The document summarizes the activities of ACI Committee 544 on structural design approaches for fiber reinforced concrete. The committee focuses on education, codes and specifications, applications, sustainability, and producing reports on fundamentals, properties, testing, modeling, and design of fiber reinforced concrete. It identifies barriers to acceptance of fiber reinforced concrete like a lack of standardized testing methods and design tools. The committee is working to develop simplified constitutive models, durability and serviceability based design approaches, and emerging technology reports on applications like elevated slabs and tunnel segments to help overcome barriers and advance the use of fiber reinforced concrete.
The document discusses fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) and the role of ACI committee 544. It provides an overview of FRC properties and applications. It also outlines challenges to wider acceptance of FRC and activities of ACI 544 to address issues like testing standards and design guidelines. The presentation aims to have an open discussion on ways for ACI 544 and fiber industry groups like FRCA to better collaborate to advance FRC technology and applications.
The document discusses the use of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) for infrastructure applications such as canal lining and tunnel construction. It outlines several benefits of using FRC, including improved ductility, crack control, reduced permeability, and potential cost savings from faster construction. The author proposes developing standardized test methods, mixture designs, and design guidelines for using FRC in applications like precast concrete, shotcrete, and canal lining to optimize structural performance and durability. Guidelines from committees like ACI 544 are also discussed.
This document discusses developing fiber reinforced concrete specifications for structural and precast concrete applications. It outlines the project objectives to review existing FRC mixture proportioning procedures, develop typical mixes using local materials, recommend test and specification methods, and provide specifications for mechanical and durability properties. The tasks involve criteria for fibers in structural, repair, and shotcrete applications, and incorporating fibers in performance-based specifications. Applications discussed include seismic design, canal linings, precast panels, and tunnel linings.
This document provides an outline for a presentation on sustainable infrastructure using fiber and textile reinforced concrete systems. The presentation covers the sustainability aspects of these materials, directions for textile reinforced concrete, experimental characterization of distributed cracking, analytical models for load-deflection behavior, and experimental verification. Collaborators from Arizona State University worked on manufacturing, material properties, analysis, and design of these sustainable composite infrastructure systems.
IRJET- Behavior of RC T-Beam Strengthen using Basalt Fiber Reinforced Pol...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental study on strengthening reinforced concrete T-beams using basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) sheets. Seven T-beams were cast, with one control beam and six strengthened beams. The strengthened beams were reinforced with varying configurations and layers of BFRP sheets. Testing was conducted to failure under static loading. The results showed that externally bonded BFRP significantly increased the flexural capacity of the beams. U-wrap configuration with BFRP was found to be the most effective strengthening method. Data on load, deflection, and failure modes was collected and analyzed to evaluate the effect of different BFRP configurations on structural performance.
IRJET- Flexural Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Beams Retrofitted with Fibre...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested reinforced concrete beams retrofitted with different combinations of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets. Thirty-six beams were tested with variations in the number of layers (two or three) and sequence of the fiber sheets applied. The results showed that the strengthening effects on ultimate strength and ductility depended on the order of the fiber layers. Beams retrofitted after being preloaded to 70% of their capacity also exhibited improvement, demonstrating FRP retrofitting is effective for damaged structures.
IRJET- Retrofitting of Beams with Glass Textile as Reinforcement in Polypropy...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a study on retrofitting reinforced concrete beams using a new composite material called Glass Textile Reinforced Polypropylene Mortar (GTRPM). Beams were retrofitted using GTRPM applied in different configurations, including partial U-wrapping and U-wrapping with end anchorage. Testing showed that retrofitting with GTRPM increased the load carrying capacity of beams. Using one layer of GTRPM increased capacity by 25% on average, while two layers increased capacity by 53% on average, depending on the retrofitting configuration. The optimum amount of polypropylene fiber to add to the cement mortar mixture was determined to be 1% by weight, as it increased the tensile strength
IRJET- Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) Link Slab for Bridge DeckIRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of engineered cementitious composite (ECC) link slabs for bridge decks as an alternative to expansion joints. ECC exhibits high tensile ductility and fine cracking. The addition of polyvinyl alcohol fibers to ECC improves its properties. Test results showed that as fiber content increases, flow and density decrease while abrasion resistance increases. An optimum fiber content of 2% by volume was found. ECC link slabs could eliminate problems with leaky expansion joints while allowing for joint-free bridge decks with smoother riding surfaces.
The document discusses fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) and the role of ACI committee 544. It provides an overview of FRC properties and applications. It also outlines challenges to wider acceptance of FRC and activities of ACI 544 to address issues like testing standards and design guidelines. The presentation aims to have an open discussion on ways for ACI 544 and fiber industry groups like FRCA to better collaborate to advance FRC technology and applications.
The document discusses the use of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) for infrastructure applications such as canal lining and tunnel construction. It outlines several benefits of using FRC, including improved ductility, crack control, reduced permeability, and potential cost savings from faster construction. The author proposes developing standardized test methods, mixture designs, and design guidelines for using FRC in applications like precast concrete, shotcrete, and canal lining to optimize structural performance and durability. Guidelines from committees like ACI 544 are also discussed.
This document discusses developing fiber reinforced concrete specifications for structural and precast concrete applications. It outlines the project objectives to review existing FRC mixture proportioning procedures, develop typical mixes using local materials, recommend test and specification methods, and provide specifications for mechanical and durability properties. The tasks involve criteria for fibers in structural, repair, and shotcrete applications, and incorporating fibers in performance-based specifications. Applications discussed include seismic design, canal linings, precast panels, and tunnel linings.
This document provides an outline for a presentation on sustainable infrastructure using fiber and textile reinforced concrete systems. The presentation covers the sustainability aspects of these materials, directions for textile reinforced concrete, experimental characterization of distributed cracking, analytical models for load-deflection behavior, and experimental verification. Collaborators from Arizona State University worked on manufacturing, material properties, analysis, and design of these sustainable composite infrastructure systems.
IRJET- Behavior of RC T-Beam Strengthen using Basalt Fiber Reinforced Pol...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental study on strengthening reinforced concrete T-beams using basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) sheets. Seven T-beams were cast, with one control beam and six strengthened beams. The strengthened beams were reinforced with varying configurations and layers of BFRP sheets. Testing was conducted to failure under static loading. The results showed that externally bonded BFRP significantly increased the flexural capacity of the beams. U-wrap configuration with BFRP was found to be the most effective strengthening method. Data on load, deflection, and failure modes was collected and analyzed to evaluate the effect of different BFRP configurations on structural performance.
IRJET- Flexural Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Beams Retrofitted with Fibre...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested reinforced concrete beams retrofitted with different combinations of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets. Thirty-six beams were tested with variations in the number of layers (two or three) and sequence of the fiber sheets applied. The results showed that the strengthening effects on ultimate strength and ductility depended on the order of the fiber layers. Beams retrofitted after being preloaded to 70% of their capacity also exhibited improvement, demonstrating FRP retrofitting is effective for damaged structures.
IRJET- Retrofitting of Beams with Glass Textile as Reinforcement in Polypropy...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a study on retrofitting reinforced concrete beams using a new composite material called Glass Textile Reinforced Polypropylene Mortar (GTRPM). Beams were retrofitted using GTRPM applied in different configurations, including partial U-wrapping and U-wrapping with end anchorage. Testing showed that retrofitting with GTRPM increased the load carrying capacity of beams. Using one layer of GTRPM increased capacity by 25% on average, while two layers increased capacity by 53% on average, depending on the retrofitting configuration. The optimum amount of polypropylene fiber to add to the cement mortar mixture was determined to be 1% by weight, as it increased the tensile strength
IRJET- Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) Link Slab for Bridge DeckIRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of engineered cementitious composite (ECC) link slabs for bridge decks as an alternative to expansion joints. ECC exhibits high tensile ductility and fine cracking. The addition of polyvinyl alcohol fibers to ECC improves its properties. Test results showed that as fiber content increases, flow and density decrease while abrasion resistance increases. An optimum fiber content of 2% by volume was found. ECC link slabs could eliminate problems with leaky expansion joints while allowing for joint-free bridge decks with smoother riding surfaces.
IRJET - Experimental and Analytical Study on High Strength Concrete (M70)...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study on high-strength concrete (M70) using recycled concrete aggregate (RCA). Tests were conducted to determine the effect of different percentages (10%, 20%, 30%) of coarse RCA on the concrete's compressive strength, durability, and engineering properties. The results showed that replacement of up to 30% coarse RCA had no effect on concrete strength, but higher percentages led to gradual strength reductions. However, with adjustments to the water-cement ratio, high-strength concrete with RCA can achieve equivalent performance to concrete with natural aggregates. The study aims to establish RCA concrete as a viable and sustainable construction material.
IRJET- Investigation on EBROB Method to Postpone Debonding of CFRP Sheet Comp...IRJET Journal
This document investigates using the EBROB (externally bonded reinforcement on bores) method to postpone debonding of CFRP sheets in pre-cracked reinforced concrete beams. It presents an experimental study with 15 beam configurations testing different borehole diameters, depths, and spacings. The key findings are:
1) Beams strengthened with EBROB showed 6.5-23.75% higher ultimate loads than unstrengthened beams, indicating EBROB delays CFRP debonding.
2) The optimum borehole depth was 50mm, with deeper holes reducing strength as they approached the beam's neutral axis.
