This is a simple and easy understandable presentation on the topic Femto cell that can be used to provide communication facilities in a rural areas through internet.
This is a simple and easy understandable presentation on the topic Femto cell that can be used to provide communication facilities in a rural areas through internet.
Seminar Presentation on Femtocell Technology
A femtocell is a small device that is used to improve
wireless coverage over a small area, mostly indoor. It is a small cellular base station, also
called a wireless access point that connects to a broadband Internet connection and broadcasts
it into radio waves in its area of coverage.
It was about Femto cells . When we have a major problems in wireless communication and there is a weak signal received by mobile station , we talk about femto cell which overcome this obstacle and cover a specific area that have the weak signal .
Mobile cellular and 3G networks normally often suffer from poor penetration and reception in certain areas, like indoors. This decreases the quality of voice and video communication and slows down high-speed services. A femtocell is a small device that is used to improve wireless coverage over a small area, mostly indoor. It is a small cellular base station, also called a wireless access point that connects to a broadband Internet connection and broadcasts it into radio waves in its area of coverage. As a result, mobile handsets can handle phone calls through the femtocell, via the broadband Internet connection.
Small cells are Low-powered radio access nodes, Operate in licensed and unlicensed spectrum, Short range mobile phone base stations, Range from very compact residential femto-cells of area 10 meters to larger equipment used inside commercial offices or outdoor public spaces of area 1 or 2 kilometers, "small" compared to a mobile macro cell, with range of a few tens of kilometers, Complements mobile phone service from larger macro cell towers, Offer excellent mobile phone coverage and data speeds at home, in the office and public areas for both voice and data, Developed for both 3G and the newer 4G/LTE radio technologies.
Femto cells are Initially designed for residential and small business use with a short range and a limited number of channels. Femtocell devices use licenced radio spectrum. Femto cells must be operated and controlled by a mobile phone company, One cell with one mobile phone operator. When in range, the mobile phone will detect cell and use it in preference to the larger macrocell sites. Calls are made and received in exactly the same way as macrocell. Except, the signals are sent encrypted from the small cell via the public or private broadband IP network to one of the mobile operators main switching centres.
Femtocells, a technology little-known outside the wireless world, promise better indoor cellular service. In telecommunication, a Femtocell is a small cellular base station, typically designed for use in a home or small business. It connects to the service provider’s network via broadband.
Current designs typically support 2 to 4 active mobile phones in a residential setting, and 8 to 16 active mobile phones in enterprise settings. A Femtocell allows service providers to extend service coverage indoors, especially where access would otherwise be limited or unavailable. For a mobile operator, the attractions of a Femtocell are improvements to both coverage and capacity, especially indoors. A Femtocell is typically the size of a residential gateway or smaller, and
connects into the end-user’s broadband line. Once plugged in, the Femtocell connects to the MNO’s mobile network, and provides extra coverage in a range of typically 30 to 50 meters for residential Femtocells. The end-user must declare which mobile phone numbers are allowed to connect to his/her Femtocell, usually via a web interface provided by the MNO. When these mobile phones arrive under coverage of the Femtocell, they switch over from the Macrocell (outdoor) to the
Femtocell automatically. All communications will then automatically go through the Femtocell.
“Design of Efficient Mobile Femtocell by Compression and Aggregation Technolo...Virendra Uppalwar
Here I am providing a complete power point presentation for students who are searching for femtocell based technology study material. In our project for improving spectral efficiency of femtocell based handoff we use LZMA data compression techique. we obtain a positive results on our performance metrics parameter like Delay, Energy and Throughput.
A 3G Femtocell Radio - Analog Devices VON Boston Networking Conference Oct 29...ddslideshare99
VON is the authoritative voice on the upheavals transforming the $2 trillion telecommunications industries. Offering hard analysis and business intelligence for both advanced IP communications and traditional telephony, VON/xchange covers IP telephony and video, unified communications, mobile and wireless, cloud-based communications, wholesale transport, software and applications, optical networking, Ethernet, and cable systems – all from the operator’s point of view.
Seminar Presentation on Femtocell Technology
A femtocell is a small device that is used to improve
wireless coverage over a small area, mostly indoor. It is a small cellular base station, also
called a wireless access point that connects to a broadband Internet connection and broadcasts
it into radio waves in its area of coverage.
It was about Femto cells . When we have a major problems in wireless communication and there is a weak signal received by mobile station , we talk about femto cell which overcome this obstacle and cover a specific area that have the weak signal .
Mobile cellular and 3G networks normally often suffer from poor penetration and reception in certain areas, like indoors. This decreases the quality of voice and video communication and slows down high-speed services. A femtocell is a small device that is used to improve wireless coverage over a small area, mostly indoor. It is a small cellular base station, also called a wireless access point that connects to a broadband Internet connection and broadcasts it into radio waves in its area of coverage. As a result, mobile handsets can handle phone calls through the femtocell, via the broadband Internet connection.
