The document provides a detailed summary and review of the key topics covered in an introductory materials science and engineering textbook. It reviews the textbook's coverage of atomic structure and bonding, crystal structures, defects, phase transformations, mechanical properties, strengthening mechanisms, and other core materials concepts. The summary is organized by chapter and includes outlines of major sections and concepts discussed within each chapter.

1. Review: FE Exam
• Text: “Materials Science and Engineering:
An Introduction,” 6th ed., William D.
Callister, Jr., Wiley, 2003.

2. Review: FE Exam
– Part 1 – atomic structure & bonding
• What holds materials together?
– Part 2 – Imperfections in solids
• How are they packed?
– Part 3 – mechanical properties
• How do they deform?

3. Review: Chapter 1 – Introduction
• Types of Materials
– Metals
– Polymers
– Ceramics

4. Review: Chapt 2-Atomic Structure
• Atomic Number, Atomic Weight, etc.
• Periodic table
– Electron Structure - valence electrons –
unfilled shells
• Bonding
– ionic
– covalent
– metallic
– van der Waals

5. Review: Chapt 3 – Crystal
Structures
• Unit Cell
– Metals
• BCC
• FCC
• HCP
• Atomic packing factor
• Coordination number
• Crystallographic directions [uvw]
families of directions <uvw>
• Linear density of atoms (ld) = atoms/unit
length

6. Review: Chapt 3 – Crystal
Structures (cont.)
• Miller indices of planes (hkl)
families of planes {hkl}
• Planar density (pd) = # of atoms/ unit area
(pd) = S.A. atoms/S.A. unit cell
• X-Ray Diffraction
– Bragg’s law



sin
2
n
dhk

7. Review: Chapter 4
• Imperfections
– Point defects
• Interstitial
• Vacancy
• Substitution
• Solid solutions
– Line defects
• Edge dislocation - Burgers vector perpendicular to
dislocation line
• Screw dislocation - Burgers vector parallel to
dislocation line
– Planar defects
• Twin
• Stacking fault
• Grain Boundary

8. Review: Chapter 4 (cont.)
• Microscopy
– Optical
– Electron Microscopy
– Sample Prep – polishing & etching

9. Review: Chapter 5
• Diffusion
– Vacancy diffusion
– Interstitial diffusion
– Fick’s First Law
Second Law
– Temp effect
– Slab- non-steady state
dx
dC
D
J 

2
2
x
C
D
t
C













RT
Q
exp
D
D d
0










Dt
2
x
erf
1
C
C
C
C
0
s
0
x

10. Review: Chapter 19
• Thermal Properties
– Heat Capacity
• C = dQ/dT Cp > Cv
– phonons
– thermal expansion coefficient
• l/l = l T
– thermal conduction of heat
• q = -k (dT/dx)
– k = heat transfer coefficient

11. Review: Chapter 6
Mechanical Properties
• Stress vs. strain
• Hooke’s law s  E e
A
F
0

s
0
0


 

e
sy
TS
sF
E

12. Review: Chapter 6
• Poisson’s Ratio
• Toughness
• Resilience
• Hardness
z
x
z
y
e
e


e
e




13. Review – Chapter 7
Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms
• Deformation by motion of dislocations
– Slip plane – plane of easiest deformation
– Slip direction – direction of easiest slippage
– Slip system – direction and plane
• Applied stress must be resolved along slip direction
–  = s cos cos
• Twinning
• Mechanism of strengthening
– Grain size reduction
– Solid-solution hardening
• impurities reduce mobility of dislocations
– Strain hardening %CW = 100 x (A0-Af)/A0
• Recovery, recrystallization, & grain growth

14. Review – Chapter 8
Fracture – failure
– Ductile fracture
• Large deformations
– cone & cup
– small necked regions
– Brittle fracture
• Almost no deformation other than failure
– transgranular – within grain
– intergranular- between grains

15. Review, Chapter 8 (cont.)
• Griffith Crack - Stress concentration
– Critical stress
• Fatigue – cyclic stress
• Creep
2
1
s
c
a
E
2









s
0
t
m K s

s

16. Review- Chapter 9
Phase Diagrams
• Isomorphous system
– 1. How many &
which phases
– 2. Use tie line to
read compositions
– 3. Use lever rule
to get weight
fractions

17. Review- Chapter 9
• binary eutectic system
– 1. How many & which phases
– 2. Use tie line to read compositions
– 3. Use lever rule to get weight fractions

18. Review- Chapter 9 (cont.)
• Eutectic L S1+S2
• Eutectoid S1 S2+S3
• Peritectic S1+L S2
• Hypoeutectoid
• Hypereutectoid
cool
heat
cool
heat
cool
heat

