This document provides an overview of obstetrics and pregnancy. It discusses topics such as the definition of obstetrics, the stages of pregnancy, fetal development, physiological changes during pregnancy, signs and symptoms of pregnancy, calculating the due date, discomforts of pregnancy, complications of pregnancy, signs and symptoms of labor, diagnosing true labor versus false labor, and common diagnostic techniques, treatments and procedures in obstetrics such as AFP screening, amniocentesis, cesarean section, and contraction stress tests.
it will help the general public regarding the basic aspect of the antenatal care. it will also help to nursing and para medical educator to teach their students. it also create awareness about it.
This document discusses the anatomy and physiology of breastfeeding. It explains that during pregnancy, the breasts undergo growth and maturation in preparation for milk production. The hormones prolactin and oxytocin play key roles - prolactin stimulates milk production while oxytocin triggers the let-down reflex and ejection of milk from the breasts upon suckling. The suckling stimulus triggers neural pathways that signal the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to release oxytocin. Regular milk removal is necessary to maintain lactation through autocrine control systems.
This document summarizes the physiology of lactation. It discusses the development of breasts from embryogenesis through pregnancy and lactation. It describes the anatomy and histology of breasts. It explains the role of hormones such as prolactin, estrogen, and progesterone in breast development and milk production. It discusses the phases of lactation including mammogenesis, lactogenesis, galactokinesis, and galactopoiesis. It also covers the composition and formation of human milk and the advantages of breastfeeding for both mothers and babies.
The document summarizes various physiological changes that occur in a woman's body during pregnancy. The reproductive system undergoes significant changes like increased vascularity of the vulva, vagina and cervix. The uterus enlarges dramatically from 50g to 900g at term. The cardiovascular system works harder with increased cardiac output and blood volume. Respiration is also impacted with increased oxygen demands. Common complaints include nausea, backaches, leg cramps and frequent urination. Hormone levels like HCG, estrogen, progesterone and prolactin rise substantially. Overall weight gain of 10-12kg occurs to support fetal growth and changes in maternal tissues.
The document discusses endocrinology in pregnancy, summarizing the roles and functions of various hormones produced by the fetus, placenta, and mother. It describes how some hormones are up-regulated from non-pregnant levels (quantitative) while others are unique to pregnancy (qualitative). Key hormones discussed include hCG, produced by the placenta to maintain the corpus luteum early in pregnancy; estrogen and progesterone, also produced by the placenta; and human placental lactogen, which increases throughout pregnancy and functions in metabolism and fetal nutrition. The precise levels and roles of multiple hormones are summarized.
Essential newborn care (ENC) should be provided to all newborns and includes maintaining warmth, initiating breastfeeding within 1 hour of birth, eye care, vitamin K administration, and immunizations. Immediate newborn care involves drying the baby, maintaining temperature, establishing breathing, vitamin K injection, Apgar scoring, and initiating breastfeeding. Routine newborn care consists of maintaining warmth, exclusive breastfeeding, skin and cord care, eye care, and monitoring growth through measurements.
This document provides guidance on newborn care, under-five clinics, and reducing infant mortality. It discusses important newborn procedures like cord cutting and eye cleaning. It emphasizes exclusive breastfeeding, immunizations, and monitoring infant growth. Major causes of infant death are prematurity, infections, and lack of care during/after delivery. Establishing under-five clinics and improving access to health services, nutrition, sanitation and education can help reduce India's high infant mortality rate.
it will help the general public regarding the basic aspect of the antenatal care. it will also help to nursing and para medical educator to teach their students. it also create awareness about it.
This document discusses the anatomy and physiology of breastfeeding. It explains that during pregnancy, the breasts undergo growth and maturation in preparation for milk production. The hormones prolactin and oxytocin play key roles - prolactin stimulates milk production while oxytocin triggers the let-down reflex and ejection of milk from the breasts upon suckling. The suckling stimulus triggers neural pathways that signal the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to release oxytocin. Regular milk removal is necessary to maintain lactation through autocrine control systems.
This document summarizes the physiology of lactation. It discusses the development of breasts from embryogenesis through pregnancy and lactation. It describes the anatomy and histology of breasts. It explains the role of hormones such as prolactin, estrogen, and progesterone in breast development and milk production. It discusses the phases of lactation including mammogenesis, lactogenesis, galactokinesis, and galactopoiesis. It also covers the composition and formation of human milk and the advantages of breastfeeding for both mothers and babies.
The document summarizes various physiological changes that occur in a woman's body during pregnancy. The reproductive system undergoes significant changes like increased vascularity of the vulva, vagina and cervix. The uterus enlarges dramatically from 50g to 900g at term. The cardiovascular system works harder with increased cardiac output and blood volume. Respiration is also impacted with increased oxygen demands. Common complaints include nausea, backaches, leg cramps and frequent urination. Hormone levels like HCG, estrogen, progesterone and prolactin rise substantially. Overall weight gain of 10-12kg occurs to support fetal growth and changes in maternal tissues.
The document discusses endocrinology in pregnancy, summarizing the roles and functions of various hormones produced by the fetus, placenta, and mother. It describes how some hormones are up-regulated from non-pregnant levels (quantitative) while others are unique to pregnancy (qualitative). Key hormones discussed include hCG, produced by the placenta to maintain the corpus luteum early in pregnancy; estrogen and progesterone, also produced by the placenta; and human placental lactogen, which increases throughout pregnancy and functions in metabolism and fetal nutrition. The precise levels and roles of multiple hormones are summarized.
Essential newborn care (ENC) should be provided to all newborns and includes maintaining warmth, initiating breastfeeding within 1 hour of birth, eye care, vitamin K administration, and immunizations. Immediate newborn care involves drying the baby, maintaining temperature, establishing breathing, vitamin K injection, Apgar scoring, and initiating breastfeeding. Routine newborn care consists of maintaining warmth, exclusive breastfeeding, skin and cord care, eye care, and monitoring growth through measurements.
