Fiber Optics - Conference

FIBER OPTICS
AUTHOR: ENG. ALEJANDRO LEVY
SEIS.ENG01@GMAIL.COM
SEISMIC OPERATIONS
UNIVERSIDAD PRIVADA DOMINGO SAVIO
BOLIVIA - 2016

CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS
AUTHOR: ING. ALEJANDRO LEVY
SEISMIC OPERATIONS
BOLIVIA - 2016

FIBER OPTICS
It is a system in which it moves /travel the information.
It is a quite thin wire or plastic glass and its thickness varies between
10 and 300 microns.
To prevent light propagation losses caused by residues in the surface
of the fiber, the core of the F.O. is coated with a crystalline film of
small refraction rate.

OPERATION
The light injected into one end of the fiber, with an angle known as
numerical aperture, is totally reflected.
The light is reflected multiple times through the fiber until it comes out
the other end.

F.O. CRITICAL ELEMENTS
CORE CLADDING
It is where the beam
will be guide.
It will prevent the presence or
impurities.

NUMERICAL APERTURE
If a lens between the light source and the tube for
focusing light in a narrower beam is installed.
more energy is then coupled into the tube and
more energy reaches the end of the tube.
The term that describes the ability to collect light
from a light guide is the numerical aperture (NA)
which is applied to optical fibers.

LIGHT WAVES
PROPAGATION
λ= c/f

F.O.CLASIFICATION APLICATION
Tx Mode
COMPOSITION
 High quality fibers for telecommunications links
 Fibers for short and medium distance links.
 Monomode fiber
 Multimode fiber
 Core and plastic cover
 Glass core with plastic cover (PCS)
 Core and cover glass (SCS)

APLICATION
HIGH QUALITY F.O.
They are composed of silicon,
while the other, only the core is
composed of glass.
Its main application is for
telecommunications links.
F.O. for short and medium
distance links
Gradual Index IndexJump
They are ideal for
transmitting television
signals and
multiservice networks.
Core fibers comprise
silicon dioxide coatings
and plastics. Plastic-
coated fibers resist
radiation and are ideal
for use in the military
area.

Tx Mode
Monomode Fiber Multimode Fiber
The light beam follows a
unique path.
The light beam can follow
several paths.

MONOMODE Vs. MULTIMODE
 Greater flow of information is
reached.
It has a bandwidth on the order of
100 GHz / km.
 Existen muchas maneras de
propagar la luz.
El núcleo es de gran dimensión,
esto la hace mas económica, fácil
de diseñar y su instalación y
conexión es mas sencilla.
MONOMODE MULTIMODE
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
o Because of its small size is a greater
complexity process when installing.
o It applies to short distances less
than 10 [km].

COMPOSITION
Core and plastic cover
Glass core with plastic cover (PCS)
Core and cover glass (SCS)

The PLASTIC F.O. are more flexible, stronger, more
resistant to pressure, are less heavy, easier to install
and it cost is lower.
GLASSVs.
PLASTIC
The disadvantages of plastic F.O. is that they have
greater attenuation, propagation of light is less
efficient and are only used in small networks as
buildings.

P.C.S. Vs.
S.C.S
The SCS F.O. have less strength and are weaker to
mitigating growth when exposed to radiation.They
are applicable for civilian use.
The PCS F.O. are less affected by radiation and
therefore are better for military use.

F.O.CARACTERISTICS
GENERAL
TECHNICAL
MECHANICAL
 More resistant coverage.The coating includes 25% more material than a conventional cable coatings.
 In the inside of a gel coating is placed, making the water does not stay within the cable, thus having a
longer life.
 Anti-flammable protection.
 High density packaging. It is to introduce a greater number of fibers within a cable that has the smallest
possible diameter. All this in order to get a quick and easy installation, plus the cable can withstand
great efforts and folds.
 Transmits analog or digital information.This consists of the nucleus, which is where the light
propagates, and the coating is necessary for the propagation medium occurring element.
 The amount of transfer of information within an optical fiber, these given by:
1) Exact design of the fiber.
2) Properties that include the materials used in their manufacture.
3)Width of the light spectrum (the wider spectrum, the less information transfer).
 The operating range of the F.O. It is - 55 ° C to 125 ° C
.
 The F.O. has a poor response to torsion, compression thrust and besides having a significant degradation
in hostile environments.
 To help improve these responses are designed optoelectronic couplers.
 It is essential that coatings and protections that protect good quality fiber are available.To achieve this
should be considered its weakness and micro curvatures curvatures.