3) Increasing borehole diameter and decreasing spacing between holes
This document discusses precast carbon fibre reinforced concrete footings. It begins with an abstract describing precast construction, where structural components are produced off-site and transported for assembly. The introduction provides background on prefabrication and defines precast construction. Carbon fibres are then discussed, including their properties of high strength and stiffness. Using carbon fibres in precast concrete can improve strength, stiffness, load capacity, and resistance to chemicals and corrosion. The literature review summarizes previous research on using carbon fibres and other fibres to reinforce concrete. This increases strengths and permeability while improving shrinkage and crack resistance. The problem statement discusses using precast carbon fibre reinforced footings for small industrial buildings to reduce construction time and improve quality over
Mechanical and Physical Performance of Concrete Including Waste Electrical Ca...Salih Taner YILDIRIM
This document summarizes a study on the effects of adding waste electrical cable rubber (WECR) as a replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. The following concrete mixtures were tested: a control concrete without WECR, and concretes with 5%, 10%, and 15% fine aggregate replacement with WECR. Test results showed that workability increased with higher WECR content due to its shape and hydrophobic properties. However, mechanical properties like compressive strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, and ultrasonic pulse velocity decreased as WECR content increased due to the rubber's porous nature. While unit weight decreased with more WECR, water absorption increased. The study concluded that WECR can be used in concrete while expecting reductions in
Recycling Composites presentation by Stella Job at the Technical Briefing Day22 April 2015, as one of the three key areas of the RNLI Lifeboat Decommissioning Challenge.
IRJET-Finite Element Analysis of CFRP Composite Material Machining: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of finite element analysis techniques used to model machining of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite materials. It discusses that finite element analysis can be used to simulate the machining process and evaluate factors that affect machining of CFRP laminates. The document reviews different finite element modeling techniques used in previous studies, including equivalent homogeneous material models and micromechanical models. It also discusses modeling considerations like meshing, material properties definitions, and boundary conditions. The key findings from several previous finite element studies on drilling and milling of CFRP composites are summarized. Overall, the document aims to provide an overview of current trends in finite element modeling of CFRP composite machining.
Review on Shear Strengthening of Rc Deep Beams with OpeningsIRJET Journal
This document reviews research on strengthening reinforced concrete deep beams with openings. It discusses two approaches: internal strengthening by adding steel reinforcement near openings, and external strengthening by attaching fibre-reinforced polymer layers around openings. The review examines literature on testing different strengthening materials and configurations. It also investigates failure modes like debonding between fibre layers and concrete, and introduces mechanical anchoring systems to prevent debonding.
IRJET- High Strength Reduced Modulus of ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on reducing the modulus of elasticity (stiffness) of high-performance concrete (HPC) without compromising its strength. The study investigates replacing natural coarse aggregate with weathered aggregate in an M50 concrete mix. Tests show that the weathered aggregate concrete has lower modulus of elasticity values compared to traditional concrete mixes, while still maintaining adequate compressive strength. For example, at 28 days the weathered concrete has a 54.6 MPa strength versus 71.25 MPa for traditional concrete, but a lower modulus of elasticity of 2.0 GPa compared to 3.2 GPa. The results indicate that using weathered coarse aggregate is effective for reducing stresses in concrete structures without
This project aims to recycle carbon fiber composite materials for use in automotive manufacturing. Researchers are developing methods to extract carbon fibers from end-of-life components and manufacturing scrap using fluidized beds or supercritical fluids. The recycled carbon fibers will be used to produce bulk and sheet molding compounds for non-load bearing automotive parts. This recycling will help reduce waste and lower the cost of carbon fiber, allowing increased use in vehicles to reduce weight and emissions.
IRJET- Analytical Study of High Volume Fly Ash Concrete Bubble Deck SlabIRJET Journal
This document analyzes bubble deck slabs made with high-volume fly ash concrete (HVFA) and plastic balls to reduce weight. Four slab models were analyzed: one without balls, one with 16 evenly distributed balls, one with alternating horizontal rows of 8 balls, and one with alternating diagonal rows of 8 balls. Finite element analysis was conducted in ANSYS Workbench. Results showed the load capacity was comparable to traditional slabs, with up to a 10.6% reduction for some ball arrangements. Stresses and deformations increased with ball inclusion but were still within acceptable ranges. The study demonstrated bubble deck slabs can achieve strength comparable to reinforced concrete slabs while reducing weight and cement usage.
Pavement preservation using new lithium densifier wear resistant surface hardener for new construction and for extension of service life in concrete pavements.
Study of Multilayered Composite Pipe subjected with Metal InterlayerIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on multilayered composite pipes subjected to internal pressure. Multilayered composite pipes have advantages over traditional metal and plastic pipes, providing both good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. They consist of an inner functional layer and outer protective layers bonded together. The protective layers prevent damage to the inner layer from surface cracks. While composite pipes are widely used, the document notes that less research has been done on pipes with a metal interlayer or on failure analysis using finite element modeling. The conclusions are that multilayered composite pipes have higher strength-to-weight ratios than metal, and provide a more effective solution than plastic for low pressure liquid and gas pipelines.
IRJET- Retrofitting of Reinforced Concrete StructuresIRJET Journal
This document discusses retrofitting of reinforced concrete structures. It begins with an abstract that describes how repair and retrofitting can increase stiffness, strength, and failure deformation of concrete structures. It then discusses the need to retrofit structures to make them safer during earthquakes or other disasters since many were not designed to current seismic standards. Various retrofitting methods and materials are described, including fiber reinforced polymers and carbon fiber reinforced polymer, which was used in testing reinforced concrete beams retrofitted by overlaying with CFRP to measure strength gains. The methodology of retrofitting involves inspection, non-destructive testing, surface preparation, crack injection, and applying carbon fiber wraps with epoxy resin.
This document presents a thesis on the structural behavior of hybrid and ductal decked bulb T-beams constructed with ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) and prestressed with carbon fiber composite cables (CFCC). The thesis introduces these innovative beam designs which aim to 1) reduce construction costs by optimizing the use of UHPC and FRP materials, 2) eliminate transverse reinforcement, 3) prevent sudden shear and flexural failures, 4) accelerate onsite construction, 5) reduce maintenance costs, and 6) allow for easier inspection. An experimental program evaluated the shear and flexural behavior of hybrid beams with UHPC in the shear spans and high-strength concrete in the middle span, and ductal beams with optimized UHPC
Experimental Study on Flexural Behaviour of Steel Beam at Diverse LoadingIRJET Journal
This study experimentally analyzed the flexural behavior of steel channel sections (ISMC75) under different loading conditions. The channel section was tested as a simply supported beam under two-point loading applied at either the web or flange. When loaded at the flange, the channel section carried 47% higher loads than when loaded at the web, reaching its plastic moment capacity. Deflections were also higher under flange loading. The results provide data on the flexural behavior and load-carrying capacity of channel sections based on the point of load application.
1. Esthetic archwires made of fiber-reinforced composites are a promising alternative to metallic archwires. They can be manufactured to have a tooth-colored appearance and stiffness properties similar to metals.
2. Fiber-reinforced composites are fabricated using processes like pultrusion where fibers are impregnated with resin and pulled through a die to form the desired shape. Prototypes of fiber-reinforced composite archwires have demonstrated a range of stiffness from flexible to rigid.
3. Coated archwires made of metals like stainless steel and nickel-titanium alloys are also available, with tooth-colored coatings intended to improve esthetics and reduce friction during tooth
IRJET- Analytical Study on Strengthening of RC Tee Beams with Composite Mater...IRJET Journal
1) The document analyzes the behavior of reinforced concrete tee beams strengthened with composite materials like carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) using ANSYS software.
2) A tee beam was modeled in ANSYS and analyzed with steel, CFRP and GFRP reinforcement. Results found that deformation was reduced by 77.58% with GFRP and 62.42% with CFRP compared to steel. Flexural strength increased by 5.88% with GFRP and 35.79% with CFRP. Shear stress decreased by 22.15% with GFRP and 20.88% with CFRP.
3) In conclusion,
retrofitting of fire damaged rcc slabs,colums,beamsNayana 54321
This document discusses techniques for retrofitting existing reinforced concrete structures. It introduces various problems that can occur in concrete structures like damage, excessive loading, cracks, and corrosion. Retrofitting aims to restore strength and improve serviceability. Factors influencing the selection of a retrofitting technique include cost, time constraints, and existing structure conditions. Conventional techniques discussed are section enlargement, external plate bonding, external post-tensioning, ferrocement covering, and grouting. An advanced technique of fiber reinforced polymer composites is also introduced, with carbon fiber reinforced polymer being highlighted. CFRP has advantages of high strength, corrosion resistance, and suitability for seismic retrofitting but also has high initial costs.
To Study on Behavior of Corbel Wrapped with FRP Sheet Under Monotonic LoadingIRJET Journal
1. The study examines the behavior of reinforced concrete corbels wrapped with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets under monotonic loading.
2. Corbels were designed and tested, with some wrapped with carbon or glass FRP sheets. The wrapped corbels showed improved load-carrying capacity and higher failure loads compared to unwrapped control corbels.
3. Carbon FRP wrapping performed better than glass FRP wrapping. Diagonally wrapped corbels had a higher strength improvement than horizontally wrapped corbels. The FRP wrapping increased failure loads by up to 23% for carbon and 16% for glass compared to unwrapped corbels.
Arch wire4 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
1) The document discusses U-Boot technology, which involves casting concrete blocks with hollow spaces that can reduce material consumption and costs in construction.