This document provides guidance on newborn care, under-five clinics, and reducing infant mortality. It discusses important newborn procedures like cord cutting and eye cleaning. It emphasizes exclusive breastfeeding, immunizations, and monitoring infant growth. Major causes of infant death are prematurity, infections, and lack of care during/after delivery. Establishing under-five clinics and improving access to health services, nutrition, sanitation and education can help reduce India's high infant mortality rate.
This document provides guidance on performing a newborn examination. It begins by classifying newborns by gestational age and birth weight. It then describes how to assess vital signs, growth measurements, and the different body systems. Key parts of the examination are classified including the skin, head, eyes, chest, heart, abdomen, genitals and nervous system. Important reflexes are outlined to assess neurological development. The document emphasizes the importance of estimating gestational age and recognizing normal and abnormal findings during the newborn examination.
Follicular maturation occurs in the first half of the menstrual cycle under the influence of FSH and LH. If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum forms from the follicule and secretes progesterone and estrogen to maintain the early pregnancy. Around 6-8 weeks, the placenta takes over hormone production from the corpus luteum in the luteal-placental shift. The placenta produces hormones like hCG, hPL, estrogen and progesterone that help sustain pregnancy.
This document summarizes the physiology of lactation. It discusses the development of the breasts and ductal system during pregnancy due to hormones like estrogens and progesterone. Near the end of pregnancy, progesterone causes growth of breast lobules and alveoli. After birth, prolactin secreted from the pituitary gland initiates milk production. Suckling by the baby causes oxytocin release and milk ejection from the breasts. Mature breast milk provides balanced nutrition and protection for the baby. The process of lactation benefits both mother and baby.
This document discusses neonatal resuscitation and the physiologic changes that occur at birth. It covers topics like fetal circulation, oxygenation, the transition at delivery, signs of a compromised newborn, resuscitative steps including providing warmth, clearing the airway, stimulation and ventilation. Positive pressure ventilation techniques like bag-mask ventilation are described. The importance of anticipating resuscitation needs, preparing appropriately, and understanding the heart rate response to determine next steps is emphasized. Maintaining normal body temperature and oxygen saturation targets are also addressed.
The document discusses the physiological adaptations that occur in newborns at birth. Key points include:
1) At birth, newborns undergo drastic changes in their respiratory, cardiovascular, and hematological systems to transition to life outside the womb.
2) The respiratory system establishes breathing, the cardiovascular system changes circulation with the clamping of the umbilical cord, and hematological values like hemoglobin levels begin to adjust.
3) Nurses provide ongoing monitoring of newborns during the neonatal transition period to ensure healthy adaptation and identify any issues that could interfere with transition.
The document provides information about the placenta, including its definition, characteristics, development, structure, functions, and conclusions. It defines the placenta as the structure developed in the pregnant uterus through which the fetus derives nutrition and establishes a connection between the mother and fetus via the umbilical cord. Key points covered include that the placenta is discoid, hemochorial and deciduate in nature. It develops from 6-12 weeks of gestation from the chorion frondosum and decidua basalis. At term, it is circular, 15-20cm in diameter, and weighs about 500g. Its functions include the transfer of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus, excretion of fetal waste
Normal Neonates
This is the slideshare about normal neonates with perspective of B.Sc. Nursing students.
#Slideshare on Normal Neonates for Bsc Nursing students.
#Assessment and management of Normal Neonates in Obstetrics
#Education
#Nursing
# Initial, daily assessment of normal neonates and physiology of neonate.
#Minor disorders of normal newborn and their management
This document discusses different types of miscarriage including spontaneous abortion, threatened miscarriage, inevitable miscarriage, complete miscarriage, and incomplete miscarriage. It outlines the main causes of miscarriage as genetic factors, infections, anatomical abnormalities, endocrine/metabolic factors, immunological disorders, and thrombophilias. Treatment options are discussed depending on gestational age and include medication, dilation and evacuation, and dilation and curettage.
The document outlines the importance and process of newborn examination. Key points include examining the baby from head to toe to detect congenital anomalies and infections, identify normal variations to reassure parents, and influence policy by analyzing regional findings. The examination should be done systematically and involve observing the baby's appearance, activity and reflexes as well as examining specific areas like the head, chest, abdomen, limbs and skin. Important tests include the red reflex test to check for cataracts and femoral pulse examination to check for aorta issues.
The placenta develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing fetus while removing waste products. It attaches to the uterine wall and the umbilical cord arises from the placenta. The placenta develops from the chorionic villi on the fetal side and the decidua basalis on the maternal side. It grows rapidly and eventually replaces most of the decidua basalis. At term, the placenta is a circular disc that is the site of maternal-fetal transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste and various proteins and hormones essential to the development and survival of the fetus.
The document summarizes the anatomical, physiological, and psychological changes that occur in a woman's body during pregnancy. Key changes include increased size and blood flow to the uterus and breasts to support fetal growth. The hormonal changes of pregnancy impact many body systems like increasing blood volume, cardiac output, and metabolism. These adaptations enable the mother's body to nurture the fetus throughout gestation and support labor and lactation after delivery.
This document discusses factors that define high-risk newborns and various conditions that can lead to a newborn being considered high-risk. It identifies demographic, medical history, pregnancy, labor/delivery, and neonatal factors that increase risk. Common high-risk conditions include preterm birth, low birth weight, growth restriction, respiratory distress, and congenital anomalies. The document provides definitions and clinical features of conditions like preterm infants, low birth weight babies, and discusses their management and complications. Hypothermia and hyperthermia in newborns are also summarized.
The document discusses fetal development from 6 weeks to 38 weeks of pregnancy. It describes the key physical changes that occur in the embryo and fetus each week. During the first trimester (6-12 weeks), major organs begin to form and external features develop. In the second trimester (13-28 weeks), the fetus grows rapidly and all systems continue to mature. By the third trimester (29-38 weeks), the fetus prepares for birth by gaining weight and fat and increasing lung and brain development.
Endcrinological changes during pregnancyArya Anish
After fertilization, the zygote implants in the uterus by day 5 and the corpus luteum secretes progesterone and hCG to maintain pregnancy until week 8. The placenta becomes fully functional by week 10, taking over hormone production. Pregnancy causes changes in maternal endocrine glands, including increased production of progesterone, estrogens, hCG, hPL, and other placental hormones by the corpus luteum and placenta. Levels of pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and other hormone levels also increase during pregnancy to support development.
