This document describes the design and analysis of a novel hexagonal lattice photonic crystal fiber with circular air holes to achieve low confinement loss and low chromatic dispersion. A fiber is designed with four rings of circular air holes with a radius of 0.8 μm, lattice pitch of 2.3 μm, and silica core. Finite difference time domain analysis shows this design achieves low confinement loss below 1 dB/km from 0.8-1.4 μm for both TE and TM modes. Dispersion is also flattened and near-zero from 0.8-1.3 μm. This novel fiber design optimizes parameters to gain low confinement loss and flattened dispersion over a wide wavelength range.
Design and Analysis of Modified Photonic Crystal Fiber with Low Confinement Lossijsrd.com
Fluorine doped silica tubes are used instead of air holes to reduce the problem associated with deformities during manufacturing of Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF). But when fluorine doped silica tubes are used the confinement loss of fiber will be greater than that of air holed one. In this paper, we propose a new structure for this type of modified PCF which gives very low confinement loss. Also, we analyze some of the optical properties of the proposed structure such as effective refractive index, effective area and compared it with the normal hexagonal PCF.
This narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the fundamental principles of Photonic Crystal Fibers. The material will be useful for KTU final year students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Dispersion Properties of Photonic Crystal Fiber with Four cusped Hypocycloida...IOSRJECE
In this paper, dispersion characteristics of Photonic crystal fiber with four cusped hypocycloidal airhole in cladding (FCH-PCF) are investigated by using fully vectorial effective index method. Computed results show that the dispersion dependence on geometric parameters such as the hole pitch and size parameter. We find the flattened dispersion and zero dispersion wavelengths
Design and Analysis of Modified Photonic Crystal Fiber with Low Confinement Lossijsrd.com
Fluorine doped silica tubes are used instead of air holes to reduce the problem associated with deformities during manufacturing of Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF). But when fluorine doped silica tubes are used the confinement loss of fiber will be greater than that of air holed one. In this paper, we propose a new structure for this type of modified PCF which gives very low confinement loss. Also, we analyze some of the optical properties of the proposed structure such as effective refractive index, effective area and compared it with the normal hexagonal PCF.
This narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the fundamental principles of Photonic Crystal Fibers. The material will be useful for KTU final year students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Dispersion Properties of Photonic Crystal Fiber with Four cusped Hypocycloida...IOSRJECE
In this paper, dispersion characteristics of Photonic crystal fiber with four cusped hypocycloidal airhole in cladding (FCH-PCF) are investigated by using fully vectorial effective index method. Computed results show that the dispersion dependence on geometric parameters such as the hole pitch and size parameter. We find the flattened dispersion and zero dispersion wavelengths
Presentation on Optical Fiber for UG Physics students by Dr. P D Shirbhate assistant Professor, Department of Physics G S Gawande college, Umarkhed Dist Yavatmal.
Design and Simulation of Photonic Crystal Fiber with Low Dispersion Coefficie...IJAEMSJORNAL
In this paper, a hexagonal solid state photonic crystal fiber at frequency 10 THz is presented. First, by finding the main conductive model and its dispersion rate to evaluate dispersion changes based on the fixed changes of fiber network in the main mode with the goal of achieving the lowest dispersion rate. In the next section, dispersion variations are measured and evaluated based on changes in the size of the radius of the cavities of the photonic crystal fiber area. Then the fiber-forming cavities of the fiber region have become elliptical geometry, and the size of the disintegration has been discussed for this change. Finally, by changing the refractive index of the fiber substrate region, the size of the disintegration has been investigated. For the geometries of all the steps that have the least disintegration, an optimized structure is obtained. In this way, the proposed structure has a dispersion rate of -75×〖10〗^(-3) ps/(nm km), which is a good fit for similar designs.
Bending losses of power in a single mode step index optical fiber due to macro bending has been
investigated for a wavelength of 1550nm. The effects of bending radius (4-15mm, with steps of 1mm), and
wrapping turn (up to 40 turns) on loss have been studied. Twisting the optical fiber and its influence on power
loss also has been investigated. Variations of macro bending loss with these two parameters have been
measured, loss with number of turns and radius of curvature have been measured.