2) Students conducted a study comparing the compressive and flexural strength of standard concrete blocks to those made with U-Boot technology and fiber-reinforced concrete.
3) Testing found that the U-Boot and fiber-reinforced blocks had significantly higher strength compared to standard blocks, demonstrating the benefits of this technology for construction applications.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled Biz Models for Hi-Tech Products to analyze the business model for ETS’s testing and simulation services for carbon nanotubes (CNTs). CNTs have unique characteristics that make them useful for many hi-tech systems for the military and consumer electronics. However, life cycle testing and simulation are needed for CNTs to be effectively used in these applications. ETS provides these kinds of services for military and consumer electronics firms and would like to add CNTs to its expertise. These slides describe the specific value proposition for military and consumer electronic firms and other aspects of the business model such as the method of value capture, scope of activities, and method of strategic control.
IRJET - Experimental and Analytical Study on High Strength Concrete (M70)...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study on high-strength concrete (M70) using recycled concrete aggregate (RCA). Tests were conducted to determine the effect of different percentages (10%, 20%, 30%) of coarse RCA on the concrete's compressive strength, durability, and engineering properties. The results showed that replacement of up to 30% coarse RCA had no effect on concrete strength, but higher percentages led to gradual strength reductions. However, with adjustments to the water-cement ratio, high-strength concrete with RCA can achieve equivalent performance to concrete with natural aggregates. The study aims to establish RCA concrete as a viable and sustainable construction material.
IRJET- Investigation on EBROB Method to Postpone Debonding of CFRP Sheet Comp...IRJET Journal
This document investigates using the EBROB (externally bonded reinforcement on bores) method to postpone debonding of CFRP sheets in pre-cracked reinforced concrete beams. It presents an experimental study with 15 beam configurations testing different borehole diameters, depths, and spacings. The key findings are:
1) Beams strengthened with EBROB showed 6.5-23.75% higher ultimate loads than unstrengthened beams, indicating EBROB delays CFRP debonding.
2) The optimum borehole depth was 50mm, with deeper holes reducing strength as they approached the beam's neutral axis.
3) Increasing borehole diameter and decreasing spacing between holes
This document discusses precast carbon fibre reinforced concrete footings. It begins with an abstract describing precast construction, where structural components are produced off-site and transported for assembly. The introduction provides background on prefabrication and defines precast construction. Carbon fibres are then discussed, including their properties of high strength and stiffness. Using carbon fibres in precast concrete can improve strength, stiffness, load capacity, and resistance to chemicals and corrosion. The literature review summarizes previous research on using carbon fibres and other fibres to reinforce concrete. This increases strengths and permeability while improving shrinkage and crack resistance. The problem statement discusses using precast carbon fibre reinforced footings for small industrial buildings to reduce construction time and improve quality over
Mechanical and Physical Performance of Concrete Including Waste Electrical Ca...Salih Taner YILDIRIM
This document summarizes a study on the effects of adding waste electrical cable rubber (WECR) as a replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. The following concrete mixtures were tested: a control concrete without WECR, and concretes with 5%, 10%, and 15% fine aggregate replacement with WECR. Test results showed that workability increased with higher WECR content due to its shape and hydrophobic properties. However, mechanical properties like compressive strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, and ultrasonic pulse velocity decreased as WECR content increased due to the rubber's porous nature. While unit weight decreased with more WECR, water absorption increased. The study concluded that WECR can be used in concrete while expecting reductions in
Recycling Composites presentation by Stella Job at the Technical Briefing Day22 April 2015, as one of the three key areas of the RNLI Lifeboat Decommissioning Challenge.
IRJET-Finite Element Analysis of CFRP Composite Material Machining: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of finite element analysis techniques used to model machining of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite materials. It discusses that finite element analysis can be used to simulate the machining process and evaluate factors that affect machining of CFRP laminates. The document reviews different finite element modeling techniques used in previous studies, including equivalent homogeneous material models and micromechanical models. It also discusses modeling considerations like meshing, material properties definitions, and boundary conditions. The key findings from several previous finite element studies on drilling and milling of CFRP composites are summarized. Overall, the document aims to provide an overview of current trends in finite element modeling of CFRP composite machining.
Review on Shear Strengthening of Rc Deep Beams with OpeningsIRJET Journal
This document reviews research on strengthening reinforced concrete deep beams with openings. It discusses two approaches: internal strengthening by adding steel reinforcement near openings, and external strengthening by attaching fibre-reinforced polymer layers around openings. The review examines literature on testing different strengthening materials and configurations. It also investigates failure modes like debonding between fibre layers and concrete, and introduces mechanical anchoring systems to prevent debonding.
IRJET- High Strength Reduced Modulus of ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on reducing the modulus of elasticity (stiffness) of high-performance concrete (HPC) without compromising its strength. The study investigates replacing natural coarse aggregate with weathered aggregate in an M50 concrete mix. Tests show that the weathered aggregate concrete has lower modulus of elasticity values compared to traditional concrete mixes, while still maintaining adequate compressive strength. For example, at 28 days the weathered concrete has a 54.6 MPa strength versus 71.25 MPa for traditional concrete, but a lower modulus of elasticity of 2.0 GPa compared to 3.2 GPa. The results indicate that using weathered coarse aggregate is effective for reducing stresses in concrete structures without
This project aims to recycle carbon fiber composite materials for use in automotive manufacturing. Researchers are developing methods to extract carbon fibers from end-of-life components and manufacturing scrap using fluidized beds or supercritical fluids. The recycled carbon fibers will be used to produce bulk and sheet molding compounds for non-load bearing automotive parts. This recycling will help reduce waste and lower the cost of carbon fiber, allowing increased use in vehicles to reduce weight and emissions.
IRJET- Analytical Study of High Volume Fly Ash Concrete Bubble Deck SlabIRJET Journal
This document analyzes bubble deck slabs made with high-volume fly ash concrete (HVFA) and plastic balls to reduce weight. Four slab models were analyzed: one without balls, one with 16 evenly distributed balls, one with alternating horizontal rows of 8 balls, and one with alternating diagonal rows of 8 balls. Finite element analysis was conducted in ANSYS Workbench. Results showed the load capacity was comparable to traditional slabs, with up to a 10.6% reduction for some ball arrangements. Stresses and deformations increased with ball inclusion but were still within acceptable ranges. The study demonstrated bubble deck slabs can achieve strength comparable to reinforced concrete slabs while reducing weight and cement usage.
Pavement preservation using new lithium densifier wear resistant surface hardener for new construction and for extension of service life in concrete pavements.
Study of Multilayered Composite Pipe subjected with Metal InterlayerIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on multilayered composite pipes subjected to internal pressure. Multilayered composite pipes have advantages over traditional metal and plastic pipes, providing both good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. They consist of an inner functional layer and outer protective layers bonded together. The protective layers prevent damage to the inner layer from surface cracks. While composite pipes are widely used, the document notes that less research has been done on pipes with a metal interlayer or on failure analysis using finite element modeling. The conclusions are that multilayered composite pipes have higher strength-to-weight ratios than metal, and provide a more effective solution than plastic for low pressure liquid and gas pipelines.
IRJET- Retrofitting of Reinforced Concrete StructuresIRJET Journal
This document discusses retrofitting of reinforced concrete structures. It begins with an abstract that describes how repair and retrofitting can increase stiffness, strength, and failure deformation of concrete structures. It then discusses the need to retrofit structures to make them safer during earthquakes or other disasters since many were not designed to current seismic standards. Various retrofitting methods and materials are described, including fiber reinforced polymers and carbon fiber reinforced polymer, which was used in testing reinforced concrete beams retrofitted by overlaying with CFRP to measure strength gains. The methodology of retrofitting involves inspection, non-destructive testing, surface preparation, crack injection, and applying carbon fiber wraps with epoxy resin.
This document presents a thesis on the structural behavior of hybrid and ductal decked bulb T-beams constructed with ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) and prestressed with carbon fiber composite cables (CFCC). The thesis introduces these innovative beam designs which aim to 1) reduce construction costs by optimizing the use of UHPC and FRP materials, 2) eliminate transverse reinforcement, 3) prevent sudden shear and flexural failures, 4) accelerate onsite construction, 5) reduce maintenance costs, and 6) allow for easier inspection. An experimental program evaluated the shear and flexural behavior of hybrid beams with UHPC in the shear spans and high-strength concrete in the middle span, and ductal beams with optimized UHPC
Experimental Study on Flexural Behaviour of Steel Beam at Diverse LoadingIRJET Journal
This study experimentally analyzed the flexural behavior of steel channel sections (ISMC75) under different loading conditions. The channel section was tested as a simply supported beam under two-point loading applied at either the web or flange. When loaded at the flange, the channel section carried 47% higher loads than when loaded at the web, reaching its plastic moment capacity. Deflections were also higher under flange loading. The results provide data on the flexural behavior and load-carrying capacity of channel sections based on the point of load application.
1. Esthetic archwires made of fiber-reinforced composites are a promising alternative to metallic archwires. They can be manufactured to have a tooth-colored appearance and stiffness properties similar to metals.
2. Fiber-reinforced composites are fabricated using processes like pultrusion where fibers are impregnated with resin and pulled through a die to form the desired shape. Prototypes of fiber-reinforced composite archwires have demonstrated a range of stiffness from flexible to rigid.