Small cells are Low-powered radio access nodes, Operate in licensed and unlicensed spectrum, Short range mobile phone base stations, Range from very compact residential femto-cells of area 10 meters to larger equipment used inside commercial offices or outdoor public spaces of area 1 or 2 kilometers, "small" compared to a mobile macro cell, with range of a few tens of kilometers, Complements mobile phone service from larger macro cell towers, Offer excellent mobile phone coverage and data speeds at home, in the office and public areas for both voice and data, Developed for both 3G and the newer 4G/LTE radio technologies.
Femto cells are Initially designed for residential and small business use with a short range and a limited number of channels. Femtocell devices use licenced radio spectrum. Femto cells must be operated and controlled by a mobile phone company, One cell with one mobile phone operator. When in range, the mobile phone will detect cell and use it in preference to the larger macrocell sites. Calls are made and received in exactly the same way as macrocell. Except, the signals are sent encrypted from the small cell via the public or private broadband IP network to one of the mobile operators main switching centres.
Femtocells, a technology little-known outside the wireless world, promise better indoor cellular service. In telecommunication, a Femtocell is a small cellular base station, typically designed for use in a home or small business. It connects to the service provider’s network via broadband.
Current designs typically support 2 to 4 active mobile phones in a residential setting, and 8 to 16 active mobile phones in enterprise settings. A Femtocell allows service providers to extend service coverage indoors, especially where access would otherwise be limited or unavailable. For a mobile operator, the attractions of a Femtocell are improvements to both coverage and capacity, especially indoors. A Femtocell is typically the size of a residential gateway or smaller, and
connects into the end-user’s broadband line. Once plugged in, the Femtocell connects to the MNO’s mobile network, and provides extra coverage in a range of typically 30 to 50 meters for residential Femtocells. The end-user must declare which mobile phone numbers are allowed to connect to his/her Femtocell, usually via a web interface provided by the MNO. When these mobile phones arrive under coverage of the Femtocell, they switch over from the Macrocell (outdoor) to the
Femtocell automatically. All communications will then automatically go through the Femtocell.
“Design of Efficient Mobile Femtocell by Compression and Aggregation Technolo...Virendra Uppalwar
Here I am providing a complete power point presentation for students who are searching for femtocell based technology study material. In our project for improving spectral efficiency of femtocell based handoff we use LZMA data compression techique. we obtain a positive results on our performance metrics parameter like Delay, Energy and Throughput.
A 3G Femtocell Radio - Analog Devices VON Boston Networking Conference Oct 29...ddslideshare99
VON is the authoritative voice on the upheavals transforming the $2 trillion telecommunications industries. Offering hard analysis and business intelligence for both advanced IP communications and traditional telephony, VON/xchange covers IP telephony and video, unified communications, mobile and wireless, cloud-based communications, wholesale transport, software and applications, optical networking, Ethernet, and cable systems – all from the operator’s point of view.
Femtocell is a low power, small base station in telecommunications. This cellular station is generally used for small businesses or home purposes. Femtocell is known as small cell in telecommunication industry. This base station uses connections like DSL or cable broadband to connect to other networks
Questionnaires on heterogeneous network, including the femtocellArief Gunawan
This questionnaire is proposed by IMT WG and Convergence WG. One of the objectives of IMT WG is to study service and technology related aspects of the future development of IMT-2000 and IMT-Advanced as well as the requirements and needs of the developing countries.
Mobile Broadband traffic has explosive development in the last several years. The rapid growth in traffic volumes calls for great increase of network capacity, and extension of the coverage of high-data-rate, i.e. enhancement of cell-edge throughput. When the required network capacity is high or coverage enhancement is necessary, the low power nodes (LPNs) could be deployed in the existing network, which then is characterized as heterogeneous network (HetNet). The category of the low power nodes can be Remote radio head (RRH), Micro eNB, Pico eNB (i.e., Hotzone), Home eNB (i.e. Femto), and Relay nodes. Different kinds of nodes can have different transmission power and be deployed for different scenarios.
The key characteristic of “heterogeneous deployment networks” is to introduce low power nodes with heterogeneous coverage laid over the macro coverage. Cell splitting gains and therefore significant capacity improvements can be achieved in a cost-effective manner by deploying network nodes within the low power and the local-area range. HetNet is a promising way to significantly increase the network capacity.
Supplementary information can be found in http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/specs/archive/36_series/36.814/
Regarding the Femtocell questionnaire, one of the objectives of the Convergence Working Group is to study and identify current, emerging and future issues of radio communication that are affected by the convergence of ICT, including fixed-mobile convergence, where the study may include technical, regulatory and business model issues.