This work founds that the Macro bending and wrapping turn loss increases as the bending radius and wrapping
turn increases.
Design of a Selective Filter based on 2D Photonic Crystals Materials IJECEIAES
Two dimensional finite differences temporal domain (2D-FDTD) numerical simulations are performed in cartesian coordinate system to determine the dispersion diagrams of transverse electric (TE) of a two-dimension photonic crystal (PC) with triangular lattice. The aim of this work is to design a filter with maximum spectral response close to the frequency 1.55 μm. To achieve this frequency, selective filters PC are formed by combination of three waveguides W 1 K A wherein the air holes have of different normalized radii respectively r 1 /a=0.44, r 2 /a=0.288 and r /a= 0.3292 (a: is the periodicity of the lattice with value 0.48 μm). Best response is obtained when we insert three small cylindrical cavities (with normalized radius of 0.17) between the two half-planes of photonic crystal strong lateral confinement.
Study of highly broadening Photonic band gaps extension in one-dimensional Me...IOSR Journals
In this paper, we show theoretically that the reflectance spectra of one dimensional multilayer metal-organic periodic structure (1D MOPS) can be enhanced due to the addition of the organic constituents. We have used simple transfer matrix method to calculate the absorption, transmittance and reflectance of the 1D MOPS systems. The organic component like N,N’-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N’diphenyl-1; 1biphenyl-4; 4diamine (NPB) absorbs the light in ultra-violet, visible and infrared electromagnetic region and the structure with Ag-metal also having the tendency to absorb the light by the plasmaonic action and their refractive can be calculated from Drude equation. The reflectance spectra of multilayer 1D MOPS containing a variable number periodic of Ag/N,N’-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N’diphenyl-1; 1biphenyl-4; 4diamine (NPB) structure are calculated taking optical constant of NPB and Ag. The optical band gap and reflectance spectra of 1D MOPS of the considered structure is obtained in the visible and near infrared regions either with the variation of the metal layer thickness or thickness of the organic layer. From the results under investigation through TMM, tunability in the optical band gap was observed either change in thickness of the other layer 1/ or 2 or the angle of the incident. Due to optical absorption of the light in the different region of electromagnetic spectrum due to either N,N’-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N’diphenyl-1; 1biphenyl-4; 4diamine (NPB) or silver metal, the optical band gap of 1DMOPS shows the shift of band edges of λL and λR from ultra-violet to visible and the infrared with change the optical constant.
Effects of Different Parameters in Enhancing the Efficiency of Plasmonic Thin...IJAMSE Journal
Efficiency of thin film solar cells are less comparing to thick film solar cells which can be enhanced by utilizing the metal nanoparticles near their localized Plasmon resonance. In this paper, we have reviewed the Plasmon resonance of metallic nanoparticles and its application in solar cell technology. Beside this, we have also reviewed about different parameters which dominate the nanoparticles to increase optical absorption. Thus a cost-effective model has been proposed.
Fiber optics, which is the science of light transmission through very fine glass or plastic fibers,
continues to be used in more and more applications due to its inherent advantages over copper
conductors. The purpose of this article is to provide the non-technical reader with an overview of
these advantages, as well as the properties and applications of fiber optics.
View more of our white papers about fiber optics:
http://www.fibersystems.com/technical-resources/fiber-optic-whitepapers
Presentation on Optical Fiber for UG Physics students by Dr. P D Shirbhate assistant Professor, Department of Physics G S Gawande college, Umarkhed Dist Yavatmal.
Design and Simulation of Photonic Crystal Fiber with Low Dispersion Coefficie...IJAEMSJORNAL
In this paper, a hexagonal solid state photonic crystal fiber at frequency 10 THz is presented. First, by finding the main conductive model and its dispersion rate to evaluate dispersion changes based on the fixed changes of fiber network in the main mode with the goal of achieving the lowest dispersion rate. In the next section, dispersion variations are measured and evaluated based on changes in the size of the radius of the cavities of the photonic crystal fiber area. Then the fiber-forming cavities of the fiber region have become elliptical geometry, and the size of the disintegration has been discussed for this change. Finally, by changing the refractive index of the fiber substrate region, the size of the disintegration has been investigated. For the geometries of all the steps that have the least disintegration, an optimized structure is obtained. In this way, the proposed structure has a dispersion rate of -75×〖10〗^(-3) ps/(nm km), which is a good fit for similar designs.