The document summarizes the physiology of labour, including the three stages. The first stage begins with contractions and ends when the cervix is fully dilated. It can be divided into early/latent labour and active labour. Hormonal changes like dropping progesterone and rising oxytocin help initiate labour. The second stage begins at full dilation and ends with baby's birth. Strong contractions help baby descend through soft tissue displacement. The third stage involves separation and delivery of the placenta within 1 hour after birth.
fetal development and fetal circulation KHUSHBU PATEL
This document discusses fetal development from implantation through the three trimesters and summarizes key changes that occur each week. It also describes the major fetal organs and their development. Regarding fetal circulation, it notes that the placenta provides oxygen to the fetus while the lungs receive little blood and do not exchange gas. The umbilical vein and arteries as well as ductus venosus, foramen ovale, and ductus arteriosus allow blood to bypass the lungs and circulate from the placenta to the fetal heart and body before birth.
This chapter provides an overview of obstetrics and discusses pregnancy, signs and symptoms of pregnancy, complications of pregnancy, labor signs and symptoms, and distinguishing false labor from true labor. Key points include pregnancy being divided into trimesters, common physiological changes during pregnancy like weight gain and skin changes, signs of labor including bloody show and lightening, and characteristics of true labor contractions being regular, longer, and more intense versus irregular and shorter false labor pains.
The document summarizes pregnancy diagnosis and the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy. It discusses how pregnancy is diagnosed through hormone detection in urine or blood tests. It then outlines the signs and symptoms of each trimester of pregnancy. Finally, it describes the maternal anatomical and physiological changes that occur in the reproductive, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems to accommodate the growing fetus.
This document provides guidance on performing a newborn examination. It begins by classifying newborns by gestational age and birth weight. It then describes how to assess vital signs, growth measurements, and the different body systems. Key parts of the examination are classified including the skin, head, eyes, chest, heart, abdomen, genitals and nervous system. Important reflexes are outlined to assess neurological development. The document emphasizes the importance of estimating gestational age and recognizing normal and abnormal findings during the newborn examination.
Follicular maturation occurs in the first half of the menstrual cycle under the influence of FSH and LH. If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum forms from the follicule and secretes progesterone and estrogen to maintain the early pregnancy. Around 6-8 weeks, the placenta takes over hormone production from the corpus luteum in the luteal-placental shift. The placenta produces hormones like hCG, hPL, estrogen and progesterone that help sustain pregnancy.
This document summarizes the physiology of lactation. It discusses the development of the breasts and ductal system during pregnancy due to hormones like estrogens and progesterone. Near the end of pregnancy, progesterone causes growth of breast lobules and alveoli. After birth, prolactin secreted from the pituitary gland initiates milk production. Suckling by the baby causes oxytocin release and milk ejection from the breasts. Mature breast milk provides balanced nutrition and protection for the baby. The process of lactation benefits both mother and baby.
This document discusses neonatal resuscitation and the physiologic changes that occur at birth. It covers topics like fetal circulation, oxygenation, the transition at delivery, signs of a compromised newborn, resuscitative steps including providing warmth, clearing the airway, stimulation and ventilation. Positive pressure ventilation techniques like bag-mask ventilation are described. The importance of anticipating resuscitation needs, preparing appropriately, and understanding the heart rate response to determine next steps is emphasized. Maintaining normal body temperature and oxygen saturation targets are also addressed.
The document discusses the physiological adaptations that occur in newborns at birth. Key points include:
1) At birth, newborns undergo drastic changes in their respiratory, cardiovascular, and hematological systems to transition to life outside the womb.
2) The respiratory system establishes breathing, the cardiovascular system changes circulation with the clamping of the umbilical cord, and hematological values like hemoglobin levels begin to adjust.
3) Nurses provide ongoing monitoring of newborns during the neonatal transition period to ensure healthy adaptation and identify any issues that could interfere with transition.
The document provides information about the placenta, including its definition, characteristics, development, structure, functions, and conclusions. It defines the placenta as the structure developed in the pregnant uterus through which the fetus derives nutrition and establishes a connection between the mother and fetus via the umbilical cord. Key points covered include that the placenta is discoid, hemochorial and deciduate in nature. It develops from 6-12 weeks of gestation from the chorion frondosum and decidua basalis. At term, it is circular, 15-20cm in diameter, and weighs about 500g. Its functions include the transfer of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus, excretion of fetal waste
Normal Neonates
This is the slideshare about normal neonates with perspective of B.Sc. Nursing students.
#Slideshare on Normal Neonates for Bsc Nursing students.
#Assessment and management of Normal Neonates in Obstetrics
#Education
#Nursing
# Initial, daily assessment of normal neonates and physiology of neonate.
#Minor disorders of normal newborn and their management
This document discusses different types of miscarriage including spontaneous abortion, threatened miscarriage, inevitable miscarriage, complete miscarriage, and incomplete miscarriage. It outlines the main causes of miscarriage as genetic factors, infections, anatomical abnormalities, endocrine/metabolic factors, immunological disorders, and thrombophilias. Treatment options are discussed depending on gestational age and include medication, dilation and evacuation, and dilation and curettage.
The document outlines the importance and process of newborn examination. Key points include examining the baby from head to toe to detect congenital anomalies and infections, identify normal variations to reassure parents, and influence policy by analyzing regional findings. The examination should be done systematically and involve observing the baby's appearance, activity and reflexes as well as examining specific areas like the head, chest, abdomen, limbs and skin. Important tests include the red reflex test to check for cataracts and femoral pulse examination to check for aorta issues.
The placenta develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing fetus while removing waste products. It attaches to the uterine wall and the umbilical cord arises from the placenta. The placenta develops from the chorionic villi on the fetal side and the decidua basalis on the maternal side. It grows rapidly and eventually replaces most of the decidua basalis. At term, the placenta is a circular disc that is the site of maternal-fetal transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste and various proteins and hormones essential to the development and survival of the fetus.