A femtocell is a small, low cost, low power access point, enabling to access to a network operated wireless network, located in user or private premises. In term of spectrum, The femtocell shares the licensed wireless spectrum with the macrocell. The femtocell is connected to the operator’s network through an IP broadband backhaul connection such as fiber, DSL or cable.
Femto Forum uses Femtocell Access Point (FAP) terminology for the femtocell base station while 3GPP uses Home Node B (HNB) for 3G femtocell and Home eNodeB (HeNB) for LTE Femtocell.
Several FAPs are connected to the FAP Gateway (FGW) or H(e)NB Gateway which is a mobile operator’s equipment (usually physically located on mobile operator premises) through which the FAP gets access to mobile operator’s core network.
In the previous meetings, convergence working group has developed following documents:
a. Report on the Regulatory Aspect of Fixed Mobile Convergence (doc. AWF-7/OUT-07 and adopted as APT/AWF/REP-09)
b. Draft “Report of the Standardization Progress of Fixed Mobile Convergence” (doc. AWF-8/TMP-03): (continued)
c. Draft report of “FMC Business Model” (doc. AWF-8/TMP-01): (continued)
One of the solutions for fixed-mobile convergence scenario is by utilizing Femtocell, where the femto access point is installed in the customer’s house, covers a very small radius and it is connected to the mobile operator infrastructure via residential DSL or cable broadband connections.
Operators in some countries have deployed this femtocell-based solution. However, in some other countries it is not developed yet or still under study.
In this regard, at the 9th meeting of AWF, it was agreed that WG-IMT and Convergence WG could prepare a Questionnaire on HetNet and Femtocell in Asia Pacific and subsequently be sent to all APT members for their input. It is envisioned that the responses to the Questionnaire would be considered by AWF in the study of HetNet and Femtocell, which may provide useful information to APT members and facilitate the following research. Furthermore, the questionnaire results can be used to imp
Femtocell is a small cellular base station,designe d for use in residential or enterprise. Connects to the service provider�s network via broa dband.Femtocell is one type of Indoor network which provide the wireless access within th e particular area. Femtocells ensure that carefully planned cellular networks which may conne ct anespecially of the citizens to the Internet and with one another. In this paper femtoc ells has such network which maintains the specialty of the data transfer through the network will femtocells prove more trouble than they are worth,femtocells just an exciting but Minimum stage of network evolution that will beimproved Wireless offloading,new backhaul regula tions and/or pricing,or other unforeseen technological developments? This paper overviews th e history of femtocells,demystifies their key aspects,and provides a preview of the next few years� acceleration towards small cell technology. This paper reports,we also position an d introduce the articles that headline this special issue.
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# Internet Security: Safeguarding Your Digital World
In the contemporary digital age, the internet is a cornerstone of our daily lives. It connects us to vast amounts of information, provides platforms for communication, enables commerce, and offers endless entertainment. However, with these conveniences come significant security challenges. Internet security is essential to protect our digital identities, sensitive data, and overall online experience. This comprehensive guide explores the multifaceted world of internet security, providing insights into its importance, common threats, and effective strategies to safeguard your digital world.
## Understanding Internet Security
Internet security encompasses the measures and protocols used to protect information, devices, and networks from unauthorized access, attacks, and damage. It involves a wide range of practices designed to safeguard data confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Effective internet security is crucial for individuals, businesses, and governments alike, as cyber threats continue to evolve in complexity and scale.
### Key Components of Internet Security
1. **Confidentiality**: Ensuring that information is accessible only to those authorized to access it.
2. **Integrity**: Protecting information from being altered or tampered with by unauthorized parties.
3. **Availability**: Ensuring that authorized users have reliable access to information and resources when needed.
## Common Internet Security Threats
Cyber threats are numerous and constantly evolving. Understanding these threats is the first step in protecting against them. Some of the most common internet security threats include:
### Malware
Malware, or malicious software, is designed to harm, exploit, or otherwise compromise a device, network, or service. Common types of malware include:
- **Viruses**: Programs that attach themselves to legitimate software and replicate, spreading to other programs and files.
- **Worms**: Standalone malware that replicates itself to spread to other computers.
- **Trojan Horses**: Malicious software disguised as legitimate software.
- **Ransomware**: Malware that encrypts a user's files and demands a ransom for the decryption key.
- **Spyware**: Software that secretly monitors and collects user information.
### Phishing
Phishing is a social engineering attack that aims to steal sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details. Attackers often masquerade as trusted entities in email or other communication channels, tricking victims into providing their information.
### Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attacks
MitM attacks occur when an attacker intercepts and potentially alters communication between two parties without their knowledge. This can lead to the unauthorized acquisition of sensitive information.
### Denial-of-Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attacks
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1.Wireless Communication System_Wireless communication is a broad term that i...JeyaPerumal1
Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.
Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
Features of Wireless Communication
The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its effective features.
The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication).
Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.