Bending losses of power in a single mode step index optical fiber due to macro bending has been
investigated for a wavelength of 1550nm. The effects of bending radius (4-15mm, with steps of 1mm), and
wrapping turn (up to 40 turns) on loss have been studied. Twisting the optical fiber and its influence on power
loss also has been investigated. Variations of macro bending loss with these two parameters have been
measured, loss with number of turns and radius of curvature have been measured.
This work founds that the Macro bending and wrapping turn loss increases as the bending radius and wrapping
turn increases.
Design of a Selective Filter based on 2D Photonic Crystals Materials IJECEIAES
Two dimensional finite differences temporal domain (2D-FDTD) numerical simulations are performed in cartesian coordinate system to determine the dispersion diagrams of transverse electric (TE) of a two-dimension photonic crystal (PC) with triangular lattice. The aim of this work is to design a filter with maximum spectral response close to the frequency 1.55 μm. To achieve this frequency, selective filters PC are formed by combination of three waveguides W 1 K A wherein the air holes have of different normalized radii respectively r 1 /a=0.44, r 2 /a=0.288 and r /a= 0.3292 (a: is the periodicity of the lattice with value 0.48 μm). Best response is obtained when we insert three small cylindrical cavities (with normalized radius of 0.17) between the two half-planes of photonic crystal strong lateral confinement.
Study of highly broadening Photonic band gaps extension in one-dimensional Me...IOSR Journals
In this paper, we show theoretically that the reflectance spectra of one dimensional multilayer metal-organic periodic structure (1D MOPS) can be enhanced due to the addition of the organic constituents. We have used simple transfer matrix method to calculate the absorption, transmittance and reflectance of the 1D MOPS systems. The organic component like N,N’-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N’diphenyl-1; 1biphenyl-4; 4diamine (NPB) absorbs the light in ultra-violet, visible and infrared electromagnetic region and the structure with Ag-metal also having the tendency to absorb the light by the plasmaonic action and their refractive can be calculated from Drude equation. The reflectance spectra of multilayer 1D MOPS containing a variable number periodic of Ag/N,N’-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N’diphenyl-1; 1biphenyl-4; 4diamine (NPB) structure are calculated taking optical constant of NPB and Ag. The optical band gap and reflectance spectra of 1D MOPS of the considered structure is obtained in the visible and near infrared regions either with the variation of the metal layer thickness or thickness of the organic layer. From the results under investigation through TMM, tunability in the optical band gap was observed either change in thickness of the other layer 1/ or 2 or the angle of the incident. Due to optical absorption of the light in the different region of electromagnetic spectrum due to either N,N’-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N’diphenyl-1; 1biphenyl-4; 4diamine (NPB) or silver metal, the optical band gap of 1DMOPS shows the shift of band edges of λL and λR from ultra-violet to visible and the infrared with change the optical constant.
Effects of Different Parameters in Enhancing the Efficiency of Plasmonic Thin...IJAMSE Journal
Efficiency of thin film solar cells are less comparing to thick film solar cells which can be enhanced by utilizing the metal nanoparticles near their localized Plasmon resonance. In this paper, we have reviewed the Plasmon resonance of metallic nanoparticles and its application in solar cell technology. Beside this, we have also reviewed about different parameters which dominate the nanoparticles to increase optical absorption. Thus a cost-effective model has been proposed.
Fiber optics, which is the science of light transmission through very fine glass or plastic fibers,
continues to be used in more and more applications due to its inherent advantages over copper
conductors. The purpose of this article is to provide the non-technical reader with an overview of
these advantages, as well as the properties and applications of fiber optics.
View more of our white papers about fiber optics:
http://www.fibersystems.com/technical-resources/fiber-optic-whitepapers
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
We follow "Rigorous Publication" model - means that all articles appear on IJERD after full appraisal, effectiveness, legitimacy and reliability of research content. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development publishes papers online as well as provide hard copy of Journal to authors after publication of paper. It is intended to serve as a forum for researchers, practitioners and developers to exchange ideas and results for the advancement of Engineering & Technology.
