The document discusses femtocell technology, which uses small, low-power cellular base stations installed in homes or offices to improve indoor mobile coverage and network capacity. Femtocells connect to a mobile provider's network via broadband and support 2-5 mobile devices. They enhance coverage in areas where signals from larger macrocell towers are weak indoors. This allows providers to extend service coverage while reducing infrastructure costs and improving customer experience through better signal quality inside buildings.

1. FEMTOCELL
TECHNOLOGIES
Presentation By
VIPIN K T
MCA (2013- 2016)
CHINMAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
in.linkedin.com/in/vipinmundayad

2. “ Can you hear me now ? ”

3.  This is often the case in homes and buildings where coverage decreases
considerably as soon as you go indoors
 People are ditching their landlines in favor of mobile phones
 It has become necessary to work on new technology that will facilitate
calling coverage both indoor and outdoor

4.  Femtocell technology could be the answer
 In addition to facilitating better indoor call coverage, this emerging
technology reduces the drain that advanced mobile services (such as
mobile broadband) are placing on the capacity offered by phone
companies

5.  A small device which is installed in the home or office in order to offer
better support to mobile phones there
 These base stations can accommodate up to five cell phones which
means that you can get increased coverage for your whole household
 Enhance the cell phone signal that you receive indoors so that your call
quality isn’t decreased when you’re talking indoors
 Now many operators are providing Femtocell service

6. PROBLEMS
 Mobile cellular and 3G networks normally often suffer from poor
penetration and reception in certain areas, like indoors
 This decreases the quality of voice and video communication.
 It slows down high speed services.

7. POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS
 Repeaters
 Dual Mode Wi-Fi
 Femtocells

8. WHY IS FEMTOCELL IMPORTANT?
 Femtocells very important for the following reasons:
1. It can provide indoor coverage for places where macrocells cannot
2. It can offload traffic from the macrocell layer and improve macrocell capacity
3. Addition of a femtocell layer will significantly improve the total network
capacity by reusing radio spectrum indoors
4. There is a growing demand for higher and higher data rates

9. WHY IS FEMTOCELL IMPORTANT?
5. Femtocells can provide significant power saving to UEs
6. The use of femtocells ‘greener’ than macrocells
7. Femtocell provides an ideal solution for FMC (Fixed Mobile Convergence).
8. Femtocell plays an important role in mobile broadband and ubiquitous
communications.

10. EVOLUTION OF CELLULAR SYSTEMS

11. EVOLUTION OF CELLULAR SYSTEMS:
CELL SIZE
 Cell size decreases dramatically.
 Usage:
 Macrocell: Rural, highway.
 Microcell: Urban, street.
 Picocell: building, enterprise, station.
 Femtocell: indoor, very high-rate coverage

12. EVOLUTION OF CELLULAR SYSTEMS:
CELL SIZE

13. CELL SIZE vs. THROUGHPUT AND USAGE
 As throughput demand and usage increase, cell size decreases.

14. TRAFFIC TREND (USER BEHAVIOR)
 29% of calls placed at home.
 57% of mobile usage at home or at work.
 75% of 3G traffic to originate in-building by 2013.
 In the future, more and more indoor mobile usage.

15. SHORTCOMING OF MACROCELL FOR
INDOOR USAGE
 Macrocell cannot provide good signal strength for indoor coverage.

16. FEMTOCELL : FEMTOFORUM
 Femtocells are low-power wireless access points that operate in licensed
spectrum to connect standard mobile devices to a mobile operator’s
network using residential DSL or cable broadband connections. [Femto
forum]
 By 2013, 204 million users on 60 million access points worldwide. [ABI
Research]
 Femtocell base station is also known as
home base station, home access point,
or home Node B.

17. FEMTOCELL IS AN ACCESS POINT
 Femtocells a low-power domestic access point
 Small-size cellular base stations (BSs) for residential or small business environments.
 Full-strength mobile technology but simpler deployment With full operator
management.
 Improve indoor coverage and capacity With internet-grade backhaul At prices
comparable with Wi-Fi access points ($30~$200 for home usage).
 Typically support 2 to 6 concurrent users.
 An alternative method to Fixed Mobile Convergence (FMC).