The document summarizes the anatomical, physiological, and psychological changes that occur in a woman's body during pregnancy. Key changes include increased size and blood flow to the uterus and breasts to support fetal growth. The hormonal changes of pregnancy impact many body systems like increasing blood volume, cardiac output, and metabolism. These adaptations enable the mother's body to nurture the fetus throughout gestation and support labor and lactation after delivery.
This document discusses factors that define high-risk newborns and various conditions that can lead to a newborn being considered high-risk. It identifies demographic, medical history, pregnancy, labor/delivery, and neonatal factors that increase risk. Common high-risk conditions include preterm birth, low birth weight, growth restriction, respiratory distress, and congenital anomalies. The document provides definitions and clinical features of conditions like preterm infants, low birth weight babies, and discusses their management and complications. Hypothermia and hyperthermia in newborns are also summarized.
The document discusses fetal development from 6 weeks to 38 weeks of pregnancy. It describes the key physical changes that occur in the embryo and fetus each week. During the first trimester (6-12 weeks), major organs begin to form and external features develop. In the second trimester (13-28 weeks), the fetus grows rapidly and all systems continue to mature. By the third trimester (29-38 weeks), the fetus prepares for birth by gaining weight and fat and increasing lung and brain development.
Endcrinological changes during pregnancyArya Anish
After fertilization, the zygote implants in the uterus by day 5 and the corpus luteum secretes progesterone and hCG to maintain pregnancy until week 8. The placenta becomes fully functional by week 10, taking over hormone production. Pregnancy causes changes in maternal endocrine glands, including increased production of progesterone, estrogens, hCG, hPL, and other placental hormones by the corpus luteum and placenta. Levels of pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and other hormone levels also increase during pregnancy to support development.
The document summarizes the physiology of labour, including the three stages. The first stage begins with contractions and ends when the cervix is fully dilated. It can be divided into early/latent labour and active labour. Hormonal changes like dropping progesterone and rising oxytocin help initiate labour. The second stage begins at full dilation and ends with baby's birth. Strong contractions help baby descend through soft tissue displacement. The third stage involves separation and delivery of the placenta within 1 hour after birth.
fetal development and fetal circulation KHUSHBU PATEL
This document discusses fetal development from implantation through the three trimesters and summarizes key changes that occur each week. It also describes the major fetal organs and their development. Regarding fetal circulation, it notes that the placenta provides oxygen to the fetus while the lungs receive little blood and do not exchange gas. The umbilical vein and arteries as well as ductus venosus, foramen ovale, and ductus arteriosus allow blood to bypass the lungs and circulate from the placenta to the fetal heart and body before birth.
This chapter provides an overview of obstetrics and discusses pregnancy, signs and symptoms of pregnancy, complications of pregnancy, labor signs and symptoms, and distinguishing false labor from true labor. Key points include pregnancy being divided into trimesters, common physiological changes during pregnancy like weight gain and skin changes, signs of labor including bloody show and lightening, and characteristics of true labor contractions being regular, longer, and more intense versus irregular and shorter false labor pains.
The document summarizes pregnancy diagnosis and the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy. It discusses how pregnancy is diagnosed through hormone detection in urine or blood tests. It then outlines the signs and symptoms of each trimester of pregnancy. Finally, it describes the maternal anatomical and physiological changes that occur in the reproductive, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems to accommodate the growing fetus.
This document discusses the diagnosis of pregnancy through various signs and symptoms presented in the three trimesters of pregnancy. It outlines the normal duration of gestation and describes common symptoms seen in each trimester such as cessation of menstruation, breast changes, nausea, and fetal movements. Diagnostic tests like urine and blood tests for hCG and ultrasound are mentioned. Common physical exam findings for each trimester including uterine size, fetal heart tone auscultation, and fundal height are summarized.
The document summarizes fetal development from the third month until birth. It describes how the fetus grows rapidly during this period, with significant increases in length during months 3-5 and weight during the last 2 months. The head grows more slowly relative to the rest of the body. Key developments include the emergence of reflexes by month 4, eye and ear positioning by month 5, and fat accumulation reaching 16% of body weight by month 8. The placenta also develops further to facilitate greater nutrient exchange between mother and fetus as its demands increase.
Prenatal physiotherapy aims to achieve a healthy mother and baby by the end of pregnancy. During pregnancy, the mother's body undergoes many physiological changes in preparation for childbirth. These changes include increased blood volume, weight gain, skin pigmentation, joint laxity due to hormones, and enlarged organs like the uterus and breasts. Proper antenatal care and physiotherapy can help support these changes and promote overall maternal and fetal health.
Sign and symptoms, diagnosis and minor ailments in pregnancyNehaRana89
This document discusses signs and symptoms of pregnancy across the three trimesters. In the first trimester, common subjective symptoms include amenorrhea, morning sickness, frequent urination, and fatigue. Objective signs are breast changes, uterine enlargement, and a positive pregnancy test. In the second trimester, symptoms subside while the abdomen enlarges and quickening is felt. Fetal heartbeat can be detected via ultrasound by week 12. The third trimester sees further abdominal growth and engagement of the fetus in preparation for birth.
Traditional antenatal care involves promoting the health of the mother and baby through education, monitoring for complications, and developing a birth plan. Key aspects of antenatal care include assessing risk factors, providing health screenings and supplements to prevent issues, detecting existing medical conditions, and monitoring the pregnancy for complications. Effective care also involves continuity with a skilled provider, preparation for birth, and health promotion through addressing behaviors, diseases, and their treatment.
Traditional antenatal care involves promoting the health of the mother and baby through education, monitoring for complications, and developing a birth plan. Effective antenatal care includes care from a skilled attendant, preparation for birth and complications, promoting health and preventing disease through screening and treatment, and early detection and management of any complications. At the initial prenatal visit, providers collect medical history, assess risk factors, perform examinations and tests, and provide health education to develop a care strategy.
This document discusses the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy to promote maternal health and support fetal development. It covers changes in various body systems including the reproductive, cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, gastrointestinal, endocrine, integumentary, and musculoskeletal systems. Key changes include increased blood volume and cardiac output, skin pigmentation, weight gain, and adaptations in organs and tissues to accommodate the growing fetus. The document provides information on signs and symptoms of pregnancy and details nutritional needs that increase to support the demands of pregnancy.