3. Coated archwires made of metals like stainless steel and nickel-titanium alloys are also available, with tooth-colored coatings intended to improve esthetics and reduce friction during tooth
IRJET- Analytical Study on Strengthening of RC Tee Beams with Composite Mater...IRJET Journal
1) The document analyzes the behavior of reinforced concrete tee beams strengthened with composite materials like carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) using ANSYS software.
2) A tee beam was modeled in ANSYS and analyzed with steel, CFRP and GFRP reinforcement. Results found that deformation was reduced by 77.58% with GFRP and 62.42% with CFRP compared to steel. Flexural strength increased by 5.88% with GFRP and 35.79% with CFRP. Shear stress decreased by 22.15% with GFRP and 20.88% with CFRP.
3) In conclusion,
retrofitting of fire damaged rcc slabs,colums,beamsNayana 54321
This document discusses techniques for retrofitting existing reinforced concrete structures. It introduces various problems that can occur in concrete structures like damage, excessive loading, cracks, and corrosion. Retrofitting aims to restore strength and improve serviceability. Factors influencing the selection of a retrofitting technique include cost, time constraints, and existing structure conditions. Conventional techniques discussed are section enlargement, external plate bonding, external post-tensioning, ferrocement covering, and grouting. An advanced technique of fiber reinforced polymer composites is also introduced, with carbon fiber reinforced polymer being highlighted. CFRP has advantages of high strength, corrosion resistance, and suitability for seismic retrofitting but also has high initial costs.
To Study on Behavior of Corbel Wrapped with FRP Sheet Under Monotonic LoadingIRJET Journal
1. The study examines the behavior of reinforced concrete corbels wrapped with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets under monotonic loading.
2. Corbels were designed and tested, with some wrapped with carbon or glass FRP sheets. The wrapped corbels showed improved load-carrying capacity and higher failure loads compared to unwrapped control corbels.
3. Carbon FRP wrapping performed better than glass FRP wrapping. Diagonally wrapped corbels had a higher strength improvement than horizontally wrapped corbels. The FRP wrapping increased failure loads by up to 23% for carbon and 16% for glass compared to unwrapped corbels.
Arch wire4 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
1) The document discusses U-Boot technology, which involves casting concrete blocks with hollow spaces that can reduce material consumption and costs in construction.
2) Students conducted a study comparing the compressive and flexural strength of standard concrete blocks to those made with U-Boot technology and fiber-reinforced concrete.
3) Testing found that the U-Boot and fiber-reinforced blocks had significantly higher strength compared to standard blocks, demonstrating the benefits of this technology for construction applications.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled Biz Models for Hi-Tech Products to analyze the business model for ETS’s testing and simulation services for carbon nanotubes (CNTs). CNTs have unique characteristics that make them useful for many hi-tech systems for the military and consumer electronics. However, life cycle testing and simulation are needed for CNTs to be effectively used in these applications. ETS provides these kinds of services for military and consumer electronics firms and would like to add CNTs to its expertise. These slides describe the specific value proposition for military and consumer electronic firms and other aspects of the business model such as the method of value capture, scope of activities, and method of strategic control.
Quantity surveying dissertation effectiveness of life cycle costing in sustai...Steve Jones
This dissertation examines the effectiveness of life cycle costing (LCC) in sustainable construction. LCC allows evaluation of design options by considering all capital, operational, maintenance, and disposal costs over a building's lifetime. While an initial increase in capital expenditure may result in long-term savings, LCC faces limitations in its application within the industry. The research aims to identify how LCC can be integrated with sustainable design and whether it can effectively reduce environmental impacts. An online questionnaire was distributed to collect data from industry professionals on LCC use and barriers. The results will be analyzed to draw conclusions and recommendations on supporting LCC as a sustainability tool.
Radu Chiritoiu is a Senior Mechanical Engineer with over 20 years of experience in stress analysis, design, and project management. He holds a Ph.D in Industrial Engineering and has worked on projects in industries such as aerospace, marine, and energy. His career has included roles at companies such as Airbus, GKN Aerospace, and OSG where he performed stress analysis, developed designs, and supported certification activities. He has extensive experience analyzing metallic and composite aircraft structures and has worked on programs including the A380, A350, and A400M.
IRJET-Analysis of Losses Due to Breakdown of Equipments in Construction.IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on losses due to equipment breakdown in construction projects. It discusses how proper maintenance of construction equipment is important for productivity and reducing costs. The document reviews several research papers on topics like maintenance management systems, criteria for sustainable equipment selection, and multi-criteria decision making for equipment selection. It also provides details on construction equipment planning, selection of appropriate equipment based on tasks, site constraints, and economic factors. The importance of maintenance planning and developing maintenance plans for individual equipment is highlighted.
Bruce Gittleman has over 25 years of experience in thin film deposition, process development, and management. He holds a PhD in applied physics with a focus on thin film deposition and device manufacturing. Currently, he works as the chief scientist for a thin film lithium-ion battery startup where he is responsible for product fabrication, patent creation, and vendor relationships. Previously he has held several management and engineering roles in the semiconductor and thin film battery industries developing deposition processes, improving manufacturing equipment and operations, and resolving production issues. He has a strong background in thin film coatings, metrology, process integration, and business development.
Sami Ali Helou has over 8 years of experience in product development for medical device companies. He has led projects developing new products using biomaterials like urinary bladder matrix and chitosan for applications such as wound healing and joint repair. His experience includes prototyping devices, creating manufacturing processes, conducting pre-clinical studies, and assisting with regulatory submissions. He holds an MS in Biomedical Engineering and has skills in engineering design, materials characterization, and quality systems.
The document summarizes the key discussions and outcomes from a workshop focused on using direct digital manufacturing (DDM) of metallic components to enhance operational readiness and reduce costs for the US Navy. The workshop brought together experts from government, industry and academia. They identified technical challenges and potential approaches to address qualifications and certification; innovative structural design; and maintenance and repair using DDM. Near, mid and long term objectives and approaches were proposed to develop the necessary technologies and reduce barriers to implementing DDM for naval aviation.
This document discusses exploring the limits of technology S-curves by examining their usefulness for managers in planning new technology development. It focuses on the disk drive industry as a case study. The document makes four key points: 1) S-curves can effectively explain industry-level technology substitution patterns, 2) to improve products, managers must oversee improvements in both component technologies and system architecture, 3) S-curves describe firm-specific maturation of components, not uniform industry patterns, and 4) attackers gain advantage through architectural, not just technological, innovation in new applications.
This document discusses exploring the limits of technology S-curves by examining their usefulness for managers in planning new technology development. It focuses on the disk drive industry as a case study. The author makes four key points: 1) S-curves accurately describe industry-level technology substitution patterns, 2) to improve products, managers must oversee both component and architectural technology development, 3) S-curves describe individual firm experiences with components but cannot prescribe strategy, and 4) attackers gain advantage in this industry through architectural, not just technological, innovation in new applications.
The Study of Measurement of Over-Engineering in Construction ProjectIRJET Journal
The document discusses over-engineering in construction projects. It defines over-engineering as designing structural elements to be more robust than necessary, resulting in increased costs. The paper aims to study sources of over-engineering in buildings, such as using larger columns, beams and thicker slabs than required. It outlines a methodology to measure over-engineering by collecting project data and comparing actual loads to element capacities. Tables show examples of over-engineering in columns, with efficiencies as low as 30%, and in beams and slabs. The study seeks to identify over-engineering and develop models to assess its impact on construction costs.
This document summarizes Derek Stork's presentation on technical challenges for the DEMO stage of magnetic fusion energy development. Stork divides the DEMO program into three areas: a baseline program to realize the first DEMO machine, an optimization program to improve economics and reliability, and a strategic risk reduction program. For the baseline program, key challenges include qualifying structural materials to high radiation levels, developing a divertor to handle high heat fluxes, and finalizing blanket and tritium breeding concepts. Significant testing is still needed on materials from facilities like IFMIF before the DEMO design can be completed.
- Digital manufacturing in coatings can learn from other high-value industries that have successfully integrated digital technologies.
- Early reports from the 1990s and 2000s identified deficiencies in the UK coatings industry compared to other manufacturing sectors, such as a lack of integration with product design and defined standards.
- A 2014 study by the Surface Engineering and Advanced Coatings Special Interest Group recommended establishing a leadership forum to address barriers to innovation, improve technology transfer, and standardize performance characterization and testing.
The document outlines the strategy for implementing the A+ program from 2013-2014. It focuses on building capacity for industrial research and expertise in complex engineering systems, particularly in aeronautics but also potentially in oil & gas and urban systems. The program includes several research projects focused on areas like additive manufacturing, noise reduction, crash safety, and materials selection. It also involves short courses and workshops to disseminate findings and build collaboration between researchers, industry partners, and students. The goal is to help develop Portugal's role in key industries and train the next generation of engineering leaders.
Case study has been carried out on maintenance of safety .Various research papers are studied .Maintenance of the plants are important factor in mechanical engineering .
The document summarizes the responsibilities and tasks of a Manager Technical position at Armaments Corporation of South Africa from 2014 to present. Some key responsibilities included serving as a systems engineer on two projects, coordinating an information sharing workgroup and interface management forum, and assisting in the design of a requirements specification database. Tasks involved performing desktop studies to identify requirements, writing requirements specifications, verifying requirements traceability, and providing technical support to acquisition processes. Relevant training included on-the-job training, e-learning courses on defense acquisition and military culture, a systems engineering program, and an INCOSE young systems engineer challenge.