TYPES OF F.O. CABLES FOR
SPECIAL APPLICATIONS
They are classified accordingly to their construction and uses
Loose StructureCable Tight Cable Structure ArmoredCable

Loose
Structure
Cable
Its main feature is the fiber tubes
housing the cable inside it. Inside they
are placed several fibers of a loosely.
They are filled with a gel
type prevents water into
contact with the fiber.
The loose tube whose function
alienate fiber mechanical forces
exerted on the outside of the cable.
The concentric cable section
includes a reinforcing
material such as steel, or
kevlar.With this is given
greater strength and support
cable when making the laying

TIGHT CABLE S STRUCTURE
It includes various fibers with a secondary protection which in turn surround a central section of
reinforcement and all this is surrounded by an outer protective layer
The secondary protection is applied to each fiber individually in order to give a better hardware besides
allowing it to be connected directly without the need for splicing.
This represents minimize cost of installation and splicing rule when laying the cable

ARMORED
CABLE
It has a steel layer before the protective cover. It
gives better protection to be crushed and protects it
against rodents..
This type of cable is mainly used in heavy industry
and generally tended lines are underground.

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
AUTHOR:ENG. ALEJANDRO LEVY
SEISMIC OPERATIONS
BOLIVIA - 2016

ADVANTAGES I
You can create
direct connections
from 100 to 200 km
without the need for
repeaters, and
benefiting the
economic aspect.
Low Atenuation Great ∆B
 High Performance can
now be transmitted
parallel optical waves
of different wave-
lengths.
 Equipment can
operate in ranges
between 100 [MHz /
km] to 10 [GHz / km].
Size and Weight
 The diameter of a cable
composed of 64 fibers is
between 15 and 20 mm
and its weight is approx.
250 kg / km.
 A conventional cable 900
pairs 0.4 caliber, has a
diameter between 40
and 50 mm and a weight
of 4 000 kg / km.

ADVANTAGES II
Silicon dioxide or
silicon, gives a high
degree of flexibility.
Flexibility Electric Aisolation
 The dielectric
properties of silicon
are utilized.
 They are ideal for
installation in
environments where
there are electrical
disturbances.
Radiation
 The F.O. is a means by
which light is transmitted
but does not produce
electromagnetic radiation.
 The radiation emitted by
other means does not affect
the optical fiber
 This makes it a safe means
of transmission and high
quality.

D
I
S
A
D
V
A
N
T
A
G
E
S
Bit Rate
 It can only be used in communication systems with a
very high bit rates.
 It is very difficult to have proper control of the phase of
an optical signal.
Empalmes
y Reparacion
 The joints are very complex to perform and if the cable
breaks will be very difficult to repair.
 Joints cause significant losses if not done correctly.
Equipamiento
 When installing a F.O. communication system, it should
be considered the need for expensive additional
equipment such as light sources, transmitters,
detectors, multiplexers, receptors, etc.
∆B  For low ∆B, the copper conductor is less expensive.
Energia Electrica  The FO. does not transfer electric energy, for that
reason can not be used to energize the receiving
terminal.

FIELDS OF APPLICATION
AUTOR: ENG. ALEJANDRO LEVY
SEISMIC OPERATIONS
BOLIVIA - 2016

NETWORKING
&
COMMS
The FO. can transmit more
information at higher frequencies.
Transoceanic and
transcontinental links: Allows
long distance communications
link without the need for a
repeater that regenerates the
signal. (> 100 [km]).
It is applied in LAN (Local Area Network).The
equipment is separated by short distances,
which is why they are ideal for use in offices
or universities.
WAN (Wide Área Network):
Connect equipment to each other
that are separated by longer
distances than LANs.

INTERNET
It allows greater speed and connection
stability.

TELEPHONY
Communications companies take advantage of the versatility of
the F.O. to connect all its headquarters and long distance
switches
Main feature are the Great ∆B and low losses.
This makes the connection costsTelephone Cias. on F.O.Vs. be
cheaper costs with copper wire.

CATV
Companies use F.O. in their
backbone networks (backbones)They give greater reliability
and gives them the
opportunity to offer
additional services, such as
telephony, internet
connection, etc.
The problem occurred with
the use of coaxial cable was
thatTV companies used
analog signals of very high
frequency (up to 1 [GHz]),
causing a high attenuation
on the coaxial cable.
To counteract this effect
many amplifiers (repeaters)
that allowed to reach the
end user are implemented.
Often these amplifiers fail
which means that traffic
(downstream) to the
subscriber lost all signal.
Find and repair these
amplifiers was
complex and time
consuming.

