A booklet with the summary of the list of participants, agenda and host case studies of the Learning Route: Practical solutions to adapt to climate change in the production and post-harvesting sectors: the cases of Mozambique and Rwanda, that took place between the 6th – 16th of November 2016 in Mozambique and Rwanda
Procasur Corporation in collaboration with the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
have partnered with the Pro-poor Value Chain Project in the Maputo and Limpopo Corridors (PROSUL) Project in ZImbabwe and the Climate Resilient Post-Harvest and Agribusiness Support Project (PASP) in Rwanda to present the Learning Initiative: “Practical solutions to adapt to climate change in the production and post-harvesting sectors: the cases of Mozambique and Rwanda”.
This initiative will host a Learning Route between the 6th and 11th of November 2016 in Mozambique and Rwanda.
The primary learning goal is to support collaborative learning and action between individuals and organizations linked to IFAD to introduce sustainable practices, adaptive technologies and climate-resilient post-harvesting infrastructures, technologies and practices. The LI will provide and facilitate opportunities to strategically fill gaps and make links between related production and post production processes in a manner that promotes more inclusive approaches and practical solutions to climate change negative impacts.
For more on the initiative and the application pack please go to our website: http://africa.procasur.org/inde…/join-us/call-events/241-241
Within the framework of the joint IFAD-funded Large Grant programme: “Strengthening Capacities and Tools to Scale Up and Disseminate Innovations”, the Procasur Corporation supports knowledge management and capacity-building strategies aimed at scaling up best practices and innovations that contribute to reducing poverty among IFAD stakeholders in East and Southern Africa (ESA), West and Central Africa (WCA), Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and Asia and Pacific (APR) regions.
The programme’s objective is to enhance implementation performance and impact of rural development projects in LAC, ESA, PTA and WCA by increasing access to knowledge, capacity building and scaling up of good practices.
This objective is achieved by:
• Identifying, organizing and disseminating existing knowledge on innovations and best practices;
• Identifying local “champions”, or people who play a key role in promoting innovations, and enabling them to organize and share their experience using the Learning Routes methodology; and
• Designing and implementing Learning Routes and disseminating the knowledge acquired.
The IFAD Country Office in Sudan has participated in several Learning Routes, and on the basis of this experience, has proposed customizing the methodology and making it simpler and easier to use. This would allow projects and the country office to share knowledge and ideas more easily, and therefore contribute to improved performance.
These guidelines are based on draft guidelines proposed by the Country Office, which in turn are largely based on original material produced by Procasur. They reflect the experience gained by Procasur in its work with rural communities and organizations in the Global South, and are also an expression of the value that IFAD’s country programme in Sudan places on the Learning Routes methodology as a tool for rural transformation. These updated guidelines have incorporated comments and lessons from the training and field exercise undertaken with IFAD project staff in Uganda in July 2014.
The guidelines are rooted in fieldwork and real-life experiences. They are therefore a work in progress that will grow with the contributions of the communities, organizations and projects using them. Users are encouraged to be flexible and innovative, and when they discover new ways of sharing knowledge, to contribute this information to the guidelines. Users’ suggestions and ideas are essential for making the guidelines better.
Procasur Corporation in collaboration with the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
have partnered with the Pro-poor Value Chain Project in the Maputo and Limpopo Corridors (PROSUL) Project in ZImbabwe and the Climate Resilient Post-Harvest and Agribusiness Support Project (PASP) in Rwanda to present the Learning Initiative: “Practical solutions to adapt to climate change in the production and post-harvesting sectors: the cases of Mozambique and Rwanda”.
This initiative will host a Learning Route between the 6th and 11th of November 2016 in Mozambique and Rwanda.
The primary learning goal is to support collaborative learning and action between individuals and organizations linked to IFAD to introduce sustainable practices, adaptive technologies and climate-resilient post-harvesting infrastructures, technologies and practices. The LI will provide and facilitate opportunities to strategically fill gaps and make links between related production and post production processes in a manner that promotes more inclusive approaches and practical solutions to climate change negative impacts.
For more on the initiative and the application pack please go to our website: http://africa.procasur.org/inde…/join-us/call-events/241-241
Within the framework of the joint IFAD-funded Large Grant programme: “Strengthening Capacities and Tools to Scale Up and Disseminate Innovations”, the Procasur Corporation supports knowledge management and capacity-building strategies aimed at scaling up best practices and innovations that contribute to reducing poverty among IFAD stakeholders in East and Southern Africa (ESA), West and Central Africa (WCA), Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and Asia and Pacific (APR) regions.
The programme’s objective is to enhance implementation performance and impact of rural development projects in LAC, ESA, PTA and WCA by increasing access to knowledge, capacity building and scaling up of good practices.
This objective is achieved by:
• Identifying, organizing and disseminating existing knowledge on innovations and best practices;
• Identifying local “champions”, or people who play a key role in promoting innovations, and enabling them to organize and share their experience using the Learning Routes methodology; and
• Designing and implementing Learning Routes and disseminating the knowledge acquired.
The IFAD Country Office in Sudan has participated in several Learning Routes, and on the basis of this experience, has proposed customizing the methodology and making it simpler and easier to use. This would allow projects and the country office to share knowledge and ideas more easily, and therefore contribute to improved performance.
These guidelines are based on draft guidelines proposed by the Country Office, which in turn are largely based on original material produced by Procasur. They reflect the experience gained by Procasur in its work with rural communities and organizations in the Global South, and are also an expression of the value that IFAD’s country programme in Sudan places on the Learning Routes methodology as a tool for rural transformation. These updated guidelines have incorporated comments and lessons from the training and field exercise undertaken with IFAD project staff in Uganda in July 2014.
The guidelines are rooted in fieldwork and real-life experiences. They are therefore a work in progress that will grow with the contributions of the communities, organizations and projects using them. Users are encouraged to be flexible and innovative, and when they discover new ways of sharing knowledge, to contribute this information to the guidelines. Users’ suggestions and ideas are essential for making the guidelines better.
Thematic study of climate change and adaptation responses for horticulture, cassava and red meat value chains in southern Mozambique. it was conducted by the University of Cape Town in the framework and with the collaboration of PROSUL project - Pro-poor Value Chain Development Project in the Maputo and Limpopo Corridors
Browse through our web pages as we are one of the leading saree exporters of the country. You may also check out our local store and shop at wholesale rates.
An outline the uses and applications for high density polyurethane resins, in geotechnical applications. The presentation uses examples from previous projects and information about how the material interacts with various soils.
Experience Fair Presentation in the Learning Route: Practical solutions to adapt to climate change in the production and post-harvesting sectors: the cases of Mozambique and Rwanda.6th – 16th of November 2016
Climate Change and Adaptation (CCA) strategies in Botswana and key information on the Agricultural Services Support Project (ASSP)
Experience Fair Presentation in the Learning Route: Practical solutions to adapt to climate change in the production and post-harvesting sectors: the cases of Mozambique and Rwanda.6th – 16th of November 2016
Climate Change and Adaptation (CCA) strategies in Rwanda and key information on the Climate Resilient Post-Harvest and Agribusiness Support Project (PASP)
We need to establish common interlinked platforms at global, regional and national levels for coherent dialogue and policy action, supported by research, related to climate change, agriculture, forestry, crisis response and food security. This session explores the nexus between climate change, agriculture and new needs in partnership. It draws on two CGIAR programs: “Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security” and “Forests, Trees and Agroforestry”
Visit GCARD2 site web for more information: http://gcardblog.wordpress.com/2012/
Nous avons besoins de mettre en place des plates formes d’interactions communes aux niveaux mondial, régional et national pour un dialogue et politique d’actions cohérents supportés par la recherche sur le changement climatique, l’agriculture, la foresterie, les crises et la sécurité alimentaire. Cette section examine les rapports entre le changement climatique, l’agriculture et les nouveaux besoins en partenariat. Il attire l’attention sur deux programmes du CGIAR : "Changement climatique, Agriculture et Sécurité alimentaire" et "Forêts, Arbres et Agroforesterie"
Visitez le site web du GCARD2 pour plus d'informations: http://gcardblog.wordpress.com/2012/
Thematic study of climate change and adaptation responses for horticulture, cassava and red meat value chains in southern Mozambique. it was conducted by the University of Cape Town in the framework and with the collaboration of PROSUL project - Pro-poor Value Chain Development Project in the Maputo and Limpopo Corridors
Browse through our web pages as we are one of the leading saree exporters of the country. You may also check out our local store and shop at wholesale rates.
An outline the uses and applications for high density polyurethane resins, in geotechnical applications. The presentation uses examples from previous projects and information about how the material interacts with various soils.
Experience Fair Presentation in the Learning Route: Practical solutions to adapt to climate change in the production and post-harvesting sectors: the cases of Mozambique and Rwanda.6th – 16th of November 2016
Climate Change and Adaptation (CCA) strategies in Botswana and key information on the Agricultural Services Support Project (ASSP)
Experience Fair Presentation in the Learning Route: Practical solutions to adapt to climate change in the production and post-harvesting sectors: the cases of Mozambique and Rwanda.6th – 16th of November 2016
Climate Change and Adaptation (CCA) strategies in Rwanda and key information on the Climate Resilient Post-Harvest and Agribusiness Support Project (PASP)
We need to establish common interlinked platforms at global, regional and national levels for coherent dialogue and policy action, supported by research, related to climate change, agriculture, forestry, crisis response and food security. This session explores the nexus between climate change, agriculture and new needs in partnership. It draws on two CGIAR programs: “Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security” and “Forests, Trees and Agroforestry”
Visit GCARD2 site web for more information: http://gcardblog.wordpress.com/2012/
Nous avons besoins de mettre en place des plates formes d’interactions communes aux niveaux mondial, régional et national pour un dialogue et politique d’actions cohérents supportés par la recherche sur le changement climatique, l’agriculture, la foresterie, les crises et la sécurité alimentaire. Cette section examine les rapports entre le changement climatique, l’agriculture et les nouveaux besoins en partenariat. Il attire l’attention sur deux programmes du CGIAR : "Changement climatique, Agriculture et Sécurité alimentaire" et "Forêts, Arbres et Agroforesterie"
Visitez le site web du GCARD2 pour plus d'informations: http://gcardblog.wordpress.com/2012/
Outcome Statement & Recommendations: Responsible Business Forum On Food and A...Global Initiatives
Feeding a global population of 9 billion by 2050 will require transformational changes to our farming and agricultural systems, already under pressure from climate change and water scarcity. Responsible Business Forum on Food and Agriculture is held in partnership with WWF Philippines on the 14 & 15 July 2014 at the Dusit Thani Hotel in Makati, Manila. The forum explores innovative and collaborative approaches to improving agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability across key commodity value chains.