The document is a certificate from the CMR Institute of Technology certifying that a student satisfactorily completed their academic record work in the Engineering Mechanics Laboratory for the 2018-19 academic year. It provides details of the course objectives and outcomes of the Engineering Mechanics Lab, which include determining force systems, reactions, moments, friction, moments of inertia, and mechanical advantage. It also outlines the experiments performed, which verify laws of mechanics using various apparatuses.
This document provides a resume for Jurg Hauptli, an engineering manager with over 30 years of experience in manufacturing operations, project management, facilities management, and engineering. It summarizes his extensive expertise in areas such as lean manufacturing, quality systems, safety, and environmental compliance. It also outlines his professional experience managing engineering and operations at several automotive and industrial companies, and lists his educational background and technical skills.
The document outlines the professional experience, qualifications, and credentials of Dr. Aziz U. Rehman, including over 20 years of experience in reliability engineering, asset integrity management, non-destructive testing, and project/program management. It details his educational background, professional designations, roles held at various companies, and accomplishments on projects involving structural health monitoring, pipeline inspection, and developing training programs. The document provides Dr. Rehman's contact information and an extensive list of his professional certifications in areas such as engineering, non-destructive testing, project management, quality, and welding.
This document summarizes research on the tensile and flexural behavior of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) under high-speed and impact loads. High-speed testing systems were used to apply tensile and flexural impact loads to UHPC specimens. Digital image correlation was utilized to analyze crack propagation and strain fields. The research found that UHPC achieved tensile strengths over 20 MPa and flexural strengths exceeding 25 MPa. An analytical model was also developed that could predict UHPC's flexural impact response based on parameters like residual strength, localization zone size, and tensile and flexural properties.
The document discusses cement-based composites as sustainable infrastructure materials. It notes societal challenges around global warming, development and energy use that cement composites can help address. Fiber-reinforced cement composites provide benefits like increased ductility, durability, toughness and energy absorption. They allow for thinner cross-sections, reduced steel reinforcement, and improved structural performance under service and extreme loads. The document outlines applications of fiber cement composites in infrastructure like tunnels, canals, water tanks, and precast wall panels.
This document discusses the design of precast reinforced concrete structures including precast panels, cast in place water tanks, and fiber reinforced concrete slabs. It outlines the design, analysis, testing, and modeling of these structures. Precast panels are made of concrete and rebar on site and assembled using bolts and epoxy. Finite element analysis is used to model water tanks under lateral loads. Round panel and full-scale fiber reinforced concrete slab tests are conducted and modeled to evaluate post-crack tensile capacity.
The document outlines Barzin Mobasher's presentation on textile reinforced concrete structural sections. The presentation covers the introduction of textile reinforced concrete and its sustainability aspects. It then discusses directions for textile reinforced concrete and developing structural sections using ultra-high performance concrete, fiber reinforced concrete, and textile reinforced concrete systems. The presentation also reviews experimental characterization of distributed cracking, parametric material models, analytical load-deflection solutions, experimental verification, and conclusions.
The Mobasher Research Group at Arizona State University characterizes materials and structures from micro to macro scales. This includes testing fibers as small as 40 microns up to 4 meter tunnel segments, and experiments that take milliseconds up to months. The group develops sustainable composite materials for applications like transportation and water treatment using an automated pultrusion system to manufacture structural shapes from textile cement composites comparable to wood and steel. The large scale structural testing lab at ASU performs full scale testing and modeling on innovative composite materials and systems under bending loads up to 200 kips and axial loads up to 800 kips to analyze failure modes and develop design tools for tension, compression, and flexure. The group also works on ultra high performance
This document summarizes opportunities for application development with textile reinforced concrete (TRC) materials. It discusses how TRC can provide improved mechanical properties like strength, ductility, and impact resistance compared to traditional glass and carbon reinforced materials. The document outlines accomplishments in developing codes and specifications for fiber and TRC use in construction. It also presents research on developing new TRC mixtures and structural shapes using locally available materials and optimized manufacturing processes like pultrusion. Test results demonstrate how TRC can provide higher strength, toughness, and crack control over varied length scales compared to short fiber systems.
This document discusses analytical procedures for modeling strain hardening cement-based composite (SHCC) flexural members. It presents:
1) Parametric material models for SHCC to define tensile and compressive stress-strain relationships.
2) Derivation of moment-curvature relationships for SHCC beams through cross-sectional analysis and stress-strain diagrams.
3) Analytical solutions for deflection of one-dimensional and two-dimensional SHCC members under different loading conditions using curvature distributions derived from moment-curvature analysis.
4) Experimental verification of the analytical modeling approach and design recommendations for SHCC flexural members.
High speed tensile testing of textile composites 2aAsuSSEBENA
This document summarizes a study on the dynamic tensile testing of fabric-cement composites. Three types of fabric-cement composites were tested under high strain rates: AR-glass fabric composite, PE fabric composite, and carbon fiber composite. The testing found that carbon fiber composite exhibited the highest strength and stiffness. Differences in tensile behavior were observed between the composites. Multiple cracking was observed in all composites except the PE composite with plain cement matrix. The results demonstrate the reliability of using high-speed tensile testing for cement-based composites.
This document discusses flexural design procedures for UHPC beams and slabs. It presents a simplified bilinear moment-curvature relationship for UHPC and derives closed-form solutions for the load-deflection response of simply supported UHPC beams and panels. Equilibrium-based equations are used to determine the moment and curvature distributions along the beam. Parametric studies examine the effects of varying normalized moment and curvature on the curvature distribution and 2D deflection contour. Experimental verification is discussed.
This document discusses research on the mechanical properties of unidirectional polypropylene fiber cement composites. The research aims to study the properties of hydrophilic micro PP fibers compared to existing macro fiber technology in developing structural members. Tension and flexural tests on laminate systems with continuous fibers show that both macro and micro PP fibers increase strength and toughness with higher fiber volumes. Digital image correlation analysis indicates fibers promote distributed cracking and strain hardening behavior through mechanisms like crack bridging and pullout. The continuous fiber composites show potential for thin slab applications if design standards consider their strain hardening properties.
Wollastonite is a naturally occurring calcium silicate mineral that has potential as a micro-reinforcement in cementitious materials. The presentation evaluated four grades of wollastonite fibers as a partial replacement for cement in mortar and paste mixes. Testing showed that wollastonite improves mechanical properties by reinforcing the brittle matrix at the micro-level. Smaller wollastonite fibers blended more efficiently with the matrix and provided greater improvements in strength and fracture toughness compared to coarser fibers. The addition of wollastonite reduced early-age plastic shrinkage cracking and improved long-term flexural strength, toughness, and compressive strength up to 60%, 140%, and 30% respectively. Hybrid fiber reinforcement
Design of Hybrid Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Beams for Flexure AsuSSEBENA
This document summarizes research on the design of hybrid steel fiber reinforced concrete beams for flexure. It discusses how steel fibers can improve concrete's ductility, toughness, tensile strength and energy absorption. The research models the flexural behavior of these beams using a parametric linear materials model and closed-form solutions to determine moment-curvature responses. It verifies the analytical model against the ACI318 method and compares responses of reinforced concrete and hybrid reinforced concrete beams. Future work aims to develop analytical deflection equations for strain hardening/softening fiber beams and study composite sections using the same modeling approach.
UNLOCKING HEALTHCARE 4.0: NAVIGATING CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR EFFECTIVE I...amsjournal
The Fourth Industrial Revolution is transforming industries, including healthcare, by integrating digital,
physical, and biological technologies. This study examines the integration of 4.0 technologies into
healthcare, identifying success factors and challenges through interviews with 70 stakeholders from 33
countries. Healthcare is evolving significantly, with varied objectives across nations aiming to improve
population health. The study explores stakeholders' perceptions on critical success factors, identifying
challenges such as insufficiently trained personnel, organizational silos, and structural barriers to data
exchange. Facilitators for integration include cost reduction initiatives and interoperability policies.
Technologies like IoT, Big Data, AI, Machine Learning, and robotics enhance diagnostics, treatment
precision, and real-time monitoring, reducing errors and optimizing resource utilization. Automation
improves employee satisfaction and patient care, while Blockchain and telemedicine drive cost reductions.
Successful integration requires skilled professionals and supportive policies, promising efficient resource
use, lower error rates, and accelerated processes, leading to optimized global healthcare outcomes.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
Fibers aci544
1. Structural Design Approaches for Fiber Reinforced
Concrete- ACI Committee 544 activities
Barzin Mobasher
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering
Arizona State University
Tempe, AZ 85287-5306
2. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Overview
Introduction and overview of ACI structure
Challenges and opportunities for Sustainability
Opportunities for interaction and collaboration with
International Code and Research Organizations
– Fib, Rilem, JCI
Opportunities for FRC Materials
Case studies
– Fiber Reinforced Concrete Elevated slabs
– Fiber concrete for Water containing structures
– Self compacting Concrete
3. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Primary directions of Committee 544
Education, codes and specifications, applications, sustainability
Reports on Fundamentals of materials, properties, testing, modelling,
mechanical and physical properties, and design addressing life cycle
cost.