M
I
L
I
T
A
R
Y
Alta Resistencia Mecánica
Nuclear Radiation
Security
Interferience
Weight
Radar Comms.
Missiles
Networking
As its core made of silicon.
By not having to encode the messages transmitted by F.O. as would
be the case of R.F.
The F.O. is not susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI).
The implementation of the F.O. in the construction of aircraft (eg. A-7
of the U.S. Navy) significantly reduced the length of cables used and
the total weight of the aircraft.
It applies the F.O. for radars are far away from the operations center.
It is used to control systems of cruise missiles launched from a ground
station and thanks to the F.O.They can be controlled by different
terrestrial camps (F.O. networks)
F.O. help ot interconnect the various terrestrial camps

ELECTRIC INDUSTRY
INTERFERENCE
 Immune to electrical
interference and EMF.
 They are widely used
in high voltage
apliations.
RUGGED
 They must
withstand the
weather and
underground
conditions.
TEMPERATURE
 The F.O. for these
applications can
withstand
temperatures up to
220 ° C and currents
25 [KA]

MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
It is used for the manufacture of parts Inspection by foundry.
F
I
B
E
R
O
S
C
O
P
E
Used to analyze whether the part has deformations which are caused by air bubbles which
are captured in the process.
To build a fiberscope is essentially requires a light guide consists of an enclosed beam 10
fiber cable with a diameter no greater than 1 mm. If desired esquinados corners inspect a
synthetic single fiber was used.

MEDICINE
New optoelectronic techniques are used, these consist of adapting needles, tweezers for
sampling, cautery electrodes, tubes dosage of anesthetic, introduction or removal of
fluids.
Modern FIBERSCOPES are used for:
1) Diagnosis:You can detect cancer and ulcers in its initial state, something
that is not possible through X-ray
2)Therapeutic: Allows exercise in biliary tract surgery for removal of stones,
foreign bodies, inject drugs, larger organs for better surgery.
3) Postoperative: By fiberscope can be observed directly and immediately the
areas that were affected during surgery way.

S
E
N
S
O
R
S
Optical temperature and pressure sensors are
widely used in oil wells, as they resist higher
temperatures and pressures and they do not
propagate electric or electromagnetic energy.
ADVANTAGES
They are smaller and have no electrical
currents.
In the oil industry and marine companies
currently hydrophones are used to detect
seismic activities.

CARS
The F.O. It is used to monitor internal parts in an engine,
injectors or braking systems for the marking and lighting of
the icons on the boards of the car.

LIGHTING
On the boards of
the stadiums.
Letters or numbers
slates dot matrix
form, each of these
points is a tiny
beam produced by a
fiber.
Places at risk of fire
can be illuminated,
such as the oil
industry facilities,
industries that
handle flammable
substances in the
mining industry.

Marine
The company International America's Cup Class yachts built with
reinforced plastic carbon fiber and aluminum which provides them
with high levels of rigidity and strength while minimizing weight.
The mast suffers stress and bending moment and torsional
To monitor this, the company placed a system based on optical
fibers. Noting that at no point endangers the physical or mechanical
integrity of the boat.

HACKING IN THE F.O.
AUTOR: ING. ALEJANDRO LEVY
SEISMIC OPERATIONS
BOLIVIA - 2016

F.O. HACKING
One of the commonly used couplers is the FOD 5503 consisting of a non-
invasive way of coupling cables F.O.
SPY COMMUNICATIONS
Consist in attaching to any point of the F.O. a device known as Optical
Coupler Clip-on.
Without accessing either end and with the application ofWireshark
software used to analyze professional networks.

ESPIONAGE ON F.O.
The British Espionage Program known as TEMPORA can
legally access the information that runs through British
territory.
..
The sequence of steps is as follows
1. In the first place the electronic data are transformed
with ultrashort pulse laser light in.
2. These pulses represent the digits zero and one which is
encoded digital informaicón.
3. At the end of the FO is a photodiode that rebuilds
electrical impulses from the light pulses.

WEAK POINT ABOUT THE F.O.
• For the transmission of data traversing the F.O. should
"regenerate" each a certain amount of Km.
• These regenerators are the weak point of the cables,
since there can be "click" with ease. Since the fibers do
not come together but each must be separately
reinforced.

SUBMARINE CABLES CLICKING
Keep in mind that you have many data and must first be decoded, so
the data must be stored temporarily.
The secret services now come from very selective way to avoid
getting lost in the "labyrinth of data"
It is speculated that at the present the American submarine "Jimmy
Carter" is dedicated to click certain F.O. of interest.

EVALUATION AND COUNTERMEASURE
Clicking a F.O. is not an easy task but a well-trained technician can
do it.
To detect the attempt of clicking, very sensitive measurement
instruments and constant monitoring are needed. As it could detect
the signal decreases suddenly.
Once punctured the F.O.The other challenge is to evaluate the huge
amount of data.
To get an idea into a FO with a yield of 50% provides data about 10
[TB /h].

Fiber Optics - Conference

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