The document describes the diagnosis of pregnancy through various signs and symptoms. It distinguishes between possible/presumptive signs (based on a woman's subjective reports), probable signs (combining subjective and objective findings), and positive signs (conclusive proof of pregnancy). Possible signs include missed period, morning sickness, breast changes, frequent urination, and quickening. Probable signs involve pelvic exam findings, abdominal enlargement, and ballottement. Positive signs are fetal heart tones, palpation of the fetus, ultrasound examination, and fetal movement. Diagnosis progresses from possible to probable to positive as the pregnancy advances.
Diagnosis of pregnancy and physiologic change during(1)Engidaw Ambelu
This document provides an overview of pregnancy diagnosis and physiologic changes during pregnancy. It begins with definitions of pregnancy terms and outlines methods for diagnosing pregnancy, including presumptive, probable, and positive signs and tests. The document then discusses the effects of pregnancy on specific organs like the uterus, cervix, and vagina. It concludes by summarizing systemic changes including increased blood volume, cardiovascular changes, respiratory changes, urinary changes, and more. The document comprehensively covers both local changes to reproductive organs and broader physiologic adaptations pregnancy requires.
4d. Signs and Symptoms of Pregnancy 2.pptxThobyMlelwa
This document discusses signs and symptoms of pregnancy and minor disorders of pregnancy. It begins by outlining the objectives of reviewing female hormonal cycles, signs and symptoms of pregnancy, and minor pregnancy disorders and their management. The document then discusses the signs and symptoms of pregnancy, categorizing them as possible, probable, or positive signs. Finally, it reviews some common minor disorders during pregnancy, including nausea/vomiting, heartburn, excessive salivation, pica, constipation, and backache, and provides advice on managing these conditions.
This document discusses the postpartum period known as the puerperium. It begins by defining the puerperium as the period following delivery where the body returns to its non-pregnant state. The document then describes the normal physiology of the puerperium, including the involution of the uterus and other organs. It also discusses lactation, breastfeeding, and the resumption of menstruation. The management of the normal puerperium is outlined, along with potential postpartum complications like hemorrhage, infection, and pain. The document provides detail on puerperal sepsis as a potentially life-threatening postpartum infection.
Antenatal care in India aims to promote the health of the mother and baby through various interventions. The objectives of antenatal care include detecting and managing complications, preparing for birth, and educating on nutrition and hygiene. Effective antenatal care involves care from a skilled attendant, preparation for birth and complications, promoting health and preventing disease through tests and supplements, and early detection and management of existing issues. During visits, healthcare providers should assess pregnancy signs, calculate due dates, examine risk factors, and provide guidance on common discomforts while considering cultural factors.
The document discusses various topics related to pregnancy including:
- The placenta's functions of transport, respiration, nutrient provision, hormone production, storage, and forming a barrier.
- Abnormalities that can occur in the placenta or umbilical cord.
- How the fetus grows and develops under genetic and nutrient control.
- How the fetal circulation differs from adult circulation in routing oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
- Signs and tests that can indicate if a woman is pregnant including changes that occur after birth when the baby takes its first breath.
This document discusses the diagnosis of pregnancy through signs and symptoms in the three trimesters. In the first trimester, common subjective symptoms include missed period, morning sickness, frequent urination, and breast tenderness. Objective signs are breast changes, softening of the cervix, and uterine enlargement. The second trimester brings symptoms like fetal movement and objective signs like linea nigra and increased fundal height. The third trimester involves advanced uterine growth and engagement of the fetus in the pelvis. Pregnancy can be confirmed through urine or blood tests detecting human chorionic gonadotropin.
Labour is defined as the process of expelling the products of conception from the uterus. It involves three stages: cervical dilation, descent and birth of the baby, and delivery of the placenta. A partogram is used to monitor labour and detect abnormalities. It tracks cervical dilation, fetal position, and fetal heart rate. Prolonged labour can occur if there are issues with uterine contractions, the fetus, or the birth canal. Primary or secondary dysfunction of labour may result in slow dilation and require interventions like oxytocin or caesarean section. Close monitoring is needed to ensure the safety of the mother and baby.
Unlocking the Secrets to Safe Patient Handling.pdfLift Ability
Furthermore, the time constraints and workload in healthcare settings can make it challenging for caregivers to prioritise safe patient handling Australia practices, leading to shortcuts and increased risks.
Dr. David Greene R3 stem cell Breakthroughs: Stem Cell Therapy in CardiologyR3 Stem Cell
Dr. David Greene, founder and CEO of R3 Stem Cell, is at the forefront of groundbreaking research in the field of cardiology, focusing on the transformative potential of stem cell therapy. His latest work emphasizes innovative approaches to treating heart disease, aiming to repair damaged heart tissue and improve heart function through the use of advanced stem cell techniques. This research promises not only to enhance the quality of life for patients with chronic heart conditions but also to pave the way for new, more effective treatments. Dr. Greene's work is notable for its focus on safety, efficacy, and the potential to significantly reduce the need for invasive surgeries and long-term medication, positioning stem cell therapy as a key player in the future of cardiac care.
Stem Cell Solutions: Dr. David Greene's Path to Non-Surgical Cardiac CareDr. David Greene Arizona
Explore the groundbreaking work of Dr. David Greene, a pioneer in regenerative medicine, who is revolutionizing the field of cardiology through stem cell therapy in Arizona. This ppt delves into how Dr. Greene's innovative approach is providing non-surgical, effective treatments for heart disease, using the body's own cells to repair heart damage and improve patient outcomes. Learn about the science behind stem cell therapy, its benefits over traditional cardiac surgeries, and the promising future it holds for modern medicine. Join us as we uncover how Dr. Greene's commitment to stem cell research and therapy is setting new standards in healthcare and offering new hope to cardiac patients.
Letter to MREC - application to conduct studyAzreen Aj
Application to conduct study on research title 'Awareness and knowledge of oral cancer and precancer among dental outpatient in Klinik Pergigian Merlimau, Melaka'
This particular slides consist of- what is hypotension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is the summary of hypotension:
Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is when the pressure of blood circulating in the body is lower than normal or expected. It's only a problem if it negatively impacts the body and causes symptoms. Normal blood pressure is usually between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg, but pressures below 90/60 are generally considered hypotensive.
Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024. Includes 7 categories: Policy Makers, Academic Innovation Centers, Digital Health Providers, Healthcare Providers, Payers / Insurance, Device Companies, Life Science Companies, Innovation Accelerators. Developed by the Michigan-Israel Business Accelerator
Trauma Outpatient Center is a comprehensive facility dedicated to addressing mental health challenges and providing medication-assisted treatment. We offer a diverse range of services aimed at assisting individuals in overcoming addiction, mental health disorders, and related obstacles. Our team consists of seasoned professionals who are both experienced and compassionate, committed to delivering the highest standard of care to our clients. By utilizing evidence-based treatment methods, we strive to help our clients achieve their goals and lead healthier, more fulfilling lives.
Our mission is to provide a safe and supportive environment where our clients can receive the highest quality of care. We are dedicated to assisting our clients in reaching their objectives and improving their overall well-being. We prioritize our clients' needs and individualize treatment plans to ensure they receive tailored care. Our approach is rooted in evidence-based practices proven effective in treating addiction and mental health disorders.
LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to CareVITASAuthor
This webinar helps clinicians understand the unique healthcare needs of the LGBTQ+ community, primarily in relation to end-of-life care. Topics include social and cultural background and challenges, healthcare disparities, advanced care planning, and strategies for reaching the community and improving quality of care.
Hypertension and it's role of physiotherapy in it.Vishal kr Thakur
This particular slides consist of- what is hypertension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is summary of hypertension -
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a serious medical condition that occurs when blood pressure in the body's arteries is consistently too high. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels as the heart pumps it. Hypertension can increase the risk of heart disease, brain disease, kidney disease, and premature death.
Can Allopathy and Homeopathy Be Used Together in India.pdfDharma Homoeopathy
This article explores the potential for combining allopathy and homeopathy in India, examining the benefits, challenges, and the emerging field of integrative medicine.
MBC Support Group for Black Women – Insights in Genetic Testing.pdfbkling
Christina Spears, breast cancer genetic counselor at the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, joined us for the MBC Support Group for Black Women to discuss the importance of genetic testing in communities of color and answer pressing questions.
International Cancer Survivors Day is celebrated during June, placing the spotlight not only on cancer survivors, but also their caregivers.
CANSA has compiled a list of tips and guidelines of support:
https://cansa.org.za/who-cares-for-cancer-patients-caregivers/
Can coffee help me lose weight? Yes, 25,422 users in the USA use it for that ...nirahealhty
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2. 2
• Obstetrics
– Field of medicine that deals with pregnancy
(prenatal), delivery of the baby, and the first
six weeks after delivery (postpartum period)
• Pregnancy
– Nine calendar months or 10 lunar months
– Forty weeks or 280 days
– Divided into trimesters
• Three intervals of three months each
– Known as gestational period
Obstetrics Overview
3. 3
• Fertilization or conception
– Union of a sperm and a mature ovum
• Takes place in outer third of the fallopian tube
– Zygote
• Initial name for fertilized ovum
– Embryo
• Name of product of conception from second
through 8th
week of pregnancy
– Fetus
• Name of product of conception from 9th
week
through duration of gestational period
Pregnancy
4. 4
• Two major accessory structures of
pregnancy
– Amniotic sac
• Strong, thin-walled membranous sac that
envelops and protects the growing fetus
• Also known as the fetal membrane
• Outer layer of sac is called the chorion
• Inner layer of sac is called the amnion
• Amniotic fluid within sac cushions and protects
fetus during pregnancy
Pregnancy
5. 5
• Accessory structures of pregnancy
– Placenta
• Temporary organ of pregnancy
• Provides for fetal respiration, nutrition, excretion
• Functions as an endocrine gland by producing
hormones necessary for normal pregnancy
• Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), estrogen,
progesterone, and human placental lactogen
(HPL)
Pregnancy
6. 6
• Accessory structures of pregnancy
– Maternal side of placenta
• Attached to wall of uterus
• Has a “beefy” red appearance
– Fetal side of placenta
• Has shiny, slightly grayish appearance
• Contains arteries and veins that intertwine to form
umbilical cord
• Umbilical cord arises from center of placenta and
attaches to umbilicus of fetus
Pregnancy
7. 7
• Amenorrhea
– Absence of menstruation
• Menstruation stops as a result of hormonal
influence during pregnancy
• Changes in the uterus
– Small, pear-shaped organ before pregnancy
– Grows to accommodate growing fetus,
placenta, amniotic sac, and amniotic fluid
during pregnancy
Physiological
Changes During Pregnancy
8. 8
• Changes in the cervix
– Chadwick’s Sign
• Cervix and vagina take on a bluish-violet hue due
to local venous congestion
– Goodell’s Sign
• Cervix softens in consistency in preparation for
childbirth
Physiological
Changes During Pregnancy
9. 9
• Changes in the vagina
– Vagina takes on same bluish-violet hue of the
cervix during pregnancy
– Increase of glycogen in vaginal cells
• Causes increased vaginal discharge and heavy
shedding of vaginal cells
– Leukorrhea
• Thick, white vaginal discharge during pregnancy
Physiological
Changes During Pregnancy
10. 10
• Changes in breasts
– Increase in size and shape
– Nipples increase in size and become more
erect
– Areola become larger and more darkly
pigmented
• Montgomery’s tubercles become more active and