A new type of single mode lma photonic crystal fiber based on index-matching ...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, new type wideband large mode area (LMA), mono-mode holey fiber or photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based on index-matching resonant-coupling is proposed by using the FEM (finite-element method). The novel design has been achieved for a wide wavelength from1.5 μm to 1.63 μm. Thus, the total operation bandwidth reaches 130 nm. The higher order mode resonant coupling loss of the proposed fiber is good enough within this wavelength range to maintain the mono-mode operation. The total effective area for the proposed fiber is larger than 2150μm². The proposed fiber exhibits a very less FM (fundamental mode or LP0 mode) loss about 10−3 dB/m and the HOM (higher order mode) resonant coupling loss is larger than 6.8dB/m at 1.55 μm. The large mode area can reduce optical intensities and thus the fiber design can gain more attraction in the field of fiber laser and amplifier based applications. Moreover, the broadband design which covers the key wavelength (1550 nm) for communication window, will pay attention to the manufacturer in the fiber optic communication. Keywords: Index-Matching Resonant-Coupling, Higher Order Mode Suppression, LMA (Large Mode Area) Fiber, Mono-Mode, Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effects of Parameters of Photonic Crystal Fibre on Dispersion and ConfinementIJAEMSJORNAL
A new design of hexagonal-lattice photonic crystal fiber, with solid core is proposed for study of dispersion and confinement loss for optical communication. The fiber has five air-hole rings, yet the diameter of air holes is different in their structures. In this work we observed the effect of varying d1 (diameter of inner two rings) keeping d2 constant, effect of varying d2 (diameter of outer three rings) keeping d1 constant and the variation of lattice constant Ʌ on dispersion and confinement loss, and it is found that the effect of varying d1 has a greater effect on dispersion in comparison with confinement loss and altering d2 has no significant effect on dispersion but have greater effect on confinement loss. Finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method is used for simulation.
Analysis of Highly Birefringent Photonic Crystal Fiber Employing Different Ge...ijsrd.com
In this paper we are proposed three different types of photonic crystal fibers and compared them for higher birefringence by using finite element method. Using elliptical holes instead of circular air holes we are getting high birefringence. We also obtained low dispersion for the same structure consist of a defect in the center design flexibility and high index contrast give a better birefringence in the range of 10-3 to 10-2.Also the characteristics of PCF are plotted for a range of wavelength
Improving Splitting Efficiency in Photonic Crystal WaveguideIJERA Editor
“Photonic Crystals (PCs)” are dielectric structures with periodic spatial alternations of refractive index on the
scale of the wavelength of light. Many optical devices, based on PCs, have been proposed. There are
multiple ways by which equal amount of power of incoming signals can be divided into two, three and
four output channels; for example using multiple coupled photonic crystal waveguides, directional coupling and
cascaded multimode PC waveguides. Ideally, the splitter should divide the input power equally into the output
channels without significant reflection or radiation losses and should be compact in size. In this thesis I
have proposed the optical power splitting using Y-junction. The optical modeling of this proposed structure
was investigated by finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulation. The goal was to achieve equal power at
each output channel with broad spectrum around the target wavelength with low loss.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A PROXIMITY FEED DUAL BAND CIRCULAR SHAPED ANTENNA WITH SEMICIRCULAR GROUND P...Amitesh Raikwar
In this work, we present a Circular Shaped proximity feed
Microstrip Patch Antenna. The antenna is comprised of circular
shaped radiation patch and this radiating patch is faded
by proximity coupling. The ground plane of the antenna has
Semicircular pattern to improve the coupling level of the
patch. The simulated result shows it provides the return loss
less than -10 dB for two frequencies 1.27 GHz and 1.43 GHz
which could be a useful frequencies for wireless communication
system. The simulation work is carried out on IE3D
software, a product of Zeland Software Company.