Subcommittees:
– A) Production, Application, and Education
– C) Testing
– D) Structural uses
– E) Mechanical Properties
– F) Durability and physical properties
4. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
FRC as the ultimate High Performance
Concrete
High strength
Ductility in tension and compression, High Toughness
High early strength-Tensile crack resistance
Low permeability- Shrinkage resistance
Type of Concrete
– Self Leveling Concrete, SCC
– Fiber-reinforced concrete-shrinkage
– Low Permeability concrete
– Structural FRC
5. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Mandatory language documents
requiring standardization (ACI standards)
Design standards
– Code requirements
– Code cases
– Acceptance criteria
– Design specifications
Construction standards
– Construction specifications
– Material specifications
– Test methods
– Inspection specifications
– Testing services specifications
6. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Non-mandatory language documents not
requiring standardization
Guides
– Guides for design, construction, and maintenance
– Handbooks and manuals
– Technical notes (TechNotes)
Reports
– Reports on design, construction, and maintenance
– Emerging Technology Reports (ETRs)
7. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
ACI Technotes
A TechNote is a narrowly focused, single‐topic guide, usually
practice oriented. A TechNote presents specific direction on a
particular issue, and may contain pictures, figures, and numeric
examples. A TechNote can cover topics such as design,
construction, or repair methods, or can provide recommendations
on a concrete technology.
TechNote language shall be nonmandatory. (2010 ACI Technical
Committee Manual, Section 3.2.2.1.3.)
8. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Current State of FRC Applications
use/ acceptance /
Development
maturity level (0-5)
Need / opportunity
Effort level (0-5)
Primary reinforcement 0 5
Secondary reinforcement 4 2
Specifications 5 3
Mix Designs 5 3
Test Methods 3-4 3
Analysis Tools 1 4
Design Tools 1 4
Economical advantages 2 5
Marketing 2 4
9. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Identification of Barriers to
acceptance
Disconnect between scientific research, engineering design tools, field
personnel, with marketing practice.
Experimental and theoretical research must address constitutive response
of FRC using sound scientific approaches, i.e. mechanics of composites.
Lack of tools to relate performance indicators to material properties such
as stiffness, bond, rheology, and strength.
Mush energy is dedicated in committee discussions on techniques such as
manners of testing and measurement of properties that have no bearing on
the actual serviceability functions.
Product comparisons, early and long term properties are mostly done on
comparative material A vs. B level.
Life cycle cost modeling and integrated design tools are seldom used.
Lots of novel testing, research models, NDE techniques, but the flow of
these results into day to day practice is minimal.
10. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Thrust Areas-II
Development of Simplified Constitutive
Models for Design Applications
11. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Thrust Area
Durability and Serviceability Based Design
Development of Emerging Technology reports and technical
notes to address the various durability and serviceability
objectives.
Applications
12. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Emerging Technology reports
Material Post-Peak Property Characterization
The purpose of ACI ET-Report titled: “Report on Indirect Method to Obtain a
Stress-Strain diagram for Strain Softening Fiber-Reinforced Concretes
(FRCs)”
curve fitting and backcalculation approaches that use flexural data to
compute tensile response.
Flexural testing was developed by RILEM, [TC 162-TDF 1995], EN-14651,
[Vandewalle and Dupont, 2003], [Soranakom, Mobasher,2009].
Use empirical and inverse-analysis methods to show that the backcalculated
post peak residual tensile strength is about 30%-37% of the elastically
equivalent flexural residual strength for specimens with different fiber types
and volume fractions.
13. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Emerging Technology Reports- Elevated
Slabs
The ACI ET document addresses the methodology for analysis,
design, and construction of steel fiber-reinforced concrete slabs
supported on piles, or columns (E-SFRC).
Relatively high dosage of steel fibers (85-170 lb/yd3 [50-100 kg/m3])
Primary method of reinforcement.
Design and Analysis Procedures
– Standard procedures for obtaining material properties
– Development of finite element models for structural analysis of slabs
– Methods of construction, curing, and full-scale testing of slabs
14. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Emerging Technology report-III
ACI-ETR Report on Design and Construction of Steel Fiber-
Reinforced Precast Concrete Tunnel Segments Currently under Ballot
Design for production, transitional, construction and service stages
– (9 load cases)
Required material parameters for design, tests and performance
evaluation
– material parameters, tests and analyses
– full scale tests
hybrid reinforcement for tunnel linings
design examples
15. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
FRC technology is vastly underutilized relative
to the performance and economic advantages
Future state of FRC acceptance
New product development
New technology development
Common set of characterization and testing
No new indices, or normalized parameters, 40+ years of research
Unified Design guides –common sets of industry wide tools
Analysis methods
Allowable stress method, Elastic equivalent,
Ultimate Strength based method, ACI 318 approach
Both methods are the barriers to utilization of tensile performance
Ductility based design development
Elastic plastic approach
Yield Line analysis > 70 years of experience in reinforced concrete
16. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Rio de Janeiro Metro Line #4
17. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Spillway: high density of REBARS
18. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Fiber’s Synergy with other Admixtures
Strength: Pozzolans, Admixtures, rheology
w/c reduction: Superplasticizers
Ductility: Crack Width Reduction
Durability: Blended Cements, admixtures, crack width
Workability: Admixtures, SCC
Economy: Reduced section sizes, durability, ductility, LCA
Crack control: Plastic Shrinkage Cracking, crack width
Can these technologies be translated to new product
development?
19. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Overcoming Barriers to FRC acceptance
The fiber industry has not had a cohesive, effective
industry voice. Academia has its own metrics and scales.
ACI offers a forum for Industry, university, practitioners,
code agencies to interact toward a consensus.
ACI 544 has been an active committee for the past 45
years.
Can ACI 544 play a vital role in removing irrational
barriers inhibiting acceptance of FRC?
20. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
What is ACI 544 doing to help
overcome barriers
ACI is a voluntary organization, consensus building exercises
Fast, up-to-date, comprehensive group effort, just choose one!
The speed of reports generation and production makes the process
frustrating for authors & committee members.
More international collaborations, learn from the experience of other
agencies
21. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Emerging Technology Reports (ETRs)
ETRs provide:
information on emerging concrete technology in
the committee’s area of expertise where there is
insufficient knowledge to write a comprehensive
ACI report.
Introduces a new technology into practice by
providing basic information to allow
implementation and permit accumulation of
performance histories.
Includes a statement of limitations and a
discussion of research needed to provide the
missing information.
22. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Document on Durability and Physical Properties
23. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
ACI 544 New Management philosophy
Move beyond agenda items and meeting minutes as the only way we
communicate with committee members.
Develop and communicate objectives, activities, collaborations, and results in a
more formal, and documented way.
Subcommittee chairs involved in formalizing the subcommittees functions.
Look back at our past accomplishments and look forward to future goals.
Subcommittee list of activities, accomplishments, and planned objectives need
to be better defined. One page summary report submitted by the subcommittee
chair to be posted on the website of the subcommittee (frequency=one single
page report per three months)
24. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
List of ongoing Activities-Reports in
Balloting stages
ACI 544-E Report on the “Indirect Method for Obtaining a Model Stress-Strain
Curve of Strain Softening FRCs” Mobasher, Barros, 4 years
ACI 544-E Performance Based FRC Classification and Related Nomenclature,
Naaman. 2 years
ACI 644-D Elevated and Pile Supported Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Slab
Applications, Mobasher, Destree, Barros 3 years
ACI 544‐C Measurement of Properties of Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Forgeron, 6
years
25. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
New Membership
Time to renew our commitments
New members associate members, honorary
members
Working with Cliff MacDonald to develop ways to
empower members to participate in sub-committee
work
Purge unproductive members
26. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Policies, Procedures, and
communications
Develop documents that are relevant, collaborative and up-to-date
Better communication. Quarterly updates among exec committee, a minimum
of two e-mails to mass members in between conventions. An annual report
of activities of subcommittees
More clear identification of goals and performance markers for sub
committees.
– Review objectives and accomplishments at each convention
– Presentation to the subcommittee levels
– Membership recruitment, involvement, and involvement.
Committee structure,
– Demote inactive members, invite new members.
– Improve collaboration with other ACI committees, ACI318, ACI 201
Durability, new take on Sustainability
27. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Liaison Committees
What are the ongoing collaborations and efforts of ACI 544 with
these organizations? How does their activity impact our collected
efforts? What are the potential opportunities for joint effort? Where
are the reports and an updated list of activities? Who are the
official contacts? Can we get a one page summary from each
contact member posted on the minutes?
ACI 360, ACI 506, ACI 440
ASTM C 09.42, ASTM C 27, ASTM C 17
RILEM
FIB 8.3, FIB TG8.6
28. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
What can FRCA do to assist ACI 544 in its
mission and make it more effective?
Please get involved with five subcommittees
Commit time, effort, $, vision, priority lists
Read, edit, review, generate short documents, TechNotes
Collaborate, round robin testing, standardization,
Hold the chair and subcommittee chairs accountable to
deadlines, reports, timelines.
Compete, lead, or stand aside
Let us leave our egos behind.
29. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
FRCA perspective
Lack of interest / involvement of contractors and
concrete producers in FRC
Performance specs
Building code acceptance
– 318 recognition
Incorporation into university curriculum
Others
30. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Test methods
Variability of results
– ACI can be a great forum for discussing ASTM vs. other test
methods
How to report results
– ASTM C1550, ASTM C1399, ASTM 1609
– Is there a universal way to communicate all these results?
Need for verification?