18. A FEMTOCELL DEFINITION
 A small cellular base station, designed for use in residential or enterprise.
 Connects to the service provider’s network via broadband.
 Support 2 to 5 mobile.
 Allows service providers to extend service coverage indoors.
 The concept is applicable to all wireless standards, including UMTS, GSM,
CDMA-2000, TD-SCDMA and WiMAX solutions.

20. FEMTOCELL DEVELOPMENT
 In 2002, a group of Motorola engineer introduced a Home Base Station
technology
 In 2007, vendors formed the Femto Forum to promote femtocell use
 In 2008, Sprint Nextel released home-based 2Gfemtocellbuilt by Samsung
Electronics that works with any Sprint handset
 In 2009, Verizon and Vodafone rolled out their femtocell network service
with 3G standard

21. EXISTING COMMERCIAL FEMTOCELL

22. WHY NEEDS FEMTOCELLS ?
DATA COVERAGE
 Problem:
 Mainly a issue for macro cellular systems Good voice coverage, but poor high
data rate coverage.
 Coverage degrades at high rates.
 Femtocells :
 Extend high-rate data coverage.
 Mainly applies to Cellular operators with macrocell deployment.

23. WHY NEEDS FEMTOCELLS ?
BASIC COVERAGE
 Problem:
 RF coverage holes.
 Need to improve voice coverage.
 Femtocells:
 Provide basic service coverage.
 Home/Enterprise coverage.
 Mainly applies to : Operators for suburban/rural coverage.

24. WHY NEEDS FEMTOCELLS ?
CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT
 Problem:
 Data loads exceeding capacity.
 Limited macro enhancement ability. (Higher power may induce higher
interference.)
 Increase capacity economically by offloading to femtocells.
 Femtocells:
 Provide localized capacity.
 Increase overall capacity.
 Mainly applies to : Highly saturated operators.

25. BENEFITS OF FEMTOCELL NETWORKS:
FOR OPERATORS
 Low cost solution.
 Improve reliability.
 Increases both coverage and capacity.
 Reduce coverage holes and create new converged services.
 Reduce macrocell backhaul capacity requirements.
 Works with all existing handsets; no need for expensive subsidizes on dual-
mode (3G + Wi-Fi).
 Increases 3G adoption.

26. BENEFITS OF FEMTOCELLNETWORKS:
FOR END-USERS
 Excellent network coverage when there is no existing signal or poor
coverage.
 Higher capacity, which is important if the end-user uses data services on
his/her mobile phone.
 Depending on the pricing policy of the MNO, special tariffs at home can
be applied for calls placed under femtocell coverage.

27. FEATURES OF FEMTOCELL
 Operates in the licensed spectrum
 Uses fixed broadband connection for backhaul
 Principally intended for home and SOHO
 Lower cost
 Smaller coverage
 Smaller number of subscriber
 Higher density

28. INDOOR WIRELESS COVERAGE:
FEMTOCELL
 Internet-grade service quality. (Wire line backhaul)
 Easy plug-and-play.
 Two typical operation modes of femtocells.
 Public (open)
 Private(closed)

29. FEMTO USAGE MODEL
 Public (Open):
 No restrictions on subscriber to use the femtocell.
 All customers of a cellular service providers can access publicly accessible Femto-AP.
 Hotspot type scenario: coffee shop or airport.
 The femtocell becomes another part of the public mobile network.
 Private (Closed):
 Only authorized users are allowed to connect to a privately accessible Femto-AP.
 Access Control List.
 Non-authorized subscribers are denied access to the Femto (redirected back to the
public macrocell network).
 Home or enterprise environments.

30. INDOOR TECHNIQUES COMPARISON

31. FEMTO CHARACTERISTICS
 Physique
 Physically small for limited space in some households/offices
 Silent in operation while generating low levels of heat output
 RF Power
 T x RF power is between 10-100mW (lower than 1W by Wi-Fi)
 3G handset is able to transmit at lower power levels when being close to the
femtocell
 Coverage
 Dedicated 3G coverage within a household (10-200m)
 Designed for a capacity of 2 to 6 end-users

32.  Backhaul
 Utilize Internet Protocol (IP) with a flat BS architecture
 Link to operator networks via wired broadband connections
 Interference
 Macrocells vs. Femtocells
 Femtocells vs. Femtocells
 Security
 Security risks due to broadband internet (open access)
 Network security is managed by the IPsec protocol
FEMTO CHARACTERISTICS