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2. Introduction
What is femto cell?
concept
History of femtocell
Femtocell working
System Architecture
Handover operation
Classification of femtocell
Design of Femtocell
Advantages
Disadvantages
Conclusion
3. A femtocell is a small, low-power cellular base station,
typically designed for use in a home or small business.
The main aim of femtocell is to improve coverage and
capacity of a mobile network by allowing service
providers to extend service coverage indoors, especially
where access would otherwise be limited or unavailable.
4. A femtocell is a small cellular base station
designed for use in residential or small business
environments
A femtocell allows service providers to extend
service coverage inside of your home - especially
where access would otherwise be limited or
unavailable - without the need for expensive
cellular towers
A femtocell is sometimes referred to as a “home
base station” or “access point base station” or
“small cellular base station”
5.
6.
7. The first interest in femtocells started around
2002 when a group of engineers at Motorola were
investigating possible new applications and
methodologies that could be used with mobile
communications.
A couple of years later in 2004 it become popular.
Femto Forum was set up in July 2007. Its aim
was to promote the wide-scale adoption of
femtocells.
8.
9.
10. Mobile station
Radio network subsystem :
collection of nodes(towers) and Radio
Network Controller(RNC).
RNC :
The Radio Network Controller (or RNC) is a
element in the
UMTS radio access network(UTRAN) and is
responsible for controlling the Node that
are connected to it.
(UTRAN is a collective term for the network and equipment that
connects mobile handsets to the public telephone network or the
Internet.)
11. Home NodeB (HNB): –
Connected to an existing residential network to broadband
and HNB provides radio coverage for standard handsets within a
home. ( Femto cell)
Security gateway :
Decides whether the network request accept or not.
Home Node subsystem Magt Subsystem(HMS) :
Holds requests for later processing
HNB Gateway (HNB-GW):-
The femtocell gateway, comprising a security gateway that
terminates large numbers of encrypted IP data connections
from hundreds of thousands of femtocells.
12. VLR :
The Visitor Location Register (VLR) is a
database in a mobile communications
network associated to a Mobile Switching
Centre (MSC). The VLR contains the
exact location of all mobile subscribers
currently present in the service area of the
MSC.
HSS :
The Home Subscriber Server (HSS) is
the master user database that handles
calls and sessions.
13. Femtocell Handover
Femtocells do not implement soft handover, regardless of the
radio technology used. Instead, all calls are switching instantly
to or from the femtocell and the external outdoor cellular
network. This is known as “hard handover” and would typically
not be audible or noticeable to the caller.
14. Based on connection capability
Open femto BS
Provides bearer connectivity (full network
services) to any MS
Closed femto BS
Only provides bearer connectivity to allowed
(identifiable) MSs
15. Based on initial access information
capability
Initial access able femto BS
Provides initial access information for any MSs
connected to it.
Initial access unable femto BS
Not allow to provide initial access information
16. Low-impact –
Space may be limited for some households. As a
result femtocells must be physically small and easy
to position.
Capacity –
femtocells have a design “capacity” of up to 6 end-
user.
Low-cost
Energy offset- Lower power consumption
Easy end-user installation-
femtocells will be installed by consumers and activated through
service providers. From the end-user perspective the unit must
be a simple “plug and play” installation with a minimal amount
of intervention required.
17. Femtocell Benefits to End Users
Reduced “in home” call charges
Improved indoor coverage
Continued use of current handset
Femtocell Benefits to Mobile Operators
Improves coverage
low maitanance cost( compared to towers)
18. A Femtocell is used for compensating poor cellular
coverage inside the homes – in some places.
A Femtocell can also give lower call charges while the
caller calling from home, using the Femtocell as it
directly connects to the core network through the
internet.
The voice calls/data calls through the Femtocells are
encrypted and the cell phones automatically switches over
to the Femtocells when they come in their range – eg. in
homes, where they are installed.
Security (There is a security tunnel which provides data
transmission from the home network to the security
gateway.)
19. Some internet data plans today, charge on the basis of bandwidth
used.
Femtocells can support both open and closed usage. That is
neighbouring subscribers may or may not be allowed to connect to
them. If they are, then the access control list needs to be managed by
the cellular network.
If the Femtocells are used to their full capacity, it may require
around 500 Kbps – which is available in broadband networks – but not
for all plan.
At least initially, the Femtocells would work for only a particular
cellular operator. So, every one at home may require to change to the
same operator.
Limited number of users.
20. Femtocell is as an Access Point Base Station—is a small
cellular base station, typically designed for use in
residential or small business environments.
It connects to the service provider’s network via
broadband current designs typically support 5 to 100
mobile phones in a residential setting.
A femtocell allows service providers to extend service
coverage indoors, especially where access would otherwise
be limited or unavailable.
Unsatisfactory coverage and the increasing number of
high-data-rate application are two driving forces for
femtocell development.