Field and lab assignment part II
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The document summarizes field work done at the San Andreas Fault in Park Field, California and weathering processes observed in Coalinga, California. It describes the San Andreas Fault as a right lateral-slip fault that marks the boundary between the Pacific and North American plates. It then discusses mechanical and thermal weathering observed along Coalinga Creek, including cracks in rocks from thermal stress weathering and erosion from water rushing through in the spring. Finally, it mentions using geology knowledge practically in the design and construction of the Coalinga Bridge over Coalinga Creek.
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This bridge outside of Parkfield, California shows evidence of movement along the San Andreas Fault. The guardrail curves and the deck is angled, demonstrating how the fault has caused the bridge to bend. The San Andreas Fault is a strike-slip fault where the Pacific and North American tectonic plates are moving horizontally past one another, with the Pacific plate moving north and the North American plate moving south.
Field assignment part 2
The San Andreas Fault runs nearly the length of California and is classified as a strike-slip fault, causing side-to-side movement between tectonic plates that has resulted in many earthquakes. Chemical and physical weathering change and break down rocks through chemical reactions and plant growth, respectively. Mass wasting such as rockslides transport loose rock and soil downslope due to gravity. Erosion by water widens creeks and rivers over time by carrying away eroded material. Marine, transitional, and continental sedimentary environments deposit sediments from moving water in oceans, shorelines, and streams/rivers. Geology informs practical applications like bridges, canals, and oil extraction.
Chapter 3 Land
This document summarizes various landforms and the geological processes that create them. It discusses both internal forces like earthquakes and volcanoes, as well as external forces like erosion, weathering, streams, glaciers and waves that shape the Earth's surface over time. Specific landforms are examined like mountains, plains, plateaus and valleys, as well as features caused by folding, faulting, volcanic activity, deposition and more. Examples throughout illustrate these concepts.
Chapt14 lecture
The document provides an overview of geology and earth resources, covering topics like tectonic plate movement, rock types, economic geology, environmental effects of mining, and geological hazards. It describes how convection currents in the mantle cause the crust to break into tectonic plates that slowly move, causing earthquakes at plate boundaries. The three main rock types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - are formed through the rock cycle of creation, destruction, and transformation. Economic geology examines valuable mineral resources while environmental effects analyzes mining's impacts. Geological hazards like earthquakes, volcanoes, and landslides are also summarized.
Constructive and destructive_forces
Constructive and destructive forces shape the Earth's surface. Constructive forces like deposition from wind, water and ice build up features through processes like creating sand dunes, deltas, and depositing material from glaciers. Destructive forces like erosion, weathering, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions destroy and change surface features through breakdown of land and landscapes. Humans try to control these natural forces through activities like flood control projects, seismological studies, and beach reclamation.
Field study #2
Clayton Ahumada documented geological features observed during family road trips in California. Several photos were taken along Highway 198 near Coalinga and through the Parkfield area, showing examples of the San Andreas Fault, mechanical and chemical weathering, mass wasting, erosion, and continental sedimentary environments. Additional pictures near San Francisco displayed marine and transitional sedimentary environments at the shoreline. One final photo depicted a Parshall flume used to measure irrigation water distribution in the Central Valley.
113161521 AD1872 Assignment Linkedin
This document provides a summary of the geology of the Burren region in County Clare, Ireland. It describes the various rock formations, from the sedimentary rocks and shale cliffs at Moher to the exposed limestone terraces further north. It explains how the unique karst landscape formed over millions of years and discusses how the geology influences the environment, flora, and fauna of the area. It also examines how human activities have shaped the region over time through practices like livestock grazing and fuel collection. The document aims to establish the geological framework of the Burren and explore the environmental impacts of the distribution of different rock types in the area.
Oceanography
The document discusses several key topics related to oceans and oceanography:
- The study of oceans (oceanography) began in earnest in the late 1800s with explorations of the HMS Challenger.
- Modern technology like satellites and sonar have expanded understanding of ocean currents, seafloor topography, and conditions at the surface and below.