This session explores the nexus between climate change and new needs in partnership. Different types of emerging regional partnerships will be discussed, also showing links between local and global levels, and emerging initiatives for cross-region learning.
Visit the conference site for more information: http://www.egfar.org/gcard-2012
Cette section examine les rapports entre le changement climatique et les nouveaux besoins en partenariats. Différents types de partenariats régionaux en cours seront discutés, en montrant aussi les liens entre les échelles locales et mondiales et les initiatives en cours pour l’apprentissage interrégional
Visitez le site web de la GCARD2 pour plus d'informations: http://www.egfar.org/gcard-2012
The climate-smart village : a model developed by CCAFS program to improve the adaptive capacity of communities
Presented by Dr Robert Zougmoré, Regional Program Leader, CCAFS West Africa. Africa Agriculture Science Week 6, 15 July 2013, Accra, Ghana. http://ccafs.cgiar.org/events/15/jul/2013/africa-agriculture-science-week-2013
Addressing agriculture, forestry and fisheries in national adaptation plans FAO
http://www.fao.org/in-action/naps/en/
This presentation by Julia Wolf, FAO Coordinator for the joint FAO-UNDP NAP-Ag, was held during a FAO/FTA consultation on “Supplementary guidelines for addressing forestry and agroforestry in National Adaptation Plans”, 2 May 2018 in Bonn, Germany.
Reducir la inseguridad alimentaria y fomentar el empleo y la generación de ingresos.
El proyecto tiene como objetivo desarrollar un enfoque para atraer
inversiones alineadas con los ODS en sistemas agroalimentarios que puedan que puede ser replicado en otros países y regiones en desarrollo
con impactos similares.
GCARD2: Briefing paper land, water forests & landscape GCARD Conferences
The adaptation and adoption of conservation agriculture (CA)-based crop management through innovative techniques like reduced soil movement, adequate surface retention of crop residues and economically viable and diversified crop rotations are the way forward to address the emerging challenges mentioned above. This could help in ensuring sustainable food security and offer several environmental benefits in sustainable way. This is relatively a new strategy to deal with food security and environmental degradation in unfavourable agriculture system.
Visit the conference site for more information: http://www.egfar.org/gcard-2012
This last team focused on lessons learned of the Route and it was composed by representatives of the Conservation and Sustainable use of High-Andean Ecosystems of Peru through Compensation of Environmental Services for Rural Poverty Alleviation and Social Inclusion Project (MERESE) from Peru: Mr. Jeronimo Chiarella, Ms. Susana Saldaña, Mr. Elmo Pampas, and Mr. Fernando Quiroz. Amongst main lessons observed: the efficiency of the methodology of the Learning route itself which allow to understand the point of view of local communities through intercultural and interactive processes; the technical convergence between local groups and governments; the role of women in Natural Resources management, and how communities integrate their beliefs into conservation practices. This is their photo story.
Discover More: africa.procasur.org/index.php/our-work/lr-sorted-by-year/item/275/275
Governance of Forest areas and Natural Resources: This country team was composed by representatives of the Integrated Carbon sequestration Project funded by IFAD in Sudan: Mr. Bakri Mahmoud, Mr. Balla Bburae, Ms Taghreed Ali, Mr. Yassin Ahamed and Ms. Sawsan Obdeidalla. The team prepared a photo-story on the importance of decision-making processes as well as technical and social convergence between local authorities and rural communities when dealing with Forest and Natural Resources Governance and Management.
Discover more: africa.procasur.org/index.php/our-work/lr-sorted-by-year/item/275/275
Livelihoods improvement through Forest Conservation and Natural Resources Management:
This country team from Kenya focused its attention on strategies and tools for livelihoods improvement though Forest Conservation and Natural Resources Management. It was composed by Mr. Paul Njuguna and Ms. Rose Njiri from the Upper Tana for Natural Resources Management - UTaNRMP IFAD funded Project in Kenya. In their photo story , they have captured good practices of livelihoods improvement through the use and conservation of forests developed by the local communities visited during the Route. Amongst main strategies of livelihood improvements developed by local communities: slush and burn cultivation, selling of traditional products, use and sell of NTFPs, eco-tourism, and creation of conserved areas. Read more: africa.procasur.org/index.php/our-work/lr-sorted-by-year/item/275/275
Scholarship Form to the Learning Initiative on:
Linking smallholders to commercialization practices: the case of Farmers Organizations in the Kenyan dairy sector
Commitment /Endorsement Letter to the learning initiative: Linking smallholders to commercialization practices: the case of Farmers Organizations in the Kenyan dairy sector
Application form to the learning initiative: Linking smallholders to commercialization practices: the case of Farmers Organizations in the Kenyan dairy sector
The Initiative: “Linking smallholder farmers to commercialization practices: the case of Farmers Organizations in the Kenyan dairy sector” is a joint learning initiative promoted by IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development) and Procasur developed under the Large Regional IFAD-Procasur Grant Programme "Strengthening Capacities and tools to scale up and disseminate Innovations" (2016-2018). This topic was selected resting on the consolidated results of the (i) online survey lunched by PROCASUR in April 2016 in the ESA region, (ii) in depth interviews to project managers of IFAD funded projects in the ESA region, and (iii) experts’ consultation undertaken among specialists in the area of Farmers Organizations.
Terms of reference for a consultancy:
PROJECT: “Strengthening resilience and nutritional security of rural subsistence farmers in Makueni,
Machakos and Kitui Counties, Kenya”
PROJECT PERIOD: 1 January 2017 – 30 October 2019
LOCATION: South East Kenya, Counties of Machakos, Makueni, Kitui
Experience Fair Presentation in the Learning Route: Practical solutions to adapt to climate change in the production and post-harvesting sectors: the cases of Mozambique and Rwanda.6th – 16th of November 2016
Climate Change and Adaptation (CCA) strategies: Experiences from Uganda
Experience Fair Presentation in the Learning Route: Practical solutions to adapt to climate change in the production and post-harvesting sectors: the cases of Mozambique and Rwanda.6th – 16th of November 2016
Climate Change and Adaptation (CCA) strategies in Malawi and key information on the Sustainable Agriculture Production Programme (SAPP)
Procasur Corporation through the Learning Route methodology usually prepares a Learning Route fieldblog for its participants. So what exactly is a learning route?
A Learning Route is a continuous process of in-the-field training that seeks to broaden and diversify the markets of rural technical services, placing special value on the best experiences and knowledge of institutions, associations, communities and rural families. Each Route is organized thematically around experiences, case studies and best practices on innovative rural and local development. A learning route fieldblog is a compilation of learning tools within an interactive framework. It shares with the participants of a learning route the operational material and key aspects of the selected case studies and action plan.
A presentation by Emanuel Adiba from the Uganda Land Alliance during the Learning Route on Securing Land Resource Rights through Inclusive Business Models that took place between the 3rd and the 10th of December 2015
The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) in collaboration with PROCASUR had the pleasure of presenting the Learning Route: "Innovative tools and approaches to enhance gender equality in value chain development" that took place in Uganda, between the 7th and the 14th of September 2014
Through a face-to-face learning, the 8-day Learning Route presented the opportunity of learning directly in the field and from its protagonist some of the best practices on the community-led empowerment methodology known as the Gender Action Learning System (GALS), to boost pro-poor/inclusive Value Chain Development (VCD) and to improve gender equality and women's empowerment through VCD. The Main objective of this Learning Route was to reflect on how the linkages between vulnerable and powerful stakeholders in the development of Value Chains can be improved sustainably to enhance gender equality and improve rural livelihoods.
During this unique journey through knowledge, participants were supported by PROCASUR and experts, in the design of an "Innovation Plan" aimed at integrating and adopting the best practices in their respective settings and enhancing their organizations and projects. A Contest after the Learning Route prized the best three Innovation Plans with a starting capital of USD 2500.
We invite you to please have a look at the final report from the Learning Route for more on this:
During April 2011 the International Fund for Agriculture (IFAD) approved the implementation of the “Learning Routes: a Knowledge Management and Capacity Building Tool for Rural Development in East and Southern Africa (ROUTESA)” Programme, under the responsibility of PROCASUR Regional Corporation. During April 2011 both entities signed the Grant Agreement No. 1249 PROCASUR.
The first phase of ROUTESA finish by December 2014, after 3 years of implementation. This presentation presents main outputs of the Regional Workshop held simultaneously on the 3 of December in 4 different venues: Nairobi, Kigali, Kampala and Rome, partly through online conference.
Procasur Africa was invited to organize and chair the Break Out session on Successful Strategies of Land Access for the New Generations at the ILC organized Global Land Forum Break Out Session: Successful Strategies of Land Access for the New Generations, held in Dakar, Senegal on the 13th of May 2015.
The presentation covers the identification and analysis of successful strategies of land access for rural youth in different regions (specifically in Latin America and the Caribbean and Africa) by presenting main approaches, types of intervention and lessons learned from PROCASUR and the International Fund of Agricultural Development - IFAD's experiences;
Presents two good practices of land access for rural youth in Bolivia and Senegal; and
Approaches, strategies and policies to secure and promote youth access to land.
Please click on the following link! For more on Procasur Africa's work with Rural Youth and Agriculture in Africa: http://africa.procasur.org/en/learning-routes/lr-sorted-by-theme/rural-youth/148-148
Addressing the needs of rural youth is gathering attention with international development agencies, donors and private companies supporting new initiatives by governmental and non-governmental organizations in many parts of the world and in Africa in particular. Issues surrounding rural youths such as limited access to educational services, dependency on mainly unpaid labour in family farms and working in the informal sector as well as the considerable impact of migration on their livelihoods - especially affecting young women- have been widely recognized as significant. There is overall agreement that if youth issues are not addressed high rates of youth unemployment and under-employment will persist and overall development in African countries could be negatively affected.
In this context and in line with its 2011 – 2015 Strategic Framework, The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), in partnership with PROCASUR Africa, organized an eight day learning route on Innovative ideas and approaches to integrate Rural Youth in Agriculture. The progress in Kenya between the 11th to the 18th of August 2014.
The aim of this Learning Route was to contribute to lesson-sharing and learning at country and regional level in order to build technical capacities within IFAD´s operations and partners in the ESA region on innovative strategies and approaches to engage rural youth in agriculture, increase employment and reduce poverty.
One of the host case studies of this learning route was the Kenya Youth-to-Youth Fund - Entrepreneurship development organization which aims to provide youth led organizations with both funding and capacity building, thereby enabling them to move from being passive recipients and become active participants in the promotion and creation of youth employment.