19. Review - Chapter 10
Rate of Phase Transformation
• Nucleation process

20. Review - Chapter 10 (cont)
• Phase transformations vs. temperature
and time
– Pearlite
– Martensite
– Bainite
– Spheroidite
Chapter 11
• Heat Treatments

21. Review – Chapter 11
Fabrication of Metals
• Forming
– Forging
– Rolling
– Extrusion
– Drawing
• Casting
• Powder metallurgy
• Welding
• Machining
• Alloy Nomenclature
• Cast Irons – addition of Si catalyzes graphite
formation
• Refractories

22. Review – Chapter 12
Ceramics
• Crystal structures
– oxygen larger – generally in FCC lattice
– cations go in lattice sites based on
• size
• stoichiometry
• charge balance
• bond hybridization
– no good slip planes – brittle failure
• Silicates
– built up of SiO4
4-
– layered
– countercations to neutralize charge

23. Chapter 12 – Ceramics
• Carbon forms
– diamond
– graphite
– fullerenes
– amorphous
• Lattice imperfections
– Frenkel defect – cation displaced into
interstitial site
– Schottky defect – missing cation/anion pair
• Phase diagrams
• Mechanical properties

24. Chapter 13 – Ceramics (cont)
• Glasses
– amorphous sodium or borosilicates
– Forming
• pressing
• drawing
• blowing
• Clay products - forming
– Hydroplastic forming
– Slip casting
– Refractories
– Powder pressing
• Cements
• Advanced ceramics

25. Chapter 14 – Polymers
• Types of polymers
– Commodity plastics
• PE = Polyethylene
• PS = Polystyrene
• PP = Polypropylene
• PVC = Poly(vinyl chloride)
• PET = Poly(ethylene terephthalate)
– Specialty or Engineering Plastics
• Teflon (PTFE) = Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)
• PC = Polycarbonate (Lexan)
• Polysulfones
• Polyesters and Polyamides (Nylon)

26. Chapter 14 – Polymers
• Molecular Weight
– Actually a molecular weight distribution
– Mn = Number-averaged molecular weight
– Mw = Weight-averaged molecular weight
– Polydispersity = Mw/Mn
• A measure of the width of the distribution
• Chain Shapes
– linear
– branched
– crosslinked
– network

27. Chapter 14 & 15 – Polymers
• Isomerism
– Isotactic
– Syndiotactic
– Atactic
– Cis vs. Trans
– Copolymers
• Random
• Alternating
• Block
• Crystallinity
– Spherulites

28. Chapter 16 – Composites
• Combine materials with objective of getting a
more desirable combination of properties
• Dispersed phase
• Matrix
• Particle reinforced
– large particle
– dispersion strengthened
• Rule of mixtures
– Upper limit Ec(u) = EmVm + EpVp
– Lower limit  
E
V
E
V
E
E
E
m
p
p
m
p
m
c




29. Chapter 16 – Composites
• Reinforced concrete
• Prestressed concrete
• Fiber reinforced
– Short vs. long fibers
– Critical length
– allignment
c
f
c
2
d

s



30. Chapter 18 – Electrical Properties
Definitions
• R = resistance = Ohms
•  = RA/l = resistivity = ohm meter
• s = 1/ = conductivity
• C = Q/V = capacitance
• er = e/eo = dielectric constant

31. Chapter 18 – Electrical Properties
• Energy Bands – valance vs. conduction
– Conductor – no band gap
– Insulator – wide gap
– Semiconductor – narrow gap
• Intrinsic – pure or compound
– Electron vs. hole (which carries charge)
• Extrinsic (doped)
– n-type – donor levels – extra electrons
– p-type – acceptor levels – extra holes
• Microelectronics
– pn junction – rectifier diode
– npn transistor

32. Chapter 20 – Superconductivity
• Tc = temperature below which
superconducting
= critical temperature
Jc = critical current density if J > Jc not
superconducting
Hc = critical magnetic field if H > Hc not
superconducting
• Meissner Effect - Superconductors expel
magnetic fields

33. Chapter 21 – Optical Properties
• Electromagnetic radiation
• Angle of refraction at interface





hc
h
E
)
medium
in
light
of
velocity
(
v
)
vacuum
in
light
of
velocity
(
c
index
refractive
n 




 sin
sin
n
n

34. Chapter 21 – Optical Properties
• Light interaction with solids
– Reflection
– Absorption
– Scattering
– Transmission
• Semiconductors – absorb light with energy
greater than band gap
• Luminescence – emission of light by a material
– phosphorescence = If very stable (long-lived = >10-8 s)
– fluorescence = If less stable (<10-8 s)
• LASERS – coherent light
• Fiber optics
ty
reflectivi
2
n
1
n
R
2










t
I
I
ln
0










35. Questions???
• Contact Prof. David Rethwisch to discuss
questions.
– office 4139 SC
– Phone 335-1413
– email david-rethwisch@uiowa.edu