- Evidence indicates the Earth has had oceans throughout its history, and water was initially delivered via comet impacts and volcanic outgassing in the early Earth.
- The oceans cover over 70% of the planet and are composed primarily of salty water, with salinity variations caused by precipitation, evaporation, and river inflow.
- Ocean
Tectonics
The document discusses the structure and composition of the Earth. It is divided into sections on:
1) A comparison of the Earth's structure to a scotch egg, with the crust as the breadcrumbs, mantle as the meat, outer core as the egg white, and inner core as the yolk.
2) Plate tectonics and the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes along plate boundaries.
3) The differences between oceanic and continental crust.
4) Types of plate boundaries including divergent, convergent, and conservative, and examples of each.
Geography
The document discusses several key factors that control landform development:
1) Geomorphic agents and processes such as weathering, erosion, and sediment transport affect how rocks and sediment are shaped over time.
2) The types of surficial materials present influences landform evolution.
3) The tectonic setting determines what rock materials are exposed and how they are distributed across the surface.
4) Climate determines the active geologic agents and affects the rates of physical and chemical weathering.
Geomorphology Topic 1 (Part 2) - Basic Concept
The document discusses several key factors that control landform development:
1) Geomorphic agents and processes such as weathering, erosion, and sediment transport affect how rocks and sediment are shaped over time.
2) The types of surficial materials present influences landform evolution.
3) The tectonic setting determines what rock materials are exposed and how they are distributed across the surface.
4) Climate determines the active geologic agents and affects the rates of physical and chemical weathering.
Chapter 2.in geomorphology
This document provides an overview of structural geomorphology and the key surface and subsurface processes that shape the Earth's landscapes. It discusses global geomorphology and the intersection between climatic, hydrologic, and biologic surface processes with underlying geologic processes. Specific topics covered include plate tectonics and the different landforms that form at divergent, convergent and transform plate boundaries. The document also discusses weathering processes, the factors that influence them, and characteristic landforms formed by weathering such as exfoliation domes and rock basins. Finally, it covers slope stability and the different types of landslides that can occur based on material type and movement.
Marine 11 4-11
The document discusses evidence for seafloor spreading and plate tectonics including:
1) Radiometric dating shows seafloor rock is younger than continental rock, indicating seafloor is constantly being created at mid-ocean ridges and destroyed in trenches.
2) Sediment samples show the most buildup near trenches where the oldest seafloor is located.
3) Magnetometer data on basalt minerals revealed a pattern of magnetic pole reversals indicating seafloor is continually being created and moved away from ridges by convection currents in the mantle.
Some Climate Factors
The document discusses several key climate factors that influence a region's climate:
1) Proximity to oceans and seas regulates temperatures, while distance from oceans leads to greater seasonal variation. Ocean currents also influence temperatures.
2) Prevailing winds can push warm or cold air currents and affect storm patterns.
3) Elevation impacts temperature, with mountainous areas generally cooler and low-lying coastal areas warmer.
4) Proximity to the equator determines temperature, with areas closer to the equator experiencing warmer climates.
Coastal erosion cliffs etc
The document summarizes coastal geomorphology and processes. It describes how marine processes like waves, along with sub-aerial processes and human activities, shape the coastline over time. Constructive waves build up sediment while destructive waves erode coasts. Coastal erosion occurs through abrasion, hydraulic pressure, corrosion, and sub-aerial processes like weathering and mass movement. The type and rate of erosion depends on factors like wave energy, beach material, and rock type. Material is transported along the coast through swash and backwash of waves.
Seawater
1) Seawater is composed of about 95% water and 5% other elements like sodium and chloride which make up salt. Most of the world's oceans are saline due to these dissolved elements.
2) Ocean currents circulate heat and transfer it between regions, influencing the climate near coasts. The Coriolis effect, caused by the Earth's rotation, causes currents and winds to deflect right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere.
