filtration Type Application Rate
m/hr gal/ft2–day m/hr gal/ft2–day
Slow Sand 0.04 to 0.4 340 to 3400 Slow Sand 0.04 to 0.4 340 to 3400
Rapid Sand 0.4 to 3.1 3400 to 26,000 Rapid Sand 0.4 to 3.1 3400 to 26,000
6. CIVL 1101 Introduction to Filtration 6/13
Water Filtration Water Filtration
Hydraulic Loading Rate Hydraulic Loading Rate
Let’s compute the hydraulic loading rate on our A hydraulic loading rate of 3.954 gpm/ft2 could be
filters in lab: classified as:
Flowrate: 1,000 ml/min 1. A high-end direct filtration (1–6 gpm/ft2)
Area of filter: 3.5 inch diameter filter 2. A mid-range rapid filter (range of 2–10
Flowrate gpm/ft2 with 5 gpm/ft2 normally the maximum
Loading Rate design rate)
Area
1, 000 ml min 1 gallon 144in 2 gpm
3.954
2
(3.5in )
4
3,785 ml ft 2 ft 2
Water Filtration Water Filtration
Hydraulic Loading Rate Hydraulic Loading Rate
To convert the hydraulic loading rate to the U.S. A hydraulic loading rate of 5,694 gpd/ft2 could be
standard of gpd/ft2, convert minutes to days qualifies as a rapid sand filter
Flowrate
Fl t
Loading Rate
Area Filtration Type Application Rate
gpm
3.954 60 min 24 hr m/hr gal/ft2–day
ft 2 hr day Slow Sand 0.04 to 0.4 340 to 3400
gpd Rapid Sand 0.4 to 3.1 3400 to 26,000
5,694
ft 2
Water Filtration Water Filtration
Hydraulic Loading Rate Hydraulic Loading Rate
Let’s compute the hydraulic loading rate for Let’s compute the hydraulic loading rate for
flowrates in class: flowrates in class:
Flowrate: 1,250 and 1,500 ml/min Flowrate: 1,250 and 1,500 ml/min
Area of filter: 3.5 inch diameter filter Area of filter: 3.5 inch diameter filter
Flowrate
Loading Rate Flowrate of 1,250 ml/min 4.943 gpm/ft2
Area
Flowrate ml min 1 gallon
144in 2
Flowrate of 1,500 ml/min 5.931 gpm/ft2
3,785 ml ft 2
2
(3.5in )
4
7. CIVL 1101 Introduction to Filtration 7/13
Water Filtration Water Filtration
Hydraulic Loading Rate Rapid Sand Filtration
Let’s compute the hydraulic loading rate for The water above the filter provides the hydraulic
flowrates in class: pressure (head) for the process.
Flowrate: 1,250 and 1,500 ml/min The filter medium is above a larger gravel, rock, or other
h fl d b l l k h
media for support.
Area of filter: 3.5 inch diameter filter
Below the rock is usually an underdrain support of some
type.
Flowrate of 1,250 ml/min 7,117 gpd/ft2
The water flows through the filter and support media,
Flowrate of 1,500 ml/min 8,541 gpd/ft2 exiting from a pipe below.
Water Filtration Water Filtration
Rapid Sand Filtration Rapid Sand Filtration
Water Filtration Water Filtration
Rapid Sand Filtration Rapid Sand Filtration
Most modern filters employ two separate filter media in As the filter begins to clog from accumulated solids, less
layers: water will pass through it. At some point cleaning is
The lower layer is composed of a dense fine media, often sand
dense, media requ red.
required.
The upper layer is composed of a less dense, coarse media, often
anthracite coal Usual filter operation before cleaning is from a few
hours to 2 days.
The coarse upper layer removes larger particles before Cleaning is accomplished by reversing the flow of water
they reach the fine layer, allowing the filter to operate to the filter, or backwashing.
for a longer period before clogging.
8. CIVL 1101 Introduction to Filtration 8/13
Water Filtration Water Filtration
Rapid Sand Filtration Rapid Sand Filtration
Water supply Backflush water out The backwash velocity is sufficient to fluidize the bed
– that is, to suspend the bed with the reverse flow.