33.  Operation
 Compatible with existing 2G/3G handsets and devices
 Operates in licensed spectrum owned by operators
 Remote configuration and monitoring system similar to that used by the macro
networks
 Remote management to enable QoS at the edge of the network
 Includes provision for a services environment on which applications may be added
 Worldwide Standard Support
 Developed to support both 3GPP (UMTS) and 3GPP2 (CDMA)
 Also supports emerging technologies such as WiMAX and LTE
FEMTO CHARACTERISTICS

34. KEY ATTRIBUTES OF FEMTOCELLS
 Mature mobile technology:
 Femtocells use fully standard wireless protocols over the air to communicate with
standard mobile devices, including mobile phones and a wide range of other
mobile-enabled devices.
 Qualifying standard protocols include GSM, UMTS, LTE, Mobile WiMAX, CDMA
and other current and future protocols standardized by 3GPP, 3GPP2 and the
IEEE.
 The use of such protocols allows femtocells to provide services to more than 3
billion existing devices worldwide and to provide services which users can access
from almost any location as part of a wide-area network.

35.  Operating in licensed spectrum:
 By operating in licensed spectrum licensed to the service provider, femtocells
allow operators to provide assured quality of service to customers over the air,
free from harmful interference but making efficient use of their spectrum.
 Generating coverage and capacity:
 As well as improving coverage within the home, femtocells also create extra
network capacity, serving a greater number of users with high data-rate services.
 They differ in this from simple repeaters or ‘boosters’ which may only enhance
the coverage.
KEY ATTRIBUTES OF FEMTOCELLS

36.  Using internet-grade backhaul:
 Femtocells backhaul their data over standard residential broadband
connections, including DSL and cable, using standard internet protocols. This
may be over a specific internet service provider’s network, over the internet itself
or over a dedicated link.
 At competitive prices:
 The large volumes envisaged for femtocells will allow substantial economies of
scale, driving efficiencies in manufacturing and distribution in a manner similar to
the consumer electronics industry and with pricing projected to be comparable
with access points for other wireless technologies.
KEY ATTRIBUTES OF FEMTOCELLS

37.  Fully managed by licensed operators:
 Femtocells only operate within parameters set by the licensed operator.
 While they have a high degree of intelligence to automatically ensure that they
operate at power levels and frequencies which are unlikely to create
interference, the limits on these parameters are always set by operators, not the
end user.
 The operator is always able to create or deny service to individual femtocells or
users. This control is maintained whether the femtocell itself is owned by the
operator or the end user.
KEY ATTRIBUTES OF FEMTOCELLS

38. FEMTOCELL CONFIGURATION
SCENARIOS
 Macrocells are operated by a mobile wireless operator, while femtocells
are privately owned and connected to a broadband service provider,
such as an Internet Service Provider (ISP).
 Thousands of femtocells may co-exist in a coverage area of a macrocell-
based cellular network.

39. FEMTOCELL NETWORK CONFIGURATION
 There are three possible types of femtocell network configurations based
on the availability of a broadband connection (e.g., ISP) and on the
coverage of the macro cellular network:
 Type A :a single stand-alone femtocell
 Type B : a network of stand-alone femtocells
 Type C : a femtocell network integrated with a macro cellular infrastructure

40. FEMTOCELL NETWORK CONFIGURATION

41. TYPE A -
A SINGLE STAND-ALONE FEMTOCELL
 This could be the case of a remote area with:
 no macro cellular coverage
 a poor coverage area
 indoor
 Macrocell edge
 when no other neighboring femtocells are available.
 this type of a configuration extends the service coverage into remote areas.

42. TYPE B –
A NETWORK OF STAND-ALONE FEMTOCELLS
 In this scenario, multiple FAPs are situated within an area in such a way that
a radio signal from one FAP overlaps with other FAPs’ signals.
 There is no macro cellular coverage
 Ether coverage is poor.
 Femtocell-to-femtocell handovers are present and need to be handled by
the femto cellular network.
 As the Type A configuration, the Type B configuration is also able to extend
the service coverage into remote areas.