– Fundamental research on mechanics can help
Unanswered performance questions
– Creep (appropriate safety factors)
– Fatigue
31. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Design methodologies
Fibers, fabrics, new and innovative technologies
Material Properties
– How do I use the test results in analysis, design, and specifications
What correlation if any exists in the test results between
test methods and design methodology
Design methods for combined fiber and rebar
32. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Steps
Parking
Curbs
Pipes
Septic
Tanks
Manholes, Burial Vaults
& Catch Basins
FRC Precast Applications
Insulated
Wall Panels
33. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Fiber Reinforcement
34. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Crack Deflection Toughening
B. Mobasher, Polypropylene fiber reinforced cement based composites
35. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
ASU- Mechanical Testing facility
From Small (micron size) to full
size structural testing facility
(meters)
36. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Restrained Shrinkage Tests
W/C and degree of curing
Curing is essential to ensure a
strength gain
minimize early autogenous and
drying shrinkage.
Extremely important with silica
fume concrete.
Plastic Shrinkage cracking
significantly affects the long
term durability.
37. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Toughening Due to Fiber Bridging
Fiber debonding and pullout
Closing Pressure
Crack face stiffness
Stress Intensity reduction
Crack closure
PP FRC Composites Carbon Fiber Composites
38. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Cyclic Tests - Brittle Micro Fibers
Closed-loop controlled tests
Crack mouth opening and deflection
measurements
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Deflection, mm
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Load,N
8% Carbon
Mortar
39. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Ductile Steel Fiber Composites
0 1 2 3
CMOD, mm
0
400
800
1200
1600
Load,N
Steel, 5%
40. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Strengthening With Carbon Fibers
0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005
Strain, mm/mm
Notched Specimens
Reinforced with
Carbon Fibers,
Gage Length = 25.0 mm
mortar
V
f
= 16%
V
f
= 12%
V
f
= 4%
0
2000
4000
6000
Stress,kPa
Notched Tension
75 mm
12.7 mm
Mobasher, B. Li, C. Y., "Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Cement Based Composites,“
ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 93, No.3, pp.284-293,1996.
41. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Publications
More than 20+
papers in the area
of design and
analysis of FRC
42. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Material Model for strain softening
Two material parameters (ecr ,E) and four normalized
parameters (w, m, lcu, btu), independent variable l.
cr
cr
2
=
d
e
ec = lecr
ec
sc
ecy = wecr
E
ecu = lcuecr
et
st
ecr
E sp = mecrE
etu=btuecr
scr = ecrE
2
cr cr
1
M = bd E
6
e
Compression model Tension model
43. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Stress and Strain Distribution
ec=lecr
et
kd
d
sc
1
Fc
1yc1
st1
Ft1
yt1
kd
d
ec=lec
r
et
ecr
sc1
Fc
1yc1
Ft1
yt1
Ft2
yt2
st1
st2
d
kd
ecr
wecr
ec=lecr
et sc1
Fc
1
Fc
2
Ft1yt1
Ft2
yt2
yc1
yc2
st1
st2
0 < l < 1 1 < l < w w < l
44. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Moment Curvature Diagram
Incrementally impose 0 < et < etu
Strain Distribution
Stress Distribution
SF = 0, determine k
M = SCiyci+ STiyti and =ec/kd
stress
k
d
0 < et < etu
strain
ec
C1
C2
T1
T2
T3
M M
Moment curvature diagram
1 10
kd
c cF b f y dy=
1 10
1
kd
c c
c
b
y f y ydy
F
=
45. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Model for strain softening
2
cr cr
1
M M M ' = bd E M '
6
e= cr
cr
2
=
d
e
2
cr cr
1
M = bd E
6
e
Stage k M’=M/Mcr ’=/cr
1
0 < l < 1
1
2 2k
l
2
1 < l < w
2
2
2 ( 1) 1
ml
l m l
23 2
2
(2 3 3 2)
3 (2 1)
k
k
l ml m
m
l
w l < lcu
2
2
2 ( ) 2 1
ml
w l w m m
22 3 2
2
(3 3 3 2)
3 (2 1)
k
k
wl w ml m
m
l
2k
l
Soranakom, C., and Mobasher, B., “Closed-Form Solutions for Flexural Response of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Beams,”
Journal of Engineering Mechanics, Vol. 133, No. 8, August 2007, pp. 933-941
Stage k M’=M/Mcr ’=/cr
1
0 < l < 1
1
2 2k
l
2
1 < l < w
2
2
2 ( 1) 1
ml
l m l
23 2
2
(2 3 3 2)
3 (2 1)
k
k
l ml m
m
l
w l < lcu
2
2
2 ( ) 2 1
ml
w l w m m
22 3 2
2
(3 3 3 2)
3 (2 1)
k
k
wl w ml m
m
l
2k
l
46. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Effect of Softening Region Tensile strength,
m
0 4 8 12 16
Normalized top compressive strain, l
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Neutralaxisdepthratio,k
m=0.01
m=0.35
m=0.68
m=1.00
m=0.18
w = 10
ecu = 0.004
etu = 0.015
0 20 40 60
Normalized Cuvature, '
0
1
2
3
NormalizedMoment,M'
m=0.01
m=0.35
m=0.68
m=1.00
m=0.18
M '( ) = 3
+
mw
m w
cr
cr
2
=
d
e
2
cr cr
1
M = bd E
6
e
M’= 1.910
M’=1.0145
M’= 0.530
M’=2.727
M’=0.03
47. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Simplified Design Equation
3
'M
mw
w m =
0 1 2 3
Normalized Ultimate Moment, M'u
0
1
2
3
NormalizedMomentatInfinity,M'
0
1
2
3
M
'
=
3mw
/(w+m)
21
6
cr crM bds=
0.90 'u crM M M =
where
For plain strain softening FRC only
48. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Calculation Example
What is the moment capacity of a fiber reinforced
concrete beam? Given that:
– b=4 in, d=4 in
– E = 3x106 psi, scr = 300 psi, sp = 150 psi
– fc’ = 4500 psi, scy ~ 0.8fc’
Calculations
– m = sp/scr = 0.50
– w = scy/scr = 12
– M’∞ = 3mw/(w+m) = 1.44 (no unit)
– Mcr = 1/6bd2scr = 3,200 lb-in
– M∞ = M’∞Mcr = 4,600 lb-in
– Mu = 0.90M∞ = 4,150 lb-in Moment capacity
2
ult cr
1
M 3 bd E
+ 6
mw
e
m w
=
49. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Grace Strux Fibers
50. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Fiber toughening Mechanism
51. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Structural Design with FRC Materials: testing, modeling, analysis and
Design
Shotcrete applicationsElevated slabs Precast panels
52. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Stress-Strain for Hardening and Softening FRC
Material parameters are described as a multiple of the first cracking tensile strain
(ecr) and tensile modulus (E)
Compression model Tension model
53. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Evolution of Stress Distribution Profile
(A) (B) (C)
54. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Strain-Softening FRC
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Deflection, in
0
200
400
600
800
1000
FlexuralLoad,lb
Experiment
Present Model
L-056 : 9.5 lb/yd3 FibraShield
sample 1
age: 14 days
0 400 800 1200 1600
Stress (psi)
-2
-1
0
1
2
SpecimenDepth,(in)
ARS Method, LE material
ASU Method, Elastic Softening
Stress Distribution
Softening Zone
L056-01
55. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Size Effect- Back Calculation of UHPFRC- SFRC
Small: 50x25x300 mm
Medium: 100x100x300 mm
Large: 150x150x450 mm
Kim D-J, Naaman AE, El-Tawil S. “Correlation between Tensile and Bending Behavior of FRC Composites with Scale
Effect”, Proc FraMCoS-7, 7th International Conference on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures,
May 23-28, 2010, Jeju Island, South Korea
56. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Curve Fitting of ARS versus Post Peak Residual Strength
(μσcr)
Bakhshi M, Mobasher B. “Sustainable Design of
Structural Concrete Materials”, SR-633 to Arizona
Department of Transportation, Tempe, AZ, 2010.
1% steel Fiber
80kg/m3
steel Fiber
20-60 kg/m3
Kim D-J, Naaman AE, El-Tawil S. “Correlation
between Tensile and Bending Behavior of FRC
Composites with Scale Effect”, Proc FraMCoS-7,
2010, Jeju Island, South Korea
57. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Comparison with JCI Method
JCI method overestimates the
residual strength of
– synthetic fibers by 1.4 times
– steel fibers by 6.3 times
Bakhshi M, Mobasher B. “Sustainable Design of Structural Concrete Materials: a Case Study of
Incorporating Materials Science, Structural Mechanics, and Statistical Process Control”, A Report
(SR-633) to Arizona Department of Transportation, Tempe, AZ, 2010.
58. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Plastic analysis approach
Distributed load on a simply supported square
slab. The work equations are derived as:
Where the resultant NR and rotation θ (from figure
9a) are:
For the four segments with an NR acting at 1/3 of
δmax :
θ θ
q
δmax
L
L/2
L/2
m
m
A A
δ
Yield Line
Square Slab
Simply Supported
int extW W=
R( N ) ( M L ) =
2
2 2 4
R
L L qL
N q ( ) ( )= =
2 max
L
=
2
2
4 4
4 3
max max
L
qL
( ) ( ) ( M ) ( L ) ( )
=
2
24
ult
p
q L
M =
59. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Use of Yield Line Analysis and Design
procedures
int extW W=
2
2
P
L
M P P
= =
4
ult
P
P L
M =
60. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Round Panel Continuous Support Specimens
61. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
FRC for 2-way elevated slab structures
Composition Amount
Cement Type I 350 kg
Fly ash 60 kg
Aggregate (1.1:1) 1800 kg
W/C < 0.5
Supper plasticizer 1.25 % by Vol.