Addressing the needs of rural youth is gathering attention with international development agencies, donors and private companies supporting new initiatives by governmental and non-governmental organizations in many parts of the world and in Africa in particular. Issues surrounding rural youths such as limited access to educational services, dependency on mainly unpaid labour in family farms and working in the informal sector as well as the considerable impact of migration on their livelihoods - especially affecting young women- have been widely recognized as significant. There is overall agreement that if youth issues are not addressed high rates of youth unemployment and under-employment will persist and overall development in African countries could be negatively affected.
In this context and in line with its 2011 – 2015 Strategic Framework, The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), in partnership with PROCASUR Africa, organized an eight day learning route on Innovative ideas and approaches to integrate Rural Youth in Agriculture. The progress in Kenya between the 11th to the 18th of August 2014.
The aim of this Learning Route was to contribute to lesson-sharing and learning at country and regional level in order to build technical capacities within IFAD´s operations and partners in the ESA region on innovative strategies and approaches to engage rural youth in agriculture, increase employment and reduce poverty.
One of the host case studies of this learning route was the Junior Farmer Field and Life Schools, (JFFLS) FAO: The JFFLS is as a holistic, participatory training strategy, promoting acquisition of technical and agricultural knowledge and life skills, involving different community stakeholders who live in vulnerable situations. It is a participatory training process based on practical and field learning, involving a group of some 25 - 30 children and youth who meet often, supported by a facilitator, sharing knowledge from experience gained on a demonstration plot located on one side of the school. JFFLS participants are expected to replicate their lessons learned back at home, encouraging food production and even enhancing their own families’ income by selling some of their produce.
The Learning Route on Natural Resource Management and Climate Change Adaptation best practices, the experience in Kenya; took place between the 6-13 July 2014 in several counties in Kenya.
The objective of this learning route is to scale up through peer to peer learning the Kenyan best multi stakeholders' strategies, tools and practices to fight environmental degradation and to adapt to climate change with the aim of improving the livelihoods of people living in affected communities.
The learning Route has been developed by International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) CARE (relief agency) in Kenya and the Cgiar Research Program on Climate Change & Food Security, in partnership with Procasur Africa.
Here we have an overview of the presentation shared with us from our first of the three host case studies that were visited:
Case 1: Mount Kenya East Pilot Project (MKEPP), the Upper Tana Natural Resource Manangement Project (UTANRMP)
More from PROCASUR Corporation / Corporación PROCASUR (20)
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Fieldblog lr on climate change adaptation in esa 2016
1. LEARNING ROUTE
Practical solutions to adapt to
Climate Change in production
and post-harvesting sectors
Mozambique and Rwanda
6th
– 16th
of November 2016
2. - 2 -
Procasur Corporation is a global organization specialized in harvesting and scaling-up
homegrown innovations. The organization’s mission is to foster local knowledge exchange
to end rural poverty. By sharing innovations through customized local knowledge-
management tools and methodologies, the organization connects global institutions with
local talents, providing the structured learning platforms necessary to spread innovation.
Procasur has facilitated learning opportunities in over 30 countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin
America and the Caribbean, affecting the lives and livelihoods of thousands of rural talents
across the globe. To learn more, visit www.procasur.org.
The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of
Corporación Procasur, its donors or programs. The designations employed and the presentation of material
in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Procasur concerning
the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of
its frontiers or boundaries. The contents of this publication, including all figures, tables, and drawings, are
the intellectual property of Corporación Procasur. All rights reserved. Removal or alteration of copyright
notices or trademarks is not permitted. Forwarding or reproduction of this publication or parts thereof for
commercial use is not permitted without the explicit written authorization of Procasur. All program names
or services of Procasur used in this publication as well as corresponding logos are trademarks or registered
trademarks of Corporación Procasur in Chile and other countries. Procasur does not guarantee the accuracy
or completeness of information, text, graphics, links, or other elements contained in this publication. This
publication is provided without any warranty, whether explicit or implicit. This applies in part but not
exclusively to a warranty of marketability and suitability for a particular purpose as well as a warranty of non-
violation of applicable law.
3. - 3 -
Introduction of the learning route
1.WhylearnaboutClimateChangeinproduction
and post-harvesting sectors?
Climate change is a driver of vulnerability, in
particular for those people whose livelihoods
depend on natural resources. Rural people
rely on ecosystems and biodiversity. As such,
they consider climate variability and change
an important threat, and the negative impacts
of these changes endanger the livelihoods of
smallholder farmers worldwide. Because of this
dramatic phenomenon, smallholder farmers
are no longer able to use the seasons and
traditional knowledge to predict the weather
or organize their farming activities. Nowadays,
seasons, floods, droughts, and storms no longer
come when expected. Water stress, soil erosion,
and infestations are all contributing to making
smallholder farmers more vulnerable.
In the ESA region, the effects of climate change
are compounded by the region’s high poverty
levels, weak infrastructure, poor natural
resource management, and dependence on
rain fed agriculture. In order to cope with these
changes and overcome related challenges,
rural communities must develop innovative and
adaptive solutions, strategies, and practices.
Effective adaptation to climate variability is
dependentonseveralfactors:(i)accesstoclimate-
resilient infrastructure and technologies; (ii) access
to climate information for the coming seasons;
(iii) capacity-building on adaptive strategies and
practices; (iv) enabling decision-making for the
present and the future; (v) an enabling socio-
economic and financial environment; and (vi)
access to markets.
In September 2012, the Adaptation to Smallholder
Agriculture Programme (ASAP) was launched by
theInternationalFundofAgriculturalDevelopment
(IFAD) and it is currently the largest adaptation
programme targeting smallholder farmers to
improve their food security and nutrition, raise
their incomes, and strengthen their resilience
in the face of the negative effects of climate
change on production and post-harvesting.
ASAP has become the largest global funding
source dedicated to supporting the adaptation
of poor smallholder farmers to climate change.
The programme is active in more than thirty
developing countries, using climate finance to
make rural development programmes more
climate-resilient.
In this framework IFAD, through the ASAP Fund and
country projects, collaborates with governments
and communities in the region to introduce
sustainable practices and adaptive technologies
that reduce vulnerability to the negative impacts
of climate change of smallholders relying on
agriculture. This includes sustainable crop
intensification as well as climate-resilient post-
harvesting infrastructure, technologies, and
practices.
Under the framework of the Programme:
“Strengthening Capacities and tools to scale
up and disseminate Innovations” implemented
by the PROCASUR Corporation and funded
through a large regional IFAD grant, a year-
long Learning Route on Climate Change
Adaptation will take place in the East and
Southern Africa (ESA) region. The Initiative is
titled “Practical solutions to adapt to climate
change in production and post-harvesting
4. - 4 -
sectors” and will draw from the cases of the Pro-
poor Value Chain Project in the Maputo and
Limpopo Corridors (PROSUL) and the Climate
Resilient Post-Harvest and Agribusiness
Support Project (PASP) in Mozambique and
Rwanda, respectively.
The Learning Route will expose a group of
selected projects and their stakeholder units to
a set of innovation mechanisms and learning
activities, and seeks to engage its main actors in
improving those units.
It is intended to support collaborative learning
andaction between individuals and organizations
linked to IFAD to introduce sustainable practices,
adaptive technologies, and climate-resilient
post-harvesting infrastructure, technologies,
and practices. The LR will provide and facilitate
opportunities to strategically fill gaps and make
links between related production and post-
production processes in a manner that promotes
more inclusive approaches and practical solutions
to the negative impacts of climate change.
2. The Learning Route’s Objectives
Main objective: To scale up through peer to peer
learning the Mozambican and Rwandan best
multi stakeholder strategies, tools, practices, and
mechanisms of increasing farmers’ awareness and
ownership in adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change in order to reduce production
and post-harvesting losses.
Specific objectives:
1. To identify climate-smart practical solutions
in production and post-harvesting sectors
to reduce losses and enhance resilience of
smallholders living in affected territories;
2. To recognize how to best promote relationships
between farmers and financial institutions to
enhance farmers’ access to markets and their
capacities to build partnerships with private
investors, and to understand how these can be
used to manage increased climate risks;
3. To gain an overview of local community models
of farmers’ organizations and their abilities to
strengthen relationships with local stakeholders;
4. Toenhanceprojectstaffcapacitiesininstitutional
andpoliticaldialogueatlocalandnationallevels.
A Learning Route is a planned journey with
learning objectives that are designed based
on i) the knowledge needs of development
practitioners that are faced with problems
associated with rural poverty, and ii) the
identification of relevant experiences in
which local stakeholders have tackled similar
challengesininnovativeways,withsuccessful
results and accumulated knowledge which is
potentially useful to others.
The Route allows for the experiential
encounter between travellers and hosts,
both having mutually useful experiences and
knowledge. For more information on LRs,
visit www.africa.procasur.org
5. - 5 -
3. Overview of the Host cases and main learning areas:
Learning route hosts and main learning areas
Host cases Description What we learn from them
PRO-POOR
VALUE CHAIN
PROJECT IN
THE MAPUTO
AND LIMPOPO
CORRIDORS
(PROSUL) -
MOZAMBIQUE
PROSUL aims to enable improved and climate-
resilient livelihoods of smallholder farmers in
selected districts of the Maputo and Limpopo
Corridors.
The project’s development objective is to achieve
sustainable increased returns to these farmers from:
(i) increased production volumes and quality in the
targeted value chains; (ii) improved market linkages;
(iii) efficient farmers organisations; (iv) higher farmers’
share of the final added value; and (v) partnership /
business model.
Climate-resilient investments in PROSUL focus on:
• diversifying cropping systems, experimenting
with drought-resilient crop varieties
• promoting low-cost yet climate-resilient
horticultural techniques;
• promoting dry season feeding techniques
among livestock keepers
• providing efficient water management
structures in drought prone areas
• giving smallholders access to weather
forecasts and fundings
PROSUL operates in 3 provinces located in the
south of the country.
• To identify climate-
smart solutions (in
terms of practices and
technologies) to improve
horticulture production
and access to water for
irrigation.
• To understand how to
sensitize and enhance
farmers’ Climate Change
adaption capacities and
access to climate-resilient
technologies.
• To identify climate-resilient
solutions for improving
cassava production and
waste management.
• To investigate how to
improve farmers’ access to
markets and partnerships
with the private sector.
• To explore how to manage
climate data collection
and analysis and climate
information dissemination.
6. - 6 -
CLIMATE
RESILIENT POST-
HARVEST AND
AGRIBUSINESS
SUPPORT
PROJECT(PASP) -
RWANDA
PASP is an ‘avant-garde’ project that enhances local
capacity by supporting tbe five main commodities
from harvest to markets (maize and beans,
cassava, Irish potato, and dairy), in order to reduce
p ost-harvest losses. It enables smallholder access
to financial resources to invest in post-harvest
climate-resilient infrastructure and technologies.