Backflush Backflush After backwashing, the filter is again placed in
supply supply operation
Fluidized filter
Filter media media
Filtered water
Underdrain support Underdrain support
Operation during filtration Operation during cleaning
Water Filtration Water Filtration
http://www.fbleopold.com/flash/media.swf
Water Filtration Water Filtration
Backwash Velocity Backwash Velocity
The backwash velocity may be estimated using the Once the backwash velocity has been estimated, the depth
following equation of the expanded filter bed may be computed
L(1 )
v v s e4.5 Le
0.22
where v is the backwash velocity (ft/s)
1 vv
s
vs is the settling velocity of the filter media (ft/s) where L is depth of the filter media (ft)
e is the porosity of the expanded filter Le is depth of the expanded filter media (ft)
is the porosity of the filter media
9. CIVL 1101 Introduction to Filtration 9/13
Water Filtration Water Filtration
Backwash Velocity Example Backwash Velocity Example
Determine the required backwash velocity to expand the The backwash velocity may be estimated using the
sand filters in lab to a porosity of 0.70. following equation
Also, determine the depth of the expanded filter bed.
v v s e4.5
Assume the following data about our lab filters:
1. Depth of sand bed 0.5 ft
0.27 ft s 0.70 4.5
2. Sand with a particle diameter of 0.5 mm or 0.02 inches with a settling
0.054 ft s
velocity of 0.27 ft/s
3. Sand porosity is 0.35
Water Filtration Water Filtration
Backwash Velocity Example Backwash Velocity Example
Determine the hydraulic loading rate of the backwash Once the backwash velocity has been estimated, the depth
of the expanded filter bed may be computed
V l it 0 054ft s 0 054ft
3
Velocity 0.054 0.054 L( )
(1
ft 2s
Le
0.22
0.054ft
3
7.48 gallons
86, 400s 1 vv
ft 2s ft 3 day s
0.5ft (1 0.35)
34, 900
gpd The backwash loading rate 0.22 1.26 ft
ft 2 is about 7 times larger than 0.054 ft
1 s
the filter loading rate 0.27 ft
s
Water Filtration Water Filtration
Backwash Velocity Group Problem Traditional Filtration
Determine the required backwash velocity to expand the A typical scheme for water filtration consists of
sand filters in lab to a porosity of 0.75. flocculation with a chemical coagulant and sedimentation
prior to filtration
filtration.
Also, determine the depth of the expanded filter bed.
Alum or other
Assume the following data about our lab filters: coagulant Polymer coagulant
1. Depth of sand bed 0.5 ft
Influent Effluent
Flocculation Sedimentation Filtration
2. Sand with a particle diameter of 0.5 mm or 0.02 inches with a
t = 15-30 minutes t = 1-4 hours t = 1-10 gpm/ft2
settling velocity of 0.27 ft/s
Rapid mixing
3. Sand porosity is 0.30 t = 30 minutes
10. CIVL 1101 Introduction to Filtration 10/13
Water Filtration Water Filtration
Traditional Filtration Traditional Filtration
Under the force of gravity water passes downward When the media become filled or solids break through,
through the media that collect the floc and particles. a filter bed is cleaned by backwashing.
Alum or other Alum or other
coagulant Polymer coagulant coagulant Polymer coagulant
Influent Effluent Influent Effluent
Flocculation Sedimentation Filtration Flocculation Sedimentation Filtration
t = 15-30 minutes t = 1-4 hours t = 1-10 gpm/ft2 t = 15-30 minutes t = 1-4 hours t = 1-10 gpm/ft2
Rapid mixing Rapid mixing
t = 30 minutes t = 30 minutes
Water Filtration Water Filtration
Traditional Filtration Direct Filtration
Filtration rates following flocculation and sedimentation The process of direct filtration does not include
are in the range of 2–10 gpm/ft2 with 5 gpm/ft2 sedimentation prior to filtration.
normally the maximum desi n rate
design rate.
Alum or other
Alum or other coagulant Polymer coagulant
coagulant Polymer coagulant
Influent Effluent
Influent Effluent Optional mixing Filtration
Flocculation Sedimentation Filtration T > 30 minutes R = 1 – 10 gpm/ft2
t = 15-30 minutes t = 1-4 hours t = 1-10 gpm/ft2
Rapid mixing
Rapid mixing t = 30 minutes
t = 30 minutes
Water Filtration Water Filtration
Direct Filtration Direct Filtration
The impurities removed from the water are collected Contact flocculation of the chemically coagulated
and stored in the filter. particles in the water takes place in the granular media.
Alum or other Alum or other
coagulant Polymer coagulant coagulant Polymer coagulant
Influent Effluent Influent Effluent
Optional mixing Filtration Optional mixing Filtration
T > 30 minutes R = 1 – 10 gpm/ft2 T > 30 minutes R = 1 – 10 gpm/ft2
Rapid mixing Rapid mixing
t = 30 minutes t = 30 minutes
11. CIVL 1101 Introduction to Filtration 11/13
Water Filtration Water Filtration
Direct Filtration Description of a Typical Gravity Filter System
Successful advances in direct filtration are
attributed to: During filtration, the water enters above the filter
media through an inlet flume.
Development of coarse–to–fine multimedia filters
Improved backwashing systems, and After passing downward through the granular media and
Availability of better polymer coagulants the supporting gravel bed, it is collected in the
underdrain system
Filtration rates in direct filtration are usually
1–6 gpm/ft2
Water Filtration Water Filtration
Operating Table
Filter Bed
Description of a Typical Gravity Filter System
Concrete
Floor Wall
Floor During backwashing, wash water passing upward through
the filter carries out the impurities that accumulated in
Hydraulic
Lines
for Values
the media
Drain
Influent Line
Waste
The flow is directed upward, hydraulically expanding the
Effluent Line
Wash Line to Clearwell
filter media
The water is collected in the wash–water troughs that
Wash Trough Concrete Wall
discharge to the outlet flume
Filter Sand
Graded Gravel
Perforated Laterals
Manifold
Water Filtration Water Filtration
Description of a Typical Gravity Filter System
The filters are placed on both sides of a pipe gallery
that contains inlet and outlet piping, wash–water inlet
lines, and wash–water drains.
A clear well for storage of filtered water is located
under a portion of the filter bed area
12. CIVL 1101 Introduction to Filtration 12/13
Water Filtration Water Filtration
Filter Media – Ideal Filter
Bed Depth
Increasing
Grain Size
Pore Size
Water Filtration Water Filtration
Filter Media – Single Medium Filter Filter Media – Dual-Medium Filter
Increasing
Grain Size
Bed Depth
Bed Depth
Increasing
Grain Size
Increasing
Grain Size
Pore Size Pore Size
Water Filtration Water Filtration
Filter Media Filter Media
Broadly speaking, filter media should possess the These attributes are not compatible. For example:
following qualities:
1. Fine sand retains floc and tends to shorten the filter run
1. Coarse enough to retain large quantities of floc,
2. Sufficiently fine particles to prevent passage of 2. For a course sand the opposite would be true
suspended solids,
3. Deep enough to allow relatively long filter runs, and
4. Graded to permit backwash cleaning.
13. CIVL 1101 Introduction to Filtration 13/13
Water Filtration Water Filtration
Filter Media Filter Media
A filter medium is defined by effective size and Conventional sand medium has an effective size of 0.45–
uniformity coefficient. 0.55 mm, a uniformity coefficient less than 1.65
Effective size is the 10–percentile diameter; that is, 10%
by weight of the filter material is less than this diameter, A sand filter bed with a relatively uniform grain size can
D10 provide effective filtration throughout its depth
Uniformity coefficient is the ratio of the 60–percentile
size to the 10–percentile size (D60 /D10)
Water Filtration Water Filtration
Multimedia Filters Multimedia Filters
Dual–media filter beds usually employ anthracite and sand The main advantages of multimedia filters compared to
single–medium filters are:
However,
However other materials have been used, such as
used
activated carbon and sand
1. Longer filtration runs,
Multimedia filter beds generally use anthracite, sand, and
2. Higher filtration rates, and
garnet.
3. The ability to filter a water with higher turbidity
However, other materials have been used, such as
activated carbon, sand, and garnet.
Water Filtration Water Filtration
Multimedia Filters
The advantages of the multimedia filters are due to:
Any Questions?
1. The
1 Th media particle size,
di ti l i
2. The different specific gravities of the media, and
3. The media gradation.