opsahu advanced communication lab 6 sem.file r.k.r govt poly janjgir
A09130105
1. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 9, Issue 1 Ver. III (Jan. 2014), PP 01-05
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 1 | Page
“Hexagonal Lattice Photonic Crystal Fiber with Low
Confinement Loss and Low Chromatic Dispersion”
Ashok Kajla1,
Surbhi Gupta2
1
( Electronics and communication,Arya Institute of engineering and technology,Kukus,Jaipur/Rajasthan
Technical University,India)
2
( Electronics and communication,Arya Institute of engineering and technology,Kukus,Jaipur/Rajasthan
Technical University,India)
Abstract: In this paper, We design a novel Hexagonal Lattice photonic crystal fiber (PCF) made of soft glass
achieving low confinement loss and low chromatic dispersion through the optimization of the arrangement and
diameter of circular air holes. The motivation behind this is to optimize the design parameter of PCF to gain
low-flattened chromatic dispersion and low confinement loss at wide wavelength range. This new design of PCF
having low-flattened chromatic dispersion and low confinement loss in wide wavelength range is demonstrated
by carefully adjusting the air holes in each rings, air holes dimensions and spacing between air holes or pitch. 2-
D finite difference time domain (FDTD) method is used for the analysis of this PCF
Keywords: Photonic crystal fibre (PCF), FDTD method, dispersion, confinement loss
I . INTRODUCTION
Optical Fibers have brought a great revolution in the field of Communication as they have provided
better quality and good properties of the signal. But they also had limitations with respect to losses, dispersion
and non linearity.
Photonic-crystal fiber (PCF) is a new class of optical fiber based on the properties of photonic crystals.
Because of its ability to confine light in hollow cores or with confinement characteristics not possible in
conventional optical fiber. Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) were first demonstrated in 1996 and have attracted
much attention in recent years regarding new optical fiber applications [4]. The most important property of PCF
are that they can possess dispersion properties that are significantly different from those of conventional optical
fibres, because their cladding portion consist of micrometer size air holes that run parallel along the length of the
fibrer.
PCFs provide confinement and guidance of light in a defect region around the centre as they are single-
material fibers with an arrangement of air holes running along the length of the fiber. For the light confinement
mechanism, index guiding PCFs rely on total internal reflection to confine light in the region of a missing air
hole forming a central core.
PCF is now finding applications in fiber-optic communications, fiber lasers, nonlinear devices, high-power
transmission, highly sensitive gas sensors, and other areas. Photonic crystal fibers may be considered a subgroup
of a more general class of microstructured optical fibers, where light is guided by structural modifications, and
not only by refractive index differences.
Several methods are used for the analysis of PCFs each having its own advantages and disadvantages. In
this work, the FDTD method is used to find characteristics of PCFs.
Confinement loss (CL), including cladding material losses, is comprehensively evaluated for TE and TM modes
of photonic crystal fibers. However, confinement loss can significantly degrade the performance of devices
based on such small core fibers. We also identify a range of fiber designs that result in high fiber nonlinearity
and low confinement loss.
In this paper we have tried to study confinement loss by proposing the four rings of circular shape of holes
having the radius of 0.8um with lattice pitch of 2.3um and simultaneously we have also tried to study the
dispersion characteristics and tried to confine it to nearly zero dispersion. PCFs can have a significantly larger
numerical aperture than conventional fiber types because the cladding region can be mostly comprised of air.
When this is combined with a wavelength-scale core, PCFs can provide tight mode confinement (i.e., small
values of the effective mode
II. Design Of Pcf Having Circular Shape Of Holes
In this paper we have used Opti FDTD to analyze various properties like dispersion and confinement loss of
variable Photonic Crystal Fibers of circular shape of hole size of the radius 0.8um.
2. “Hexagonal Lattice Photonic Crystal Fiber with Low Confinement Loss and Low Chromatic
www.iosrjournals.org 2 | Page
1.1Hexagonal lattice structure of PCF: PCF can realize endlessly single-mode operation, flexible Chromatic
dispersion over a wide wavelength range, large effective area, controllable nonlinearity, ultralow loss and high
group birefringence. PCFs provide confinement and guidance of light in a defect region around the centre as
they are single-material fibers with an arrangement of air holes running along the length of the fiber [6]. For the
light confinement mechanism, index guiding PCFs rely on total internal reflection to confine light in the region
of a missing air hole forming a central core.