Post-harvest losses one of the greatest sources of
inefficiency in agricultural production in Rwanda.
Current losses are likely to increase given the
country‘s reliance on rain fed agriculture and its
vulnerability to climate change.
To tackle climate issues PASP is supporting the
integration of climate risk management in the
planning and implementation of the investment
undertaken by HUB owners through the promotion
and demonstration of climate resilient practices,
structures and innovations. These innovations
range from promoting crop and forage varieties
with maturity periods better suited to the changing
growing season length, to demonstrating the use
ofsolarpowerandbiogassystemsascost-effective
approaches for all the focused commodity value
chains.
PASP operates in 12 districts of the country located
in the Northern, Western, Southern and Eastern
provinces.
• To identify climate-
smart solutions in post-
harvesting to reduce losses
and enhance resilience of
smallholders living in affected
territories.
• To discuss and
understand best strategies
for promoting relationships
between farmers, the
private sector, and financial
institutions, thus enhancing
farmers’ access to the market
opportunities.
• To understand how
the creation of products and
business aggregation points
(namely HUBs) helps to
reduce post-harvesting losses
and enhances links between
farmers’ cooperatives and the
private sector.
• To promote
partnerships and effective
communication tools for
downscaling daily and
seasonal climate forecast
information.
7. - 7 -
1. Areas to be visited in Mozambique.
Learning Route Map
16. - 16 -
CASE 1 PRO-POOR Value chain project in the
Maputo and Limpopo corridors (PROSUL) -
mozambique
BACKGROUND
Climate Change Country Profile
Mozambique has a tropical to subtropical climate,
with some semi-arid regions in the southwest of
the country. The east consists of lowlands while
the west is more mountainous. The country
has a coastline of 2,700 kilometres. Average
temperatures are highest along the coast as
well as in the south of the country (20-26°C) and
lower in high inland regions. There are seasonal
temperature variations, with a cool dry season
from April to September (coolest months are June
– August) and a hot humid season from October
to March (warmest months are December –
February).
Mozambique is one of Africa’s most vulnerable
countries to climate change. Poverty, weak
institutional development, and frequent
extreme weather events make Mozambique
especially vulnerable. Climate related hazards
such as droughts, floods, and cyclones are
occurring with increasing frequency, which is
having a cumulative and devastating impact
on a population that is insufficiently prepared.
Central Mozambique is projected to experience
recurrent agricultural losses as a result of droughts,
floods, and uncontrolled bush fires. The densely
populated coastal lowlands will be increasingly
affected by severe erosion, saltwater intrusion,
loss of vital infrastructure and the spread of
diseases such as malaria, cholera, and influenza.
Changing rainfall patterns will lead to a decrease
of soil water recharge, impacting ground water
resources and the water table in wells. Reduction
of Mozambique’s transboundary river flows will
decrease the availability of surface water.
Current and future climate change impacts
represent an important challenge in the country.
Rainfall variability, the risk of flooding, and
temperature rises are all expected to increase,
especially in the south and central regions of
the country. Recent studies by the Institute for
Disaster Management (INGC) and the Instituto de
Investigação Agrãria de Moçambique (IIAM) on
land use capability suggest that within ten years
the impact of climate change will be increasingly
felt within the Limpopo Corridor, particularly the
lowering of soil moisture content prior to the onset
of the rains. Adaptation measures are needed to
build smallholder resilience to climate variability,
and major investments are required to develop
irrigation (only 50,000 ha of a potential of 3.3
million ha are irrigated, of which only about 30%
are operational), water conservation techniques,
and drought tolerant germplasm.
Among the major challenges at the moment
are the extreme and prolonged droughts that
have been taking place in the Maputo and
Limpopo Corridors for approximately the last
2 years. Attributed to the El Niño phenomenon,
these droughts have resulted in low agricultural
17. - 17 -
productivity and food insecurity, lack of water
for people and animals, a lack of pastures, and
mortality of animals.
PRO-POOR VALUE CHAIN PROJECT IN THE
MAPUTO AND LIMPOPO CORRIDORS (PROSUL)
The Pro-poor Value Chain Project in the Maputo
and Limpopo Corridors (PROSUL) is a seven-
year project funded by IFAD and implemented in
Mozambique by the Centre for the Promotion of
Agriculture (CEPAGRI), one of the implementing
National Agencies of the Ministry of Agriculture,
through a fully dedicated Project Management
Team (PMT) based at CEPAGRI Delegation in Xai-
Xai. The contract between IFAD and CEPAGRI
was signed in 2013 and became operational in
2014. The Lead Service Providers contracted by
PROSUL/CEPAGRI started the operational project
activities at the beginning of 2015.
Other Government institutions involved in the
Project Implementation include:
• National Irrigation Institute (INIR – Instituto
Nacional de Irrigação);
• Agriculture Research Institute of Mozambique
(IIAM – Instituto de Investigação Agrária de
Moçambique);
• National Directorate of Agricuture and Forestry
Plantations (DINAS – Direcção Nacional de
Agricultura e Silvicultura);
• National Directorate of Veterinary (DINAV –
Direcção Nacional de Veterinária);
• National Directorate of Agriculture Extension
(DNEA–DirecçãoNacionaldeExtensãoAgrária);
• Directorate of Planning and International
Cooperation (DPCI – Direcção de Planificação e
Cooperação Internacional); National Directorate
of Land (DINAT – Direcção Nacional de Terras);
• National Institute of Meteorology (INAM –
Instituto Nacional de Metereologia);
• National Administration of Roads (ANE –
Administração Nacional de Estradas);
• Provincial Directorates of Agriculture and Food
Security of Maputo, Gaza and Inhambane
Provinces (DPASA’s – Direcções Provinciais de
Agricultura e Segurança Alimentar);
• Provincial Directorates of Land, Environment
and Rural Development – (DPTADER’s –
Direcções Provinciais da Terra, Ambiente e
Desenvolvimento Rural); and
• District Services of Economic Activities
(SDAE’s – Serviços Distritais de Actividades
Económicas) and District Services of Planning
and Infrastructures (SDPI’s – Serviços Distritais de
Planeamento e Infraestruturas) of the 19 targeted
districts.
The project is currently in the mid-term stage of
its implementation, with several innovative and
effective climate-smart solutions now in place to
increase food production and foster resilience
among smallholder farmers.
The main goal of the project is to improve and
render more climate-resilient the livelihoods of
smallholder farmers in selected districts of the
Maputo and Limpopo Corridors, thereby making
value chains resilient to the expected impacts
of climate change, particularly increased rainfall
variability and the risk of drought and flooding.
More specifically, the project’s development
objective is to achieve sustainable increased
returnstofarmersthrough:(i)increasedproduction
volumes and quality in the targeted value chains;
(ii) improved market linkages; and (iii) efficient
farmer organisations and higher farmers’ share of
the final added value.
The project design and implementation scheme
is organized along three main agribusiness
value chains – horticulture, cassava, and red
meat – and relies on strong research and financial
mechanisms to support smallholder farmers. The
project operates in the southern provinces of the
country: Maputo, Gaza, and Inhambane.
18. - 18 -
Horticulture Component: nine districts of two
provinces are targeted:
• Maputo province: Moamba, Marracuene,
Namaacha and Boane;
• Gaza province: Xai-Xai, Manjacaze, Chókwè,
Guijá and Chibuto.
Red Meat Component: is implemented in seven
districts of two provinces:
• Gaza province: Chókwè, Guijá, Chicualacuala,
Massingir and Mabalane
• Maputo province: Manhiça and Magude.
Cassava Component: Six districts of two provinces
are targeted:
• Gaza province: Manjacaze
• Inhambane province: Zavala, Inharrime,
Jangamo, Morrumbene and Massinga.
To tackle climate issues that will have an impact
on the sustainability of PROSUL investments, ASAP
financing focuses on four main strands:
1. diversifying cropping systems,
experimenting with drought-resilient
cassava varieties;
2. promoting climate-resilient small-scale
infrastructure introducing low-cost yet
climate-resilient horticultural techniques;
3. providing efficient water management
structures in drought prone areas and
establishing water user associations; and
4. enhancing local meteorological stations in
order to improve smallholders access to
weather forecasting.
In this regard, key highlights in the current
implementation of PROSUL are as follows:
• Multiplication of drought tolerant, pest
resistant, high yielding varieties of cassava,
in collaboration with the Instituto de
Investigação Agrária de Moçambique –IIAM
• An increase in the area used for cassava stem
multiplication to a total of 24.7 hectares
Map of the Project Area (PROSUL Semi-Annual Progress
report 2016)
• Improvement in horticultural techniques,
with the construction of shade cloths, drip
irrigation schemes, and commercialization of
products.
• The main sources for watering cattle are
wells, boreholes, ponds, dams, and in some
cases permanent rivers. These sources
are often insufficient and not accessible
during the dry season. As such, the project
includes the construction and rehabilitation
of livestock water points. Some operate with
solar pumps.
• The promotion of dry season feeding
techniques among livestock keepers in
four districts of the provinces of Maputo
and Gaza. A total of 16 out of 34 Livestock
Producer’s Organizations (LPOs) were trained
in hay making practices and supplementary
livestock feeding techniques. All the
members have begun preparing hay bales
and licks.
19. - 19 -
PROSUL EXPERIENCE ADDRESSING CLIMATE
CHANGE ADAPTATION
In terms of climate change, the southern
provinces of the country are facing a period of
extreme drought that started two years ago.
Rainfall patterns have changed significantly
and the rainy season that traditionally ran from
August/September to March is now reduced to
just a couple of months (usually February and
March), and also now registers many severe rain
events. In addition, there has been an increase in
the number of high-temperature days, i.e. above
normal levels.
Farmersbegannoticingclimateandenvironmental
changes during the flood registered in 2000. The
autonomous adaptation solutions undertaken
by the community so far include: (i) shifting the
period of cultivation; (ii) moving close to rivers;
and (iii) moving to lowland areas.
PROSUL is providing alternative and innovative
solutions that smallholder farmers can adopt in
order to enhance their adaptive strategies and
capacities.
Three experiences - one related to each value
chain - and their results will be shared. All three
respond to the emergency conditions regarding
a lack of water for irrigation and cattle watering,
especially in the southern province of the country.
The adaptive solutions proposed by PROSUL are
all oriented to increasing production volumes and
quality and enhancing access to water.
1. Climate-smart solutions for enhancing
horticulture - Horticulture value chain.
• Five (5) shade cloths were established, of
which one for seedling production and the
remaining 4 for vegetable production. These
shade cloths are managed by 110 farmers of
which 30 men and 80 women.