43. TYPE C –
A FEMTOCELL NETWORK INTEGRATED WITH A
MACROCELLULAR INFRASTRUCTURE
 This scenario can be viewed as a two-tier hierarchical network, where :
 the macrocells create the upper tier ; and
 the femtocells the lower tier
 Handover between macrocells and femtocells, as well as handover
between femtocells, are common occurrence in this scenario.
 This configuration improves the indoor service quality and reduces the
traffic load of the macrocells by diverting traffic to femtocells.

44. DEPLOYMENT : GREATER FEMTOCELL
 Not only for the home !
 Femtocell economies of scale deliver cost-effective deployments in offices
and in high-traffic or low coverage locations
 Femtos in the enterprise and metro zone
 Scope for cost-effective access to rural and developing markets via
appropriate backhaul solutions

45. INDOOR FEMTO

46. DATA FEMTO

47. OUTDOOR FEMTO

48. WORKING OF FEMTOCELL

49. WORKING OF FEMTOCELL
 A femtocell is installed at home and connected to mains power and a
standard broadband IP connection (typically DSL) through to the mobile
operator’s core network
 Voice calls, text massages and data services are provided by the same
systems.
 Femtocells operate at very low radiation power levels, and typically have a
range of 200 meters

50. WORKING OF FEMTOCELL
 When users walk outside or out of range, calls are automatically handed
over to the external mobile network.
 Unlike Wi-Fi access points, Femtocells operate using licensed spectrum and
thus must be supplied and operated in conjunction with the mobile
operator

51. WORKING OF FEMTOCELL

52. WORKING OF FEMTOCELL

53. Femtocells are a complicated technology and there have been a number of issues
and concerns which need to be addressed.
INTERFERENCE
 The placement of a femtocell has a critical effect on the performance of the
wider network, and this is one of the key issues to be addressed for successful
deployment. Because femtocells can use the same frequency bands as the
conventional cellular network, there has been the worry that rather than
improving the situation they could potentially cause problems.
 As more analysis has been done, and more operators have deployed it is clear
that so long as femtocells incorporate appropriate interference mitigation
techniques (detecting macrocells, adjusting power and scrambling codes
accordingly) then this need not be a problem.
ISSUES

55. EQUIPMENT LOCATION
 There are issues in this regard for access point base stations sold to
consumers for home installation, for example. Further, a consumer might try
to carry their base station with them to a country where it is not licensed.
 Other regulatory issues relate to the requirement in most countries for the
operator of a network to be able to show exactly where each base-station
is located, and for E911 requirements to provide the registered location of
the equipment to the emergency services.
ISSUES

56. QUALITY OF SERVICE
 In shared-bandwidth approaches, which are the majority of designs
currently being developed, the effect on Quality of Service may be an
issue.
ISSUES

57. CONTROVERSY ON CONSUMER PROPOSITION
 The impact of a femtocell is most often to improve cellular coverage,
without the cellular carrier needing to improve their infrastructure (cell
towers, etc.). This is net gain for the cellular carrier. However, the user must
provide and pay for an internet connection to route the femtocell traffic,
and then (usually) pay an additional one-off or monthly fee to the cellular
carrier. Some have objected to the idea that consumers are being asked
to pay to help relieve network shortcomings. On the other hand, residential
femtocells normally provide a 'personal cell' which provides benefits only to
the owner's family and friends.
ISSUES

58. POTENTIAL CONSUMER CONCERNS
A base station at my home ???
 Femtocell transmits less than DECT or Wi-Fi
 Handset transmits less power near femtocell
 Confidential UMTS femtocell max transmit power is 10-17dBm (3G handset
max transmit power is 21dBm)

59. FEMTO FORUM

60. FEMTOCELL VENDORS

61. SOME FEMTOCELLS

62. CONCLUSIONS
 Femtocells are on a road to nowhere
 Unsatisfactory coverage and the increasing number of high-data-
rate application are two driving forces for femtocell development
 Femtocells have the potential to provide high quality network
access to indoor users at low cost
 Improve coverage
 Provide huge capacity gain

63. REFERENCES
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femtocell
 http://www.mobileburn.com/definition.jsp?term=femto
 http://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/definition/femtocell
 http://www.airvana.com/technology/femtocell-network-architecture/
 http://123seminarsonly.com/Seminar-Reports/031/Femtocells.html
 http://www.seminarsonly.com/computer%20science/Femtocell-seminar-report-ppt.php

64. VIDEO DEMONSTRATION