secrete substance that lubricates the nipples
Physiological
Changes During Pregnancy
11. 11
• Changes in breasts
– Colostrum is secreted
• Thin, yellowish discharge from nipples throughout
pregnancy
• Forerunner to breast milk
Physiological
Changes During Pregnancy
12. 12
• Changes in blood pressure
– May experience hypotension during second
and third trimesters (4th
– 9th
month)
– Weight of pregnant uterus presses against
descending aorta and inferior vena cava
• When woman is lying on her back (supine)
• May complain of faintness, lightheadedness, and
dizziness
Physiological
Changes During Pregnancy
13. 13
• Changes in urination
– First trimester
• Urinary frequency due to increasing size of uterus,
creates pressure on bladder
– Second trimester
• Uterus rises up out of the pelvis and pressure on
bladder is relieved
– Third trimester
• Frequency returns due to pressure of baby’s head
on the bladder
Physiological
Changes During Pregnancy
14. 14
• Changes in posture
– Waddling gait
• Manner of walking in which the feet are wide apart
and the walk resembles that of a duck
• Due to softening of pelvic joints and relaxing of
pelvic ligaments
• Pregnant woman’s center of gravity is offset
Physiological
Changes During Pregnancy
15. 15
• Changes in the skin
– Possible increased feeling of warmth and
sweating
• Due to increased activity of the sweat glands
– Possible problems with facial blemishes
• Due to increased activity of sebaceous glands
– Chloasma
• Hyperpigmentation (brown patches) seen on
forehead, cheeks, and bridge of nose
• Known as the “mask of pregnancy”
Physiological
Changes During Pregnancy
16. 16
• Changes in the skin
– Linea Nigra
• Darkened vertical midline between the fundus and
the symphysis pubis on the abdomen
– Areola
• Becomes darker as pregnancy progresses
– Stria Gravidarum
• Stretch marks on the abdomen, thighs, and breasts
that occur during pregnancy
Physiological
Changes During Pregnancy
17. 17
• Changes in weight
– Recommended weight gain during pregnancy
• Ranges from 25 to 30 pounds
– Pattern of weight gain is important
• 1st
– 3rd
month = 3 - 4 pounds total
• 4th
– 9th
month = 1 pound per week
– Critical to monitor weight gain for unexpected
increases
– Fluid retention
– Pregnancy-induced hypertension
Physiological
Changes During Pregnancy
18. 18
Signs and
Symptoms of Pregnancy
• Presumptive signs
– Expectant mother
• Suggests pregnancy but are not necessarily
positive
• Include amenorrhea, nausea and vomiting, fatigue,
urinary disturbances, and breast changes
– Quickening
• Movement of fetus felt by the mother
• Occurs around 18 – 20 weeks gestation
• Described as a faint abdominal fluttering
19. 19
Signs and
Symptoms of Pregnancy
• Probable signs
– Observable by examiner
• Much stronger indicators of pregnancy, but can be
due to other pathological conditions
• Should not be used as sole indicator of pregnancy
• Include Goodell’s sign, Chadwick’s sign, uterine
enlargement, hyperpigmentation of skin,
abdominal stria, palpation of fetal outline, positive
pregnancy tests
20. 20
Signs and
Symptoms of Pregnancy
• Probable signs
– Hegar’s sign
• Softening of the lower segment of the uterus
– Braxton Hicks contractions
• Irregular contractions of the uterus
• May occur throughout the pregnancy and are
relatively painless
21. 21
Signs and
Symptoms of Pregnancy
• Probable signs
– Ballottement
• Technique of using the examiner’s finger to tap
against the uterus, through the vagina, to cause
the fetus to “bounce” within the amniotic fluid and
feeling it rebound quickly
22. 22
Signs and
Symptoms of Pregnancy
• Positive signs
– Fetal Heartbeat
• Detected by ultrasound at approximately 10 weeks
gestation
• Detected by fetoscope at 18 to 20 weeks gestation
• Rate can vary from 120 to 180 beats per minute
23. 23
Signs and
Symptoms of Pregnancy
• Positive signs
– Identification of embryo or fetus by ultrasound
• Can be detected as early as 5 to 6 weeks with 100
percent reliability
• Provides earliest positive confirmation of a
pregnancy
– Fetal movements felt by examiner
• Palpable by physician/examiner by the second
trimester of pregnancy
24. 24
Calculation of Date of Birth
• Birth date for the baby
– Expected Date of Confinement (EDC)
– Expected Date of Delivery (EDD)
– Expected Date of Birth (EDB)
• Nagele’s rule for calculation of date
– Subtract three months from beginning of last
menstrual period (LMP)
– Add seven days to date = expected date of
delivery
25. 25
Discomforts of Pregnancy
• Temporary discomforts of pregnancy
– Backache
• Common during second and third trimester
– Edema
• Swelling of lower extremities not uncommon
– Fatigue
• Usually occurs during first trimester
26. 26
• Temporary discomforts of pregnancy
– Heartburn
• Mainly during last few weeks of pregnancy
– Hemorrhoids
• Develop as result of increasing pressure on area
– Nausea
• Usually occurs during first trimester
– Varicose veins
• Occur as result of blood pooling in the legs
Discomforts of Pregnancy
28. 28
Abortion
• Pronounced
– (ah-BOR-shun)
• Defined
– Termination of a pregnancy before the fetus
has reached a viable age, that is, an age at
which the fetus could live outside of the
uterine environment
29. 29
Abruptio Placenta
• Pronounced
– (ah-BRUP-she-oh pla-SEN-tah)
• Defined
– Premature separation of a normally implanted
placenta from the uterine wall
• After the pregnancy has passed 20 weeks
gestation or during labor
30. 30
Ectopic Pregnancy
• Pronounced
– (ek-TOP-ic PREG-nan-see)
• Defined
– Abnormal implantation of a fertilized ovum
outside of the uterine cavity
– Also called a tubal pregnancy
• Approximately 90 percent of all ectopic
pregnancies occur in the fallopian tubes
31. 31
Gestational Diabetes
• Pronounced
– (jess-TAY-shun-al diy-ah-BEE-teez)
• Defined
– Disorder in which women who are not diabetic
before pregnancy develop diabetes during the
pregnancy
• Develop an inability to metabolize carbohydrates
(glucose intolerance), with resultant hyperglycemia
32. 32
Gestational Diabetes
• Risk factors
– Obesity
– Maternal age over 30 years
– History of birthing large babies
• Usually over 10 pounds
– Family history of diabetes