• Market linkages between farmers producing
vegetables through protected cultivation
technologies as well as on open field have
been established. These linkages enable
farmers to supply high value vegetables to
Supermarkets in Maputo Province, including
Shoprite, Food Lover’s Market and Horta Boa.
Individual buyers and local markets are also
targeted. In total, farmers earned a gross
20. - 20 -
income of 391.890 Meticais (MT) of which
172.980 MT coming from sales of shade cloth
vegetables by selling of 5.077,4 kgs of English
pepper and hybrid pepper and 218.910 MT
from selling of 10.440 kgs of cabbage, green
been, pepper and tomato
2. Strategies and practical solutions for
improving livestock in drought prone areas,
including multifunctional boreholes and the
practice of hay making - Red meat value
chain.
• In total five (5) boreholes were constructed
under the project, benefiting 5.108 cattle and
369 households, and one (1) was rehabilitated.
• In total of 158 groups formed by both cattle
and goat smallholder producers were
organized. These groups are formed by 4.199
members of whom 1.484 women (35%).
• In total, 30 FFS involving 693 breeders of
which 380 women were established and
supported. The top priority topic for FFS is
to identify ways of controlling cattle ticks,
learning how to make hay and establish
fodder banks for minimizing the impact of
the lack of pasture during the dry season.
• The project trained 152 livestock producers
in matters of making hay bales. During the
training sessions, 832 bales of maize wastes
were produced.
3. Multiplication of climate-resilient varieties of
cassava - Cassava value chain.
• 48,3 ha for multiplication plots of stem-seed
of cassava improved varieties were planted
and maintained. Unfortunately, about 6,2 ha
of stem multiplication plot were lost. The
breakdown of the motorpump, scarcity
of humidity just after planting are the main
factors behind such losses.
• In total, 181 Farmers Field Schools (FFSs)were
established and 181 farmer groups (1 for
each FFS) were formed. The total number
of farmers participating in these groups and
FFS’s is of 4.959 members. The establishment
of replicas of FFS’s is one of the project
strategies aiming at increasing the scale
of reach as some of the farmers trained
through the FFS can share the acquired
knowledge with other farmers not involved
in the FFSs. This methodology ensures rapid
dissemination of information, increases the
level of service coverage and leverages
project efficiency and impact.
EXPERIENCE 1
Horticulturevaluechain:climate-smartsolutions
for enhancing horticulture
Brief description
PROSUL introduced the shade cloth technology
in order to ensure the production of vegetables
throughout the year. In terms of implementation,
the entry point consists of identifying a group
of 25-30 smallholder farmers, building up the
shade cloth, and providing technical assistance
for production, organizational aspects, business
planning, and access to very specific niche
markets. To date, PROSUL has set-up five shade
cloths with drip irrigation system demo plots to
increase the quality and quantity of horticulture
production in several districts in the province of
Maputo.
The Learning Route will visit the 3 shade cloths
build up in the area of Mafuiane in Namaacha
21. - 21 -
district. They are demo plots cultivated and
managed directly by the farmers of the
Associaçao de Regantes de Mafuiane (Water
Users Association - WUA) with daily technical
assistance from the PROSUL Lead Service
Provider (the Gapi-SI/Novedades Agrícolas
Consortium) and district extensionists. PROSUL
is currently facilitating links between the farmers
and the market.
Before the shade cloths
The Associaçao de Regantes de Mafuiane was
created in 1993 under the framework of an Italian
Cooperation initiative. It includes 196 members
and 254 plots covering 163 hectares. Initially,
the project provided a pump for irrigation and
inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and a
tractor, and WUA members cultivated their plots
individually. Over the years the original pump
deteriorated, rain has decreased, temperatures
have risen, and the soil has become drier and
warmer, requiring more water. Consequently,
farmers have experienced a significant drop in
productivity.
After the shade cloths
The new shade cloths and the drip irrigation systems
provided by PROSUL produced several benefits. First,
the WUA members started operating collectively,
organizing themselves in three groups of 25 to 30
farmerseachandsharingamongthemresponsibilities
in order to manage and cultivate under the shade
cloths. They also collectively sell their products from
the shade cloth demo plots and from their individual
plots, thereby gaining a better access to markets.
Further direct benefits for the farmers include:
• the drip irrigation systems are water saving,
fast, and requires less effort than furrow
irrigation, which requires drawing water from
pumps and irrigating manually;
• the quality and the dimensions of products
enhanced and as a result the prices increased;
• there is a wider variety of products (i.e. some
products can be grown only under the shade
cloths and not in the individual plots, and the
shade cloths allow vertical growing, whereas
many farmers were previously unaware of the
existence of some horticultural varieties).
Shade cloth details
District
Irrigation
Perimeter
N. of
Units
Type of
Shade Cloth
Area per Unit (m2)
Number of farmers
benefited
Namaacha Mafuiane 3 Production
Covered Green Men Women Total
1980 1260 17 63 80
Income from Sales of Vegetables
District
Irrigation
Perimeter
Shade cloths Farmer Field Schools
Namaacha Mafuiane
Total Harvests
(kgs)
Total Income
from Sales
(MT)
Total Harvests
(kgs)
Total Income
from Sales
(MT)
5077,4 172.980,00 1644 25.580,00
22. - 22 -
EXPERIENCE 2
Red meat value chain: strategies and practical
solutions for livestock in drought prone areas
A. Multifunctional boreholes
Brief description
One of the most successful PROSUL interventions
in a context of extreme and prolonged drought
is the construction of multifunctional boreholes
powered through solar energy, which contribute
to minimizing problems related to lack of water
for animals and people.
The Learning Route will visit one of the five already
operational multifunctional boreholes serving
part of Merone area in Manhiça district.
The borehole provides water for human use
(drinking and domestic) throughout two taps
– one for water collection and one with a
washboard for washing cloths – and for animal
consumption (cattle) through a basin.
Access to the borehole water is managed
by a Water Management Committee (WMC)
comprised of 12 members. Farmers access the
water by paying a monthly fee, charged per
household and per cow. The money is collected
monthly by the WMC, deposited in a bank
account used for infrastructure maintenance.
Every three months the WMC holds a meeting
with the entire community (69 households) to
ensure transparency and accountability about
the money collected and spent and to discuss
emergent issues and ways forward.
Before construction of the borehole
In recent decades the area has been affected
by a shortening of the rainy season. As
consequence of this negative impact of
23. - 23 -
climate change, most farmers reported higher
mortality levels among cattle, a lack of pasture
for grazing, and that the animals stopped
producing milk.
Prior to the construction of the borehole, access
to water for human and animal consumption
was through a few artesian wells. The watering
of animals through the artesian wells required
major efforts in terms of travel distance (from
1 to 3-4 hours in some cases) and manually
extracting the water (it often takes the whole
morning to water cattle). Because each cow
requires 40/50 litres per day, water could not be
provided to all of them, and farmers practiced
a sort of rotation among the animals, watering
only some each day.
The multifunctional borehole produced
immediate benefits. Farmers are now able to
water all their cows, and are often able to breed
cattle. The estimated time each cow spends
drinking is ten minutes, farmers no longer have
to pump manually, and the average distance
to reach the borehole is half an hour. Cattle
mortality rates reduced and farmers were
able to dedicate more time to other income
generating activities, such as small farming,
preparing land for cultivation, selling roots for
teeth cleaning, and domestic activities.
24. - 24 -
B. Hay making practices
PROSUL promotes innovative dry season feeding
techniquestosupportlivestockfarmersbytraining
them in hay making practices as a supplementary
livestock feeding techniques. This practice has
two options: opening a hole in the floor where
the grass is pressed and/or pressing the grass in
a wooden box so it can be easily transported.
Farmers have been trained regarding the best
moment to cut the grass, the proper way to dry it,
and how to prepare salt blocks.
The Learning Route will meet some farmers
coming from the area of 25 Setembro in Chokwe
district, an area strongly affected by drought,
particularly in the last two years, and where the
lack of water and of pasture became a challenge
for livestock farming. They will demonstrate these
practices and tell us how they changed their lives.
EXPERIENCE 3
Cassava value chain: The multiplication of
climate-resilient varieties of Cassava
Brief description
Cassava is a key product in Mozambique.
PROSUL is adopting an innovative cycle-system
for intensification of climate-resilient cassava
production. The cycle includes several steps.
First, the seeds of the climate-resilient varieties
of cassava are provided by the Instituto de
Investigação Agrãria de Moçambique (IIAM).
Second, PROSUL selects through the Lead Service
Provider (SNV/Mahlahle Consortium) the so-
called “farmer champions” or “emergent farmers”
who receive the seeds and start the planting.
25. - 25 -
Third, when the plants are ready, farmers cut the
cassavastemsandthesestemsaresoldtoPROSUL.
In some cases, farmer champions harvest roots
for sale, and in other cases they just leave the
plants in order to continue with the multiplication
of stems. These farmers have already been
trained as FFS facilitators and have supported
field officers on identifying new groups and new
areas of interventions as well as on the facilitation
of some topics of the FFS curricula.
Fourth,PROSULdonatesthesestemsto:(i)individual
farmers, in order to replace the old varieties with
the new ones; (ii) the Farmers Filed Schools, set-
up by PROSUL; and (iii) other cassava demo
plots managed by the Leading Service Providers
technicians through the farmer champions. Finally,
each Farmers Filed School has a demonstration
plot where the farmers learn the proper ways to
cut and replant cassava, how to organize the plots
for cultivation and how to manage them to protect
against diseases and pests.
This experience is strictly related to the land
tenure issue. The Lead Service Provider, the Verde
Azul/Lupa Consortium, is supporting farmers in
the process of registering ownership of their plots
by mapping land use, zoning and demarcating
the plots, and helping farmers obtain land right
certificates. As a direct consequence, more
farmers became interested in the cassava value
chain development interventions simply because
of the opportunity to secure land rights. This
shows how securing land can act as push factor
for value chain development.
What can we learn from PROSUL during the
Learning Route?
PROSUL will show successful climate-smart
practical solutions and strategies to improve
horticulture, cassava production, and
livestock in order to enhance the resilience
of smallholder farmers living in areas strongly
affected by drought.
Moreover, it will provide useful insights
into local community models of farmers’
organizations in order to enhance their
adaptive capacities.
PROSUL project staff will share their
experiences of promoting the lessons
learned and of the institutional and political
dialogue on climate change adaptation at
local and national levels.