Vf = 80 - 100 kg/m3
62. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Construction and Field Testing
Cast in place SFRC
Use minimum reinforcement along the
column lines to prevent progressive
collapse
63. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Modeling of Failure Mechanisms
Oberseite - ULS Mittellast
S
N
West Ost
Unterseite
S
N
WestOst
Durchgezogen: bis 200 kN
gestrichelt: bis Brucklast
64. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Specifications for Canal lining, WWF, or rebar
replacement
Fiber Reinforced Concrete Mix
Photo Courtesy: Pima-Maricopa Irrigation
Project, Sacaton, Arizona
Traditional #5 rebar layout
Photo Courtesy: Rick Shelly, Pulice
Construction
65. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Fiber-reinforced shotcrete for initial shaft
sinking support
• Deep shaft (2189 m), 9 m dia, copper mine
• 400,000 tons copper per year for the next 40 years
• Three geological units
• A range of orthotropic stress conditions
• Several modes of instability: gravity driven, rockmass
shear yielding, brittle failure
• The shotcrete system must achieve a high early strength and
ductility within a short period (less than 24 hours).
66. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Effect of curing age on flexural response
0 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15
CMOD, inch
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Load,lbf
36 hrs - Sample 1
36 hrs - Sample 2
16 hrs - Sample 1
16 hrs - Sample 2
8 hrs - Sample 1
8 hrs - Sample 2
Three Point Bending Test Result
Mix 1
10-12 lbs/yd3 of macro fibers
67. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
ASTM C1550-Round Panel 3P-support specimen
68. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Analysis of Precast Wall Panels
Assume continuous wall, pin connection at
the bottom and free at the top
Lateral water pressure in ultimate and
serviceability limit states
69. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Safety, mobilization, and Cost savings due to
reduced section sizes
70. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Analysis, Design and Installation of precast water
tank panels
Load Case1:
– Self weight + Water pressure
– Moment in short span controls
Load Case2:
– 1.4 Self weight +
1.7 Earth pressure +
1.7 Uniform pressure due to surcharge
– Moment in short span direction SM1
71. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Round Panel Tests
A round panel test is
used to evaluate FRC
Test setup
– displacement control
– continuous support
– center point load
– measure load vs. mid
span deflection
Dimensions
– clear diameter 1500 mm
– thickness = 150 mm
– stoke diameter = 150 mm
72. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Typical Crack Patterns
The test reveals unsymmetrical multiple radial crack patterns
Vf = 80 kg/m3
Sample 8-02
Vf = 100 kg/m3
Sample 1-07
73. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Typical Responses of a Full Model
In elastic range, the
deformation is symmetrical
such that symmetric criteria
can be imposed as boundary
conditions to improve the
efficiency of the model
In plastic stage, strain energy
density localizes in crack band
regions
74. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Test Results and Averaged Response
Load deflection responses of two mixes
0 10 20 30
Deflection (mm)
0
40
80
120
160
200
Load(kN)
Samples 1-6
Average
Vf = 80 kg/m3 Vf = 100 kg/m3
0 10 20 30
Deflection (mm)
0
40
80
120
160
200
Load(kN)
Samples 1-9
Average
75. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Material Properties from Calibration
The first cracking tensile strength from s-w are compared well with the
plastic strength ftu from yield line theory
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Crack Width (mm)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
TensileStress(MPa)
s-w relationship,
E = 20 GPa, = 0.15
(inverse analysis FEM)
ftu = 2.11 MPa
(yield line prediction)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Crack Width (mm)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
TensileStress(MPa)
s-w relationship
E = 24 GPa, = 0.15
(inverse analysis FEM)
ftu = 2.37 MPa
(yield line prediction)
Vf = 80 kg/m3
Vf = 100 kg/m3
76. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Material Models
(a) rectangular cross
section
(b) tension model
(c) compression model
(d) steel model
77. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Fiber Reinforced Concrete for 2-way
elevated slab structures
Composition Amount
Cement Type I 350 kg
Fly ash 60 kg
Aggregate (1.1:1) 1800 kg
W/C < 0.5
Supper plasticizer 1.25 % by Vol.
Vf = 80 - 100 kg/m3
78. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Full Scale Elevated Slab
Vf=100 kg/m3 in construction
Square grid floor 18.3 m x 18.3 m (3 bays each direction)
Slab thickness of 0.2 m
Column size of 0.3 m x 0.3 m
79. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Back view
80. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Test rig centre span
81. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Construction and Field Testing
Cast in place SFRC
Use minimum reinforcement along the column lines to
prevent progressive collapse
82. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Service Load, 4kNm² udl, (83 psf)
83. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Edge Test
84. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
End of Test
85. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
320kN cracking
86. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Finite Element Model
For efficiency reason, model the slab for only the upper
quarter
87. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Crack Predictions
Oberseite - ULS Mittellast
S
N
West Ost
Unterseite
S
N
WestOst
Durchgezogen: bis 200 kN
gestrichelt: bis Brucklast
88. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Load Deflection Response
FEM predicts stiffer response and higher capacity than the experiment
Yield line predicts the strength between the experiment’s and the FEM
prediction’s
Response Experiment FEM Yield
line
Pcr 230 kN 401.2 kN -
cr 7 mm 3.0 mm -
Pult 470 kN 542.8 kN 536.1 kN
0 50 100 150
Mid-Span Deflection (mm)
0
200
400
600
Load(kN)
Simulation
Experiment
89. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Precast panels
Panels are made of plain concrete and steel rebar to be installed on site
91. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Installation of pre-cast water tank
Panels are assembled on
site
The wall joints are
connected using bolts and
epoxy
The base slab is
connected to the
periphery walls by friction
through slots
92. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Analysis of Wall Panels
Assume continuous wall,
pin connection at the
bottom and free at the
top
Lateral water pressure in
ultimate and
serviceability limit states
93. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Critical Internal Forces
Critical moment, shear, and
axial forces
– Horizontal
– Vertical
Design thickness and
reinforcement for both
– Ultimate
– Serviceability
94. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Cast in Place Water Tank
Finite element model
– Shell elements
Lateral loading
– Water
– Earth pressure
– Surcharge
95. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Analysis Results
Load Case1:
– 1.4 Self weight +
1.4 Water pressure
– Moment in short span
direction SM1
Load Case2:
– 1.4 Self weight +
1.7 Earth pressure +
1.7 Uniform pressure due to surcharge
– Moment in short span direction SM1
96. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Economy- Specifications for Canal lining,
WWF, or rebar replacement
97. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Construction cleanup after flooding
98. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
ASU- Rio Tinto Project – Magma Copper
mine, Superior , Arizona
99. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Shotcrete Applications- ASU-Rio Tinto
Project
100. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
ASTM 1550- Tests
how do we extract material properties from these tests which can
ultimately be used in design
101. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
ASTM C1550
0 1 2 3
Deflection (in)
0
2000
4000
6000
Load(lbf)
R-CSA-16-1
R-CSA-16-2
R-CSA-16-3
R-CSB-16-1
R-CSB-16-2
R-CSB-16-3
R-HSA-16-1
R-HSA-16-2
R-HSA-16-3
R-HSB-16-1
R-HSB-16-2
R-HSB-16-3
10-12 lbs/yd3 of macro fibers
Are the test results communicable
between different geometries?
Load Deflection results used for back-calculation of properties
102. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Effect of curing age on flexural response
0 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15
CMOD, inch
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Load,lbf
36 hrs - Sample 1
36 hrs - Sample 2
16 hrs - Sample 1
16 hrs - Sample 2
8 hrs - Sample 1
8 hrs - Sample 2
Three Point Bending Test Result
Mix 1
10-12 lbs/yd3 of macro fibers
103. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Inverse Analysis Procedures- Macro fiber
dosage level 10 lb/yd3,
0 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15
CMOD (inch)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Load(lb)
Mix 3 at 36 hrs
Sample 1
Simulation 1
Sample 2
Simulation 2
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
Crack Width (inch)
0
100
200
300
TensileStress(psi)
Mix 3 at 36 hrs
Simulation 1
Simulation 2
104. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Closed-Loop Flexure Tests
89 KN closed-loop controlled testing machine.
Measure crack mouth opening and deflection of flexural prisms
100x100x368 mm in dimensions, 12 mm notch
Vf = 20 Kg/m3
Vf = 10 Kg/m3
Vf = 5 Kg/m3
Control
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Crack Mouth opening Displacement, mm
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Load,KN
Age = 28 Days
W/C = 0.4
HP12
105. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Theoretical Prediction of Load Deformation
Response-Effect of Age on Flexural response
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
CMOD, mm
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
Load,N
3 days
28 days
Model Prediction 3 Days
Model Prediction 28 Days
w/c = 0.55
Vf = 0.6 Kg/m3
0 20 40 60 80 100
Crack Extension, mm
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
R,N/mm
Model Prediction 3 Days
Model Prediction 28 Days
w/c = 0.55
Vf = 0.6 Kg/m3
HD12mm
106. FULTON
s c h o o l o f e n g i n e e r i n g
Whitetopping Project
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Deflection, in
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
Load,lbs
AR
PP
CTR
CR
Age = 28 Days
0 0.003 0.006 0.009 0.012 0.015
Circumferential Strain, in/in
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Stress,psi
PP
AR
CTR
CR
Age = 28 days
Compressive StrengthFlexural Strength