– Previous, unexplained stillborn birth
– Previous birth with congenital anomalies
(defects)
33. 33
HELLP Syndrome
• Pronounced
– HELLP SIN-drom
• Defined
– Serious obstetrical complication that occurs in
approximately 10 percent of pregnant women
with pre-eclampsia or eclampsia
• HELLP stands for Hemolytic anemia, Elevated
Liver enzymes, and Low Platelet count
34. 34
HELLP Syndrome
• Early diagnosis is critical
– Any woman who presents with malaise or a
viral-type illness in third trimester of
pregnancy should be evaluated for possibility
of HELLP Syndrome
• Laboratory diagnosis necessary to confirm
HELLP syndrome
– Complete blood cell count
– Liver function tests
35. 35
• Pronounced
– (high-dah-TID-ih-form mohl)
• Defined
– Abnormal condition that begins as a
pregnancy and deviates from normal
development very early
• Diseased ovum deteriorates (not producing a
fetus)
• Chorionic villi of placenta changes to a mass of
cysts resembling a bunch of grapes
Hydatidiform Mole
36. 36
Hydatidiform Mole
• Hydatidiform mole
– Molar pregnancy
– Hydatid mole
– Growth of this mass progresses much more
rapidly than uterine growth with a normal
pregnancy
37. 37
Hyperemesis Gravidarum
• Pronounced
– (high-per-EM-eh-sis grav-ih-DAR-um)
• Defined
– Abnormal condition of pregnancy
characterized by severe vomiting that
results in maternal dehydration and weight
loss
38. 38
• Pronounced
– (in-COMP-eh-tent SER-viks)
• Defined
– Condition in which cervical os dilates before
the fetus reaches term, without labor or
uterine contractions
• Usually occurs during second trimester of
pregnancy
• Results in spontaneous abortion of fetus
Incompetent Cervix
39. 39
Placenta Previa
• Pronounced
– (plah-SEN-tah PRE-vee-ah)
• Defined
– Condition of pregnancy in which the placenta
is implanted in the lower part of the uterus
• Precedes the fetus during the birthing process
40. 40
Pregnancy-Induced
Hypertension (PID)
• Pronounced
– (PREG-nan-see induced high-per-TEN-
shun)
• Defined
– Development of hypertension during
pregnancy, in women who had normal blood
pressure readings prior to pregnancy
41. 41
• Three categories of PID
– Gestational hypertension
• Develops after 20 weeks gestation with no signs of
edema or proteinuria
– Pre-eclampsia
• Develops after 20 weeks gestation with proteinuria
or edema
– Eclampsia
• Most severe form of hypertension during
pregnancy
• Evidenced by presence of seizures
Pregnancy-Induced
Hypertension (PID)
42. 42
Rh Incompatibility
• Pronounced
– (Rh Incompatibility)
• Defined
– Incompatibility between and Rh negative
mother’s blood with her Rh positive baby’s
blood
• Causes mother’s body to develop antibodies that
will destroy the Rh positive blood
44. 44
Signs and Symptoms of Labor
• Bloody show
– Vaginal discharge that is a mixture of thick
mucus and pink or dark brown blood
• Occurs as a result of the softening, dilation, and
thinning (effacement) of the cervix in preparation
for childbirth
45. 45
Signs and Symptoms of Labor
• Braxton Hicks contractions
– Mild, irregular contractions that occur
throughout pregnancy
• Increased vaginal discharge
– Clear, nonirritating vaginal secretions
– Occurs as result of congestion of vaginal
mucosa
46. 46
Signs and Symptoms of Labor
• Lightening
– Settling of the fetal head into the pelvis
• Occurs a few weeks prior to the onset of labor
• Rupture of the amniotic sac
– Rupture of fetal membranes, releasing
amniotic fluid inside
• May result in a sudden gush of amniotic fluid
• Women may say their “water broke”
47. 47
Signs and Symptoms of Labor
• Sudden burst of energy
– Occurs in some women shortly before onset
of labor
– May have energy to do major housecleaning
duties
48. 48
False Labor
versus True Labor
Contractions (False) Contractions (True)
Irregular Regular
Not too frequent More frequent
Shorter duration Longer duration
Not too intense More intense
49. 49
Discomfort (False) Discomfort (True)
Felt in abdomen Felt in lower back
Felt in groin area Radiates to lower
abdomen
--- Feels like menstrual
cramps
False Labor
versus True Labor
50. 50
Walking (False) Walking (True)
May relieve or decrease
contractions
May strengthen
contractions
False Labor
versus True Labor
53. 53
Diagnostic Techniques,
Treatments, and Procedures
• AFP screening
– Serum screening test for birth defects such as
spina bifida, Down syndrome, and Trisomy 18
• Test is offered to pregnant women between 15 and
21 weeks gestation
54. 54
Diagnostic Techniques,
Treatments, and Procedures
• Amniocentesis
– Surgical puncture of the amniotic sac for the
purpose of removing amniotic fluid
• Cesarean section
– Surgical procedure in which the abdomen and
uterus are incised and a baby is delivered
transabdominally
55. 55
Diagnostic Techniques,
Treatments, and Procedures
• Contraction stress test
– Stress test used to evaluate ability of fetus to
tolerate stress of labor and delivery
• Also known as oxytocin challenge test
• Fetal monitoring
– Use of an electronic device to monitor fetal
heart rate and maternal uterine contractions
56. 56
• Nipple stimulation test
– Noninvasive technique that produces same
results as contraction stress test
• Pregnant woman stimulates the nipples of her
breasts by rubbing them between her fingers
• Causes natural release of oxytocin that causes
contractions of uterus
Diagnostic Techniques,
Treatments, and Procedures
57. 57
Diagnostic Techniques,
Treatments, and Procedures
• Obstetrical ultrasound
– Noninvasive procedure that uses high-
frequency sound waves to examine internal
structures and contents of the uterus
– Ultrasonography
58. 58
• Pelvic ultrasound
– Noninvasive procedure that uses high-
frequency sound waves to examine the
abdomen and pelvis
• Pelvimetry
– Process of measuring the female pelvis,
manually or by x-ray to determine its
adequacy for childbearing
Diagnostic Techniques,
Treatments, and Procedures
59. 59
• Pregnancy testing
– Tests performed on maternal urine and/or
blood to determine presence of hormone
HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
• HCG is detected shortly after first missed
menstrual period
Diagnostic
Techniques and Procedures