27. - 27 -
CASE 2 Climate resilient post-harvest and
agribusiness support project (PASP) - Rwanda
BACKGROUND
Climate Change Country Profile
Rwanda is a fairly small, land-locked country in
the East Africa region. The country is mountainous
and has earned the name “land of a thousand
hills”, with an average elevation of 900 m in the
south-west, 1500 to 2000 m in the south and
the centre of the country, 1800 to 3000 m in the
northern and the western highlands, and 3000 to
4500 m in the regions of Congo-Nile Crest and
the volcano chain. The country has a population
of approximately 10.5 million people. Rwanda’s
development is dependent on its natural
resource endowment – fresh water, diverse
ecological systems, forests, fertile soils, and
beautiful landscapes. While these resources have
sustained livelihoods and the economy, they have
been progressively degraded due to population
pressure and inappropriate use. But now, climate
change has emerged as an impending challenge
in Rwanda’s social and economic development
unless urgent measures are taken. Rwanda’s
vulnerability to climate change comes from its
geopolitical (terrain, size), socio-demographic
(population, settlements, quality of life, literacy
and knowledge), and economic characteristics.
The impacts of climate change present a new
set of challenges in the efforts to reduce poverty
and promote social justice. Climate change has
created a ‘new normal’ that is full of uncertainties.
As such, climate change requires new monitoring
and new responses through the complex
systems of economic development, governance,
livelihoods, and social relationships. Changing
temperatures, erratic rainfall, floods, landslides,
and drought all have significant consequences for
the livelihoods, health, food security, educational
opportunities, and survival of people living in
poverty, and recent first-hand evidence of the
effects of a changing climate are evident.
This presents different challenges for different
regions: the mountainous west of the country will
be subject to erosion, parts of the central north
and south will experience severe floods, and
the east and southeast will suffer drought and
desertification. In terms of food security, the four
most vulnerable regions (out of twelve) are the
Eastern Agro-Pastoral Zone, the Eastern Semi-Arid
Agro-Pastoral Zone, the Bugesera Cassava Zone
in the south, and parts of the Eastern Congo-
Nile Highland Subsistence Farming Zone. Some
climate change effects, such as the lowering level
of lakes and water flows and forest degradation,
are expected to occur throughout the country.
Among the major challenges at the moment
are extreme and prolonged droughts that have
been taking place in the Maputo and Limpopo
Corridors over the last 2 years. Attributed to
the El Niño phenomenon, these droughts have
resulted in low agricultural productivity and food
insecurity, a lack of water for people and animals,
a lack of pastures, and mortality of animals.
28. - 28 -
The Climate Resilient Post-Harvest and Agribusiness
Support Project (PASP) was formulated as an
instrument for the implementation of the PHSCS (the
National Post-Harvest Staple Crop Strategy) which
aims to develop an efficient post-harvest system
driven by the private sector to reduce post-harvest
losses and ensure food security of staple crops.
PASP is an ‘avant-garde’ initiative and its main
aim is to enhance local capacity by supporting
five main commodities, from harvest to markets,
enabling smallholder access to financial resources
for investing in post-harvest climate-resilient
technologies (e.g. solar dryers or cooling systems).
Post-harvest losses are recognized in Rwanda
as one of the greatest sources of inefficiency
in agricultural production in the country. The
causes of post-harvest loss are not limited to
pests, pathogens, spoilage, and damages but
also by a lack of suitable storage structure and
an absence of management technologies and
practices. Current losses for key commodities
amount to about 30% of harvested products,
but these losses are likely to increase given the
country‘s reliance on rain fed agriculture and its
vulnerability to climate change. The volumes of
commodities produced are increasing due to
various production support programmes for CIP
crops, however unpredictable climate factors
such as change in rainfall patterns (as in the season
2015 A) will increase post-harvesting losses.
PASP resources are used for the reduction of post-
harvest losses and the promotion of agribusiness
activities in the following value chains: maize and
beans, cassava, Irish potato, and dairy.
To tackle climate issues that will have an impact
on the sustainability of PASP investments, ASAP
financing supports the integration of climate risk
management in the planning and implementation
of investment undertaken by HUB owners through
the promotion and demonstration of climate
resilient practices, structures, and innovations.
These innovations range from promoting crop and
forage varieties with maturities periods that are
better suited to the changing length of the growing
season, to demonstrating the use of solar power
and biogas systems as cost-effective approaches
for all the focused commodities value chains.
The operating area of the project consists of
12 districts located in the Northern, Western,
Southern and Eastern provinces (Musanze,
Nyabihu, Rubavu, Kamonyi, Ruhango, Nyanza,
Muhanga, Nyagatare, Gatsibo, Kayonza, Kirehe,
and Ngoma).
The primary target groups for PASP are both the
poor smallholder farmers engaged in production/
processing in the supported commodities as well
as smallholders who supplement their income
through agricultural wage work.
The project is managed by the Single Project
Implementation Unit on Land Husbandry,
Watershed Management & Value Chain
Development (SPIU) in the Ministry of Agriculture
and Animal Resources (MINAGRI).
To learn more about PASP please visit the
following website:
http://spiu-ifad.minagri.gov.rw/spiu-programs/
pasp/pasp-details/
Climateresilientpost-harvestandagribusiness
support project (pasp)
29. - 29 -
PASP experience addressing climate change
adaptation
PASP is working through two mutually reinforcing
components: 1) the HUB capacity development
programme and business coaching; and 2) post-
harvest climate resilient agri-business investment
support.
Both components seek to reduce post-harvest
losses and generate employment opportunities
for youth and women adding value to agriculture
through processing and agribusiness, thereby
supporting the transformation of Rwandan
agriculture from low-scale production to a highly
productive agricultural system.
Four PASP experiences will be shared:
1. the Single Project Implementation Unit (SPIU)
as a solution for managing and coordinating
interlinked projects;
2. the HUB operational model, including
products and business aggregation points,
followingtheexperiencesoftwocooperatives
operating in two different districts;
3. the Private-Public-Producers Partnership (4Ps
Model)
4. the process of data collection, analysis, and
dissemination in order to enhance access to
climate-related information and forecasting
for smallholder farmers
EXPERIENCE 1
The single project implementation unit
SPIU is the Single Project Implementation Unit
on Land Husbandry, Watershed Management &
Value Chain Development within MINAGRI. The
three IFAD funded projects in Rwanda (PASP,
PRICE, and KWAMP, which just ended on June
30th 2016) are centrally managed by SPIU. This
management structure presents several positive
direct effects: (i) a high level of technical
specialization of the staff managing the three
projects; (ii) capitalizing skills, competencies
and practical solutions from the past
experience; and (iii) creating synergies among
projects (this means finding common solutions
to address problems that are common to the
three projects, and in some cases opportunities
encountered through one project could be
used to overcome the challenges faced by
another).
Moreover, during the last four years the SPIU
has developed a Knowledge Management
and Communication Strategy for the
agricultural sector and has a dedicated staff
in order “to provide guidance to the MINAGRI
and its programmes/projects, so they can
communicate agricultural transformation issues
in a more innovative and integrative manner
through awareness building, knowledge
sharing, and training to facilitate the adoption of
best practices, technologies, and approaches,
and therefore contribute to policy and decision
making processes.”
EXPERIENCE 2
Private-public-producers partnership (4ps
model)
During the implementation of PASP, many
challenges have been encountered: the lack of
adequate guarantees; the unwillingness of financial
institutions to fund post-harvest infrastructure; and
a low level of private sector engagement in post-
harvest infrastructure development. As a response
to these challenges, PASP is promoting the 4Ps
model, which allows the use of PASP funds in three
different ways:
30. - 30 -
• Brokerage: PASP funds will be used to
remunerate a Business Development Strategy
provider who will be in charge of evaluating
and promoting the 4Ps model.
• Investment Funds: direct investment support
to smallholder farmers who cannot afford
to set up post-harvest infrastructure through
financial institutions due to a lack of adequate
guarantees.
• Auctioning Infrastructure: PASP funds can
also be used to construct post-harvest
infrastructure, which can be subsequently sold
to private partners via auction (privatization)
after it has been fully constructed.
The Learning Route participants will visit the
successful experience of Mr Frank Gadugara in
Kayonza.
Frank Gadugara is a businessman and an
interesting example of success that illustrates
the financial mechanism developed by PASP
to access to climate-resilient infrastructure
and technologies.
He used to buy maize from the farmers in
Kayonza to resell it at the Kigali market, but
his income was low due to the poor quality
of the maize. He knew about the opportunity
to get a matching grant through PASP, so he
invested all the savings he had in some land.
He then designed his own business plan and
submitted it to access to the grant. Frank was
approved by PASP for 40% of the investment,
and he obtained a loan at the Banque
Populaire Rwanda for the remaining 60%. He
bought his own warehouse. One of the PASP
requirements is that the private individual
who benefits from the grant has to provide
support to farmers. In this case, Frank bought
5 bubble driers and distributed them to the
farmers.
Frank currently has 20 employers working
with him and trains farmers in post-harvesting
techniques. At the moment, he is developing
a water harvesting system that consists of
two water tanks, a solar-powered pump,
and a distribution pipe for the farmers. In the
future he plans to buy an automatic grain
cleaner.
EXPERIENCE 3
The hub operational model as product and
business aggregation points
A typical product aggregation point HUB is a
structure where the equipment and technology
that is necessary for the post-harvest activities are
concentrated in one location. This helps minimize
post-harvest losses through proper quality
control, drying, sorting, packaging, storing, and
transportation to local markets or preparation for
national/international shipping.
The HUB works also as a business aggregation
point by strengthening the connection between
rural farmers (reunited within cooperatives
of Private Partnerships), SACCOs (Financial
Cooperatives), Micro Financial Institutions
(MFIs), commercial banks, specialized firms that
provide pre- and post-harvest services (e.g. local
dealers providing seed fertilizers to cooperative
members or offering storing services), market
partners, etc.
The HUBs put cooperatives at the centre,
strengthening their relationships with financial
actors and the private sector, involving them
directly as part of private investment and
enhancing their role (already historically in place
in the country) as an actor of change.
At the moment 12 HUBs have become fully
operational with PASP support.
31. - 31 -
PASP is focused on borrowing from the
commercial banking system the funds required to
implement the Business Development Strategies
(BDs) adopted by the interested HUBs. Financial
investments will be given to HUBs that have
adopted a business plan that is considered
strong enough to obtain bank financing and
that has obtained the necessary certification by
an MFI professional. This way PASP seeks not
only to ensure proper financing for HUBs, which
will use these funds for the implementation of
the respective BDs, but also to promote contact
between HUBs and financial institutions. PASP
grants vary depending on the size and type of
projects.
The current process for the co-financing of BPs
through a PASP grant and guaranteed funds are
as following:
• Business Promoters discuss their Business
Ideas with the Technical Service Providers
(WAKALA, IRONA, HEIFER, SORWAFFA), which
help define them in a clear way and collect
the necessary documents.
