The document outlines a simulation project on photonics focused on tracking design parameters of step-index fiber optics, specifically single mode fibers (SMF) and multimode fibers (MMF). The simulation examines how variations in core and cladding diameters and wavelengths affect fiber types, utilizing boundary conditions and a specified wavelength range. It concludes that core diameter is crucial in distinguishing between SMF and MMF and identifies a cutoff normalized frequency that helps in this determination.

1. Project of photonics
Mohamed Ramadan
Under supervision: Eng: Bahaa youins

2. Objective:
This simulation aims to track the main design parameters of fiber optics, specially
step-index fibers, which are core and cladding diameters and wavelength of the
waves. These parameters can be tracked through normalized propagation constant
and normalized frequency. It will also try to differ between the singer mode
fiber(SMF) and multimode fiber (MMF) based on the fiber geometry and how it
can be manipulated.
Simulation:

3. Boundary conditions
Single mode fiber geometry Multimode fiber geometry

4.  The simulation will be applied through a wavelength range [5:15] *10^-6 m
in both (SMF) and (MMF).
 The core material has refractive index of 1.4457 and the clad material has
refractive index of 1.4378 (Ncore > Nclad ).
 The meshing has been increased in the core region; as modes concerned are
within the core region.
 Scattering boundary condition has been used to prevent the escape on the
waves from the clad.
Mesh Applied

5. Results:
Single mode fiber:
In this mode, the wave in confined as
a single beam in the core region.

6. Multimode fiber:
The core diameter has been increased to support higher order modes.
LP11y
LP21 Fundamental mode
LP11x

7. Here the second graph has been drawn between the normalized propagation
constant(b) and the normalized frequency(v) through these equations;
Also in the graph between (b&v) both LP11x and LP11y have been almost
identical.

8. Conclusion:
 The diameter of the core is a very effective parameter to determine the fiber
to be (SMF) or (MMF).
 There is a cutoff normalized frequency (V) determining if the fiber is (SMF)
or (MMF)