3) Waves are caused by wind, tidal changes, or seismic activity. Breakers occur when waves interact with the seafloor in shallow water, and can be spilling, plunging, or surging depending on the seafloor slope
Lecture14 weathering
Problem Set 1 answers are posted and students should check their graded work, talking to the instructor about any discrepancies. An exam 1 review session will be held on Monday at 5pm in room 20, and exam 1 itself is on Wednesday the 23rd.
The document discusses various types of weathering processes including physical weathering from frost action, salt crystal growth, unloading of rock layers, thermal expansion and wedging by vegetation. It also discusses chemical weathering processes like hydrolysis, oxidation, acid action and solution that break down minerals. Key factors that control weathering rates are discussed like climate, bedrock properties, vegetation and aspect.
4.forceof change
The document summarizes how the internal structure of the Earth, including its core, mantle, and crust, drives forces like volcanoes and earthquakes. It then discusses how the movement of tectonic plates over millions of years has shaped the Earth's surface features, splitting supercontinents like Pangaea and forming mountain ranges. External forces like weathering, wind erosion, water erosion, and glacial activity also slowly change the Earth's landscape over long periods of time.
Physical Geography Lecture 17 - Oceans and Coastal Geomorphology 120716
This document discusses various topics related to coastal geomorphology including ocean currents, tides, waves, and the landforms shaped by coastal processes. It describes how tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun. Spring tides occur when these three bodies are aligned and produce the highest tides, while neap tides occur at right angles and have lower tides. Extreme tides over 15 meters occur in the Bay of Fundy. Waves are affected by factors like fetch, wind strength, and duration. Refraction disperses wave energy at headlands and concentrates it in bays, shaping distinctive coastal landforms. Human structures can disrupt sediment flows and cause shoreline erosion over time.
Climate Change.pptx
The document discusses several key topics related to climate change:
1) It describes greenhouse gases and their role in trapping heat and causing global warming.
2) Factors that influence climate such as latitude, oceans currents, and wind patterns are explained.
3) Evidence of a warming planet through rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, melting ice sheets and glaciers, and rising sea levels is presented.
4) Both current and future effects of climate change on organisms, agriculture/forestry, economies, and human health are outlined.
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Field and lab assignment part II
- 1. Field and Lab AssignmentPart II Cheri Jaime Due: July 31, 2011
- 2. Fault San Andreas Fault: Park field, CA. The San Andreas Fault is a strike slip fault, more specifically a right lateral-slip fault. This fault marks the margin line between the Pacific and North American Plates. Movement on a strike strip fault is generally horizontal. This fault is nearly 800 miles long. This is where a part of the fault runs through in Park Field. It is about an hour from Coalinga.
- 3. Weathering Process Mechanical Weathering: Can be due to temperature pressure. Mechanical weathering takes place when rocks are broken down without any change in the chemical nature of the rocks. The rocks are essentially torn apart by physical force, rather than by chemical breakdown. Thermal Stress Weathering: Also due to temperature change. Results from hot during the day, cool at night. Enhanced by moisture.
- 4. Weathering process Mechanical : (top)This is the side of the creek in Coalinga. It has been weathering because of water that rushes through here in the spring, and how hot the weather is here in Coalinga. Also, there are a lot of rocks here in the Coalinga creek with cracks. Thermal: (bottom)This is a huge rock I found consisting of a lot of smaller rocks. This occurs here in the Coalinga creek because the weather here is very hot, and its cool at night.
- 5. Mass Wasting/ Erosional Events Evidence of mass wasting: All qualities of materials are set in motion all at once.
- 6. Mass Wasting/ Erosional Events Evidence of Erosional Events: When materials are removed from earth’s surfaces.
- 7. Different Sedimentary Environments Continental: Are dominated by the erosion and deposition associated with streams. Marine: Divided according to depth: Shallow or deep marine development. Transitional: Between continental and marine environment.
- 8. Continental:Sand Dunes and Coalinga Creek
- 9. Marine:This is a shallow marine environment.
- 10. Transitional The shoreline is a transition between marine and continental sedimentary environments.
- 11. Practical Use for Geology The Coalinga Bridge: Right over the creek bed.