• Once all information/documents are available,
the draft Business Plan is transmitted to the
Business Development Strategies provider,
which through multiple field assessment visits
and technical support will formalize the BP
and submit it to the financial institution.
• The local branch of the financial institution
carries out a field assessment to verify the
bankability of the Business Plan and submits
their report to headquarters, which votes on
the compatibility of the BP with the parameters
set by the bank.
• Upon loan approval, the financial institution
submits a request to the Business
32. - 32 -
Development Fund for a PASP grant award (and
guarantee when needed) on behalf of their
clients, the beneficiaries of PASP.
• The local branch of the Business Development
Fund carries out a field assessment of the
Business Promoter to verify that the Business
Plan is eligible under PASP criteria. The Business
Development Fund field committee votes on
eligibility and communicates the decision to
their headquarters.
• The headquarters committee of the Business
Development Fund convenes for a second vote
on the eligibility of the BP. If this is confirmed, the
grant is transmitted to the bank. If the Business
Promoter fails to make the required periodical
loan repayments for more than six months, the
bank informs the principal borrower that the
grant arrangement has been cancelled and
returned to PASP. In that case the borrower
must then repay the entire loan amount without
grants, notwithstanding any other penalties
imposed by the financial institution.
Each Business Plan must include a climate-resilient
component.
To date, 118 Business Plans have been developed
and 26 funded.
A. The experience of koremu cooperative in
Ngoma
In 2010, a groups of farmers in Ngoma District
had the idea of creating a farmers organization
to collectively face the challenges of maize and
bean post-harvesting losses and to overcome
poverty. This lead to the creation of the KOREMU
cooperative in 2011, with 90 members. Members
beganworkingtogethertocreatepartnershipswith
several local and national stakeholders supported
by the district and the sector. In 2014, PASP started
to train them on climate resilient post-harvesting
techniques and supported the rehabilitation of
an old warehouse. That same year they signed
agreements with buyers (SARURA) and insurance
providers (KILIMOSALAMA and UAP). In 2014-2015
the cooperative obtained two drying systems, one
from the district and one from PASP, which allowed
them to increase the harvesting of maize and beans
up to 450 tons and earned them an award from the
district for their success. In 2015, they decided to
33. - 33 -
construct another drying ground system, received
400 tarpaulins from PASP, participated in fairs and
exhibitions, and began developing the so-called
“warrantage” system, an investment fund to which
a portion of products are donated (i.e. each farmer
gives 30 kg of beans and 60 kg of maize to the
cooperative).
Today the farmers harvest and sell their products
through the cooperatives. The buyers pay the bank
or the SACCO who directly transfer the money
to the list of farmers in relation to the quantity of
products harvested by each one of them.
By 2016 the KOREMU cooperative had reached
50 members, harvested 750 tons of product,
and constructed a new drying facility and a new
warehousethroughthefundingoftheirBusinessPlan.
The main benefits achieved by the smallholder
farmers have been: (i) an increased quantity of
products sold; (ii) a change of mind-set; and (iii)
an evident improvement in their socio-economic
conditions.
B. The experience of codpcum cooperative in
Nyagatare
CODPCUM began as an association of 7 farmers in
2007 and became a cooperative in 2009.
This Cooperative is among the beneficiaries
whose loan application was accepted by the local
branch of the Banque Populaire Rwanda. The bank
released 38 million for the construction of a new
warehouse and the rehabilitation of an old one that
needed a new ventilation system.
On 10 March 2016, the President of the
cooperative met with PASP in order to sign for
an ASAP grant. The relevant funds were used to
purchase solar panels, water tanks, and a climate
resilient ventilation system. In addition to the two
warehouses the cooperative is also running a
closed drying facility.
With the support of PASP the cooperative
is operating as an agro-dealer for its sector.
Accordingly, they not only have the inputs that are
necessary for their cooperative, they also provide
inputs to other maize and beans producers.
The successful results of CODPCUM cooperative
were awarded at the national level in September
2016 and produce direct benefits both for
cooperative members and at the community
level, improving their socio-economic condition
and their resilience.
In both of the experiences described (KOREMU
and CODPCUM cooperatives) the farmers are
aware that being part of a HUB does not simply
mean storing products in the same place. A
HUB, in fact, is much more than that. It works as a
connection between rural farmers (reunited within
cooperatives of small and medium enterprises),
SACCOs (Financial Cooperatives), Micro Financial
Institutions (MFIs), commercial banks, specialized
firms that provide pre- and post-harvest services
(e.g. local dealers providing seed fertilizers
to cooperative members or offering storing
services), market partners, etc. Promoting
these connections means also promoting the
intervention of the private sector, which for years
has shown a limited involvement in agriculture.
This change of mindset transforms farmers from
passive beneficiaries of the Government plans
and funding to active market players. The support
offered with the identification and full financing
of climate resilient business plans is certainly
promoting this transformation and making them
more resilient to the problems of food security.
Increasing the climate resilience of smallholder
farmers is also of fundamental importance,
given how climate change endangers their
livelihood. The training on climate change/
climate risk management, the dissemination of
new climate resilient practices and technologies,
the construction of climate resilient infrastructure
34. - 34 -
such as warehouses and drying facilities, the
introduction of climate-smart post-harvest
technologies, and the dissemination of climate
bulletins all make them more resilient to the
negative impacts of climate change.
EXPERIENCE 4
Climate forecasting and information tools
The PASP partnership with the Rwanda
Meteorological Agency (RMA) provides smart-
climate information to farmers. The Learning Route
participants will visit the RMA and meet people
who elaborate data directly from satellite images
to provide information on the weather forecast
and minimum and maximum temperatures.
The RMA currently provides three levels of climate
forecast:
• the short-term forecast, ranging from 1 minute
to 3 days;
• the medium-term forecast, ranging from 3 to
14 days;
• long-term/seasonal forecast, ranging from 14
to 90 days.
Other data are collected through the 300
meteorological stations spread across the country.
Of these, 42 automatically transmit data directly to
the RMA every 15 minutes. Data collection at the
other stations is done by RMA extensionist officers
in the districts and by farmer volunteers. RMA
extensionists also provided training to 30 farmers
for each cooperative in the target districts.
This flow of information happens in a twofold
direction: (i) a daily forecast is sent via mobile
messages directly to farmers so they can plan
35. - 35 -
short-term post-harvesting activities; and (ii) more
complex climate-related data are sent to farmers’
representatives, who use the data to generate
a seasonal forecast and organize workshops
at the district/sector level in order to plan post-
harvesting activities for the whole season in a
participatory way.
They are currently able to reach 5000 people,
and negotiations with mobile communications
companies are underway to increase the number
of farmers that can be reached throughout the
country (taking into consideration that almost 70%
of the population are farmers). Improvements are
also being developed to make the daily forecasting
service fully effective in all target districts and in
order to create new services to improve access
to information (i.e. setting up a call centre and
establishing more meteorological stations to
downscale climate information to the sector level).
In the near future, the RMA hopes to use the HUB
model created by PASP in order to send real-time
messagesatthecellleveltoascreenthroughwhich
all farmers can directly access climate information.
One of the main challenges is downscaling climate
information to the cell level, especially in areas
affected by specific micro-climate conditions,
such as the eastern provinces.
What can we learn from PASP during the
Learning Route?
PASP will show successful climate-smart
practical solutions, strategies, infrastructure
and technologies to improve post-
harvesting and to enhance smallholder
farmers’ adaptive capacities.
Moreover, through the HUB model and
the 4Ps model it will provide useful
insights to recognize how to best promote
relationships between farmers and
financial institutions to enhance farmers’
access to the market and their capacities
to build partnership with private investors,
and how these can be used to manage
increased climate risks.
It will show the success of the cooperative
model when it strengthens relationships
with the local stakeholders becoming active
market players and agribusiness providers.
PASP project staff will describe their
experiences in coordinating and
managing, and specify lessons learned in
the institutional and political dialogue on
climate change adaptation at local and
national level.
37. - 37 -
The idea of innovation
1. Innovation: Why and What for? :
“Forperhapsthefirsttimeinhistory,Humanityhasthe
capability to create more information than anyone
can take in, to encourage more interdependence
than anyone can manage, and to promote change
with a velocity than no one can keep up with”.
Senge (1992)
Globalization has increased both competition and
the exchange of information, while technological
advances and changes in social and market
demands mean that one needs to move quickly in
order to stand one’s ground and develop in today’s
world. This interactive and complex reality puts us
face to face with the constant challenge of adapting
adequately, and obtaining greater efficiency in
the use of our organization’s resources and in the
contributions we make to the welfare of the poor.
In a broad sense, innovation refers to introducing a
novelty, that is, a positive adaptation to the changes
takingplaceintoday’sworld.Thatis why innovating
requiresusmainlytodevelopcreativecapacitiesthat
will let us detect opportunities in an organizational
setting and in a dynamic environment.
Innovation, then, means improving the capacity
of our organizations to respond to the social,
organizational, and market needs, by generating
new ideas that will be translated into new products,
Objective
To present basic definitions concerning
the process of innovation, which will
provide users with the conceptual tools for
developing a Plan for Innovation, through the
review of the main ideas on innovation that
are present in current debate on the subject.
services, or processes, capable of exploiting
internal and external opportunities that improve
organizational performance.
The challenge to innovate will lead us to become
agents that generate and transform the reality
of our organizations in the first place, and then of
our communities and societies, making strategic
contributions to the processes of rural development
and to improving people’s welfare.
2. What is innovation?
The debate surrounding innovation has undergone
a marked evolution over the last several decades.
It has evolved from an economic notion related
exclusively to economics, technological advance
and business, towards other, wider meanings, in
which the context is highly relevant, as are the
participationoflocalagents,theirpractices,andtheir
ways of learning within the process of innovation.
This evolution implies a change from the notion
of innovation as a product to a view of innovation
as a process that is a central and permanent factor
in the life of an organization.
The concept of innovation
“The introduction, and the application or
procedures, within a role, a group, or an
organization, on the condition that it be new
to the entity that has adopted it, and that it
has been designed to significantly benefit
the individual, the group, the organization, or
society in general” West and Farr 1990
I This definition is discussed at length in the text by America
Gonzalez V: “Innovaci6n Organizacional. Retos y Perspec-
tivas” (Organizational Innovation: Challenges and Perspec-
tives), CLACSO, which is part of the bibliography.
38. - 38 -
Innovation is an action that is intentionally
designed and directed to generating change
within a role, a group, or an organization, which,
when applied, will result in benefits, not only of
a financial nature, but also to the organization
and to society. Innovation does not happen
by chance, it is a planned action, aimed at
improving an existing situation.