The proposed PCF have four air holes rings in cladding with solid core [6]. Where the each air holes of the
rings are in circular shape with major axis (a) equal to 0.8μm and minor axis (b) equal to 0.8μm. The spacing
between the adjacent air holes or pitch, Ʌ is equals to 2.3μm. The lattice structure for the proposed PCF is
hexagonal. The transverse cross section for proposed PCF is shown in figure 1.
Figure1: Hexagonal Lattice Structure of the PCF having circular shape of holes with (i) radius of 0.8 um
and (ii)lattice pitch Ʌ=2.3um
1.2 Simulation results:
1.2.1 Effective refractive index: Fig. 2 shows the effective refractive index of the photonic crystal fiber having
circular shape of holes in it having the radius of 0.8 um and lattice pitch Ʌ is 2.3 um.
Figure 2: Effective refractive index of a PCF having circular shape of holes as a function of wavelength
1.2.2 Confinement loss:
The jacket of the fiber is far from cladding and core area, propagation of the light in the core area is
due to a finite number of layers of air holes in bulk silica extending to infinity. Due to the fixed number of layers
of air holes, leaking of the light from the core to the exterior matrix material takes place through the bridges
between air holes, resulting in confinement loss. The confinement loss is calculated from the imaginary part
(Im) of the complex effective index, using the following equation:
CL= 8686(2п/ʎ).Im(neff) dB/km (1)
The field confinement and its decay rate have a fundamental role in the leakage properties [9]. Confinement loss
(CL), including cladding material losses, is comprehensively evaluated for TE and TM mode as shown in figure
3 for the photonic crystal fiber having circular shape of holes.
3. “Hexagonal Lattice Photonic Crystal Fiber with Low Confinement Loss and Low Chromatic
www.iosrjournals.org 3 | Page
(a)
(b)
Figure 3:Confinement loss of PCF having circular shape of holes for (a)TE mode (b) TM mode
Table 1 gives the values of confinement loss for TE and TM mode respectively for the fiber having circular
shape of holes having diameter of 1.8um.
Table 1:Confinement loss calculation for the PCF having circular shape of holes
1.2.3 Dispersion:
In optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency.
Dispersion is given by the following formula:
D=-ʎ/c.d2
neff/dʎ2
(2)
0.8 0.002045553 0.000681851
0.9 0.007273077 0.006060898
1 0.036001733 0.034910771
1.1 0.138849658 0.136866092
1.2 0.391837041 0.387745935
1.3 0.867734073 0.85892246
1.4 1.600596519 1.586180241
CONFINEMENT LOSS (db/km)
WAVELENGTH(um) For TE mode For TM mode
4. “Hexagonal Lattice Photonic Crystal Fiber with Low Confinement Loss and Low Chromatic
www.iosrjournals.org 4 | Page
Figure 3:Dispersion of PCF having circular shape of holes as a function of wavelength
Table 2 gives the values of Dispersion of the PCF having circular shape of holes having diameter of 1.6um.
Table 2: Dispersion calculation for PCF having circular shape of holes
III. CONCLUSIONS
Photonic crystal fibers can be divided into two modes of operation, according to their mechanism for
confinement. Those with a solid core, or a core with a higher average index than the micro structured cladding,
can operate on the same index-guiding principle as conventional optical fiber — however, they can have a much
higher effective refractive index contrast between core and cladding, and therefore can have much stronger
confinement for applications in nonlinear optical devices, polarization-maintaining fibers. In this paper we have
designed the fiber having circular shape of holes having same diameter is showing the lowest confinement loss
and hence the best design proposed is this one. We can also propose in future a design having less confinement
loss by changing the shape of the holes like square or rectangular. Fabrication of the proposed PCFs is believed
to be possible with a high feasibility and is not beyond the realm of today’s existing PCF technology.
REFERENCES
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0.8 109.6426667
0.85 108.3160667
0.9 106.7691
0.95 104.90185
1 102.566
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1.1 95.6604
1.15 90.55905
1.2 83.9248
1.25 75.37375
1.3 64.47436667
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5. “Hexagonal Lattice Photonic Crystal Fiber with Low Confinement Loss and Low Chromatic
www.iosrjournals.org 5 | Page
[6] K. Saitoh and M. Koshiba, ―Single-polarization single -mode photonic crystal fibers,‖ IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 15, no. 10,
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