Innovation can bring about multiple benefits.
Apart from the financial or commercial
returns, which were described by the
traditional views on innovation, it can benefit
various areas of the organization, such
as personal growth, the satisfaction of its
members, the group’s feeling of belonging,
and internal and external communication.
From this perspective, it is the organization
and its needs - and those of its members
and/or clients - that define what is beneficial
in a context of innovation.
Rural innovation is not limited to technological
or methodological change; it includes new
ideas or processes for managing and guiding
human resources, new ways of using previous
knowledge, the creative application of models
of action that have been used elsewhere, and
the administration of social or development
processes that will result in greater benefits to
an organization, a rural community, or society
as a whole.
Some rural communities have shown great
capacity to learn, adapt, and apply innovations
in original and effective ways, in their fight
against poverty and in the promotion of modern
rural development. It is important to showcase
and leverage the positive impact of successful
rural innovation, and extend its positive effect
to other poor communities.
Scaling up
Leveragingreferstothechallengeofextending
the impact of a rural innovation which has
shown itself to be effective on a micro scale
(oftenlimitedtoasmallnumberofcommunities
or sectors within these communities), to larger
geographical areas or the population within
the latter.
Leveraging is understood as an end because
it aims at producing more benefits for more
people in a wider geographical area, and in a
more lasting manner; it is also a means to create
and strengthen local capacity - institutional,
organizational and communal - to plan,
implement and assess development activities.
That is why leveraging is a learning
process which mobilizes and reinforces
rural communities’ resources, agents, and
capacities at the local level, and extends their
impact and makes it more sustainable.
Source: Regional Research, and Program for
the Dissemination of Rural Initiatives: a IFAD-
IDRC Joint Initiative.
I This definition is discussed at length in the text by
America Gonzalez V: “Innovaci6n Organizacional.
Retos y Perspectivas” (Organizational Innovation:
Challenges and Perspectives), CLACSO, which is
part of the bibliography.
It is important to point out that an innovation
need not be an absolutely new idea, but it
must be new for the entity that adopts it. In other
words, we can also speak of innovation when an
organization adopts an idea or a technology that
has been applied in another context, as long as
it is new to the entity that adopts the innovation.
39. - 39 -
In this process, the application of the innovation
is a crucial element, because it implies the
transformation of knowledge or information into
a practice which embodies newbenefits to those
who implement it.
Innovation is not the same as invention. The mere
generation of novel ideas is not sufficient to create
innovation: an idea is not innovative until it has
been used to satisfy a concrete need (a social or
a market need; whether as a response to demand
or through production initiatives). An innovative
idea must be appropriate to the organization
that implements it, and to the organization’s
members who incorporate it into their work
practices, validating it as a tool to improve their
internal performance and/or the responses to the
surroundings.
Innovation then, is doing things in a new or
different manner, in the context w here our
activity takes place, whether in the organization’s
internal levels, or in specific rural communities.
Innovation implies a novelty that is put into
practice and confirmed by the organization as a
valid and beneficial response to certain needs,
problems, or challenges. The nature and quality
of an innovation are relative to the context where
it is introduced.
An important element for an innovation, is
its validation through use, in other words,
an innovation has meaning because a rural
community or society uses it, makes it theirs,
incorporates and develops it. It is new knowledge,
around which social agents will be mobilized,
and which has an impact on the community, the
organization, or society as a whole.
Nevertheless, innovations also need to be
validated by experts, or evaluated to check the
innovative nature of a process and its contribution
to the development of an organization or
community. This is done using methods which
40. - 40 -
identify the relevant elements in a process of
innovation and provide criteria to judge progress
or setbacks, and indicators of impact.
Criteria for validating as Innovative
an instance that is part of a Learning Process
• It must be representative of solutions
that have been validated and proved
to be contributions to improving the
performance of the agents involved;
• It must have been applied for a
considerable length of time;
• Itmustbeadaptedtothenormaloperating
conditions of public investment projects
and/or under the usual conditions that
apply to the economy of the rural poor;
• The experiences must be in the hands of
their direct operators;
• There must be concrete evidence of
results, in terms of income, assets and /or
work performance;
• There must be evidence that the
results obtained are the result
of incorporating technological,
management, methodological a n d / o r
conceptual innovations.
Source: PROCASUR
Lastly, innovation is a social construct that involves
processes of interaction and interchange among
diverse agents and institutions having different,
and often conflicting, interests and unequal
quotas of economic, social and political power. As
a result, the introduction of innovations is not free
of conflicts, since it involves the transformation
of longstanding models or ways of doing
things, which have determined how benefits
are distributed in a given organizational or social
context. Therefore, communication and setting up
alliances and agreements among various actors
and interests are important in implementing and
sanctioning an innovation.
3. Types of innovation
Innovations can be classified in different types,
according to the area involved:
• Technological Innovations
Aretheresultofapplyingnewtools,techniques
or systems that affect production and delivery
of products, services or processes.
• Commercial Innovations
These are the result of changing any of the
variables involved in marketing.Among
commercial innovations, we can identify:
newways of doing sales promotion, new
combinations of design and functionality, new
systems for the distribution and marketing of
goods and services.
• Organizational Innovations
These are innovations which produce
changes in the structure of the organization or
in its management processes. They are mostly
relatedto the administration of the company.
This is a type of innovation that, among other
things, gives greater access to knowledge and
information, and permits a more efficient use
of human, material, and financial resources.
Among the various organizational innovations,
there are those that act on an external level (for
example, creating networks), and those that are
applied internally (for example, new ways of
choosing executives and personnel, changes in
the hierarchical structure of the organization, and
division of work).
41. - 41 -
Technological innovation has traditionally been
the most discussed and widely applied. However,
there is no “supremacy” of one type of innovation
over others; it all depends on the type of
organization that is being considered. Therefore,
it is the mission and vision of each organization,
along with its needs, and the challenges it faces,
which will determine the type of innovation to
implement at a given time.
4. How to innovate?
How an innovation comes into being
The beginning of a process of innovation can
besetinmotionwhenanewneedordemand
appears within the organization and/or its
surroundings (innovation due to demand) or
through the appearance of new knowledge
or technology (innovation through science).
From a dynamic perspective, both elements
are supplementary in the process of
innovation.
The sources of rural innovation are varied, and
include research and scientific knowledge,
the opinion of experts or technicians, and
also the practices and the new knowledge
developed by the rural communities
themselves.
Innovation is not static (for example: the discovery
ofsomethingnew);ratheritconsistsofanumberof
actions that are time-sequenced and dynamically
related. It is a process of active modification.
In order to innovate, then, we must follow a
number of steps that aren’t necessarily in a lineal
sequence or consecutive, but are closely related:
1. Evaluating or identifying the need for
innovation: this involves a process of
constant monitoring of the opportunities
that exist within the organization or in the
environment for introducing innovative
change. A constant process of diagnosis
and generation of information about existing
needs and demands in the internal dynamics
of the organization or in the rural community
where the activities take place, are of great
importance.
2. Creating, searching for, or adapting an
innovative idea to meet such needs:
producing an idea for an innovation in a certain
context doesn’t necessarily mean inventing
something completely new (through research
and development); rather it consists mainly of
searching for and adapting innovative ideas
that have been applied in other contexts.
3. Preparing a project or a plan for innovation:
in order to successfully develop the innovative
idea, it is crucial to carefully plan a strategy.
4. Implementation and appropriation of the
innovation in the organizational context
where it is to be applied: this includes
satisfying all the necessary conditions, which
requires close collaboration between the
agents of the innovation, and having the
capacity to respond to the requirements for
implementation. The innovation must also
be made feasible, by adapting it to existing
demand and/or creating a demand within the
organization. Appropriation refers to the social
sanctioning of the innovation by means of its
use within the organization, the community,
or the society that will be affected by the
innovation.
The innovation must also be made feasible,
by adapting it to existing demand and/or
creating a demand within the organization.
Appropriation refers to the social sanctioning
of the innovation by means of its use
within the organization, the community,
or the society that will be affected by the
innovation.
42. - 42 -
5. Dissemination and Learning of the
innovative experience: wide dissemination
of an innovation multiplies its impact and the
benefits to the organization and the context
where it is applied. Finally, after the innovation
has been implemented, it is necessary to
assess the experience so as to extract lessons
and models that can be replicated in other
instances, which in turn increase the innovative
capital of the organization and its members.
Finally, after the innovation has been
implemented, it is necessary to assess the
experience so as to extract lessons and models
that can be replicated in other instances, which
in turn will increase the innovative capital of the
organization and its members.
Another determining factor for an innovative
processisthecontextinwhichitisconsidered.This
means that what is innovative in a certain space
and context will not necessarily be innovative
elsewhere. For that reason, it is necessary to be
creative and flexible when promoting processes
of innovation.
Innovation processes do not happen by chance
or by artifice: they are carried out by people
who are motivated by the possibility of
introducing changes that will improve the
performance of their organization in meeting the
demands of its members and of society. Defining
interesting problems, or renewing the way
that the organization or the community works,
means discovering niches in which to develop
innovations. Individuals capable of making these
discoveries are the organization’s most valuable
asset, because they capitalize on the opportunities
that are present in the environment. They are
agents of innovation.
43. - 43 -
SUMMARY
• An Innovation is an action that is purposefully designed and intended to generate changes
within a role, a group or an organization, of a kind that will bring about multiple benefits, not
only of a monetary nature, but also on the personal, organizational and /or social levels.
• Rural innovation is not limited to technological change; it involves the knowledge and
expertise of rural communities that act in novel and effective ways in their efforts to
improve their quality of life.
• Innovation does not require absolute novelty; it is subjective: the idea must be new to
the entity that adopts it.
• The mere production of new ideas is not enough to generate innovation; there must be
application towards a concrete need, and appropriation on the part of the people or
community involved.
• Leveraging refers to the challenge of extending the impact of a rural innovation which
has shown itself to be effective on a micro scale (often limited to a small number of
communities, or to sectors within these communities), to greater geographical areas and
populations.
• There are three types of innovation: “technological”, “commercial”, and “organizational”.
• The sources of rural innovation are diverse, including scientific research and knowledge,
the opinion of experts or specialists, and also the practical experience and knowledge
gathered by the rural organization.
• Innovation is a dynamic process that includes the following steps: (1.) assessment or
identification of the needs for innovation; (2). the creation, search, or adaptation of an
innovative experience to respond to such needs; (3). the preparation of a project or
plan for innovation; (4). the implementation of the innovation and its appropriation in the
organizational context where it is applied; and (5). the dissemination and learning of the
innovative experience.
